177,204 research outputs found
Il progetto “Multi-Teaching Styles Approach and Active Reflection” per l’attività motoria nella scuola primaria = The “Multi-Teaching Styles Approach and Active Reflection” Project for physical activity in the primary school
No full textL’educazione fisica curricolare, per essere veramente sostenibile nel con-testo educativo scolastico e motorio più in generale, deve rispondere ad al-cune prerogative di adattamento ai bisogni specifici della realtà a cui essa siriferisce. In questo articolo sono sviluppate le premesse necessarie e un pos-sibile approccio da proporre per la formazione del corpo docente deputatoalla conduzione dell’attività motoria nella scuola primaria, sia esso general-ista o specialista. Sono approfonditi il concetto di sostenibilità dell’edu-cazione fisica, l’insegnamento, l’organizzazione e la conduzione dell’attivitàmotoria da parte di insegnanti per definizione preparati e padroni della ma-teria. Per questo sono considerate le strategie didattico-metodologiche dautilizzare per coinvolgere in modo adeguato gli alunni, suscitandone il nec-essario interesse per apprendere ed acquisire le competenze motorie utiliper la vita. In particolare, sono descritti il background, la metodologia ed iprincipali risultati di un primo studio condotto nell’ambito del progetto diricerca “Multi-Teaching Styles Approach and Active Reflection”. Ne consegueil delinearsi di un possibile efficace indirizzo per la formazione di insegnanticapaci di adattare adeguatamente la propria progettualità operativa in fun-Pietro Luigi InvernizziUniversità degli Studi di Milano - [email protected] ScuratiUniversità degli Studi di Milano - [email protected] & Insegnamento XVII – 3s – 2019Codice ISSN 2279-7505 (on line)© Pensa MultiMedia EditoreCodice doi: 10.7346/-feis-XVII-03-19_10
IntroduzioneUna Educazione Fisica moderna per essere al passo con i tempi e poter assumereun ruolo culturale significativo e sostenibileall’interno della realtà scolastica deveessere capace di adattarsi per rispondere alle differenti esigenze e necessità socio-culturali di realtà scolastiche che spesso esprimono bisogni molto differenti (In-vernizzi, Dugnani, & Mauro, 2018). In alcune scuole, per esempio, diventapreminente attuare l’integrazione progressiva di più culture, favorita da globaliz-zazione e fenomeni migratori. In altre, le sfide richieste all’Educazione Fisica po-trebbero essere maggiormente rivolte ad una trasversalità disciplinare, checonsenta di esprimere un pensiero critico e riflessivo anche attraverso l’uso ditecnologie che rendono disponibili una grande quantità di informazioni, comun-que da vagliare e verificare.L’educazione della motricità non può disgiungersi quindi da una visione piùampia, che si ricolleghi alla necessità di affrontare le sfide di ogni peculiare realtàin modo flessibile e appropriato, per assumere un significato di physical literacy(Whitehead, 2010), quindi di utilità sociale, e che favorisca l’instaurarsi di “buonepratiche” come risposta di adattamento plastico alle richieste di una società sem-pre più complessa e variabile. La “normalità motoria” (proficiency barrier) costituisce comunque, in ambitoscolastico, la premessa indispensabile e la base di una autonomia funzionale perun’adeguata tutela della salute, la “qualità degli anni di vita”, un dinamismo e vi-talità psico-fisica per la gestione di sé non solo nel breve periodo, ma anche nellefasi successive della vita (Stodden, Langendorfer, & Roberton, 2009). A questo pro-posito, in questo articolo abbiamo ritenuto utile incentrare l’attenzione, più chesul quantoe sul cosafare, ampiamente studiati in letteratura, sul comefare e sullestrategie didattiche utili ad un più rapido ed efficace adattamento ai differentipossibili contesti. Il tutto trova applicazione nel progetto di ricerca “Multi-Teaching, Pietro Luigi Invernizzi, Raffaele Scurati110zione delle occorrenze di trasversalità culturale e delle caratteristiche socio-ambientali della scuola in cui si trovano ad operare.Physical education (PE) curricula, to be sustainable in the educational processand, more widely, during physical activity (PA) at school, must adapt to thespecific needs of the actual related context. This paper addresses the as-sumptions and the possible approaches for a successful teachers’ trainingfor leading physical activity in the primary school. They might be proposedto both generalists and specialists. PE sustainability, teaching processes, PAorganization and conduction from teachers expected to be competent andproficient because of their background, are also deepened. Therefore,proper teaching methods to involve the students and to promote the interestin learning and acquiring the motor competence for daily life are considered.In particular, we described the background, the procedure and the resultsof a pilot study within the “Multi-Teaching Styles Approach and Active Re-flection” research program. A promising effective direction of teachers’ ed-ucational programs outcomes. It is likely suitable to train teachers skilled inadapting the operational planning to the specific demands deriving from cul-tural, social and environmental features of the school in which they operate
Correlation between two propulsion efficiency indices in front crawl swimming
No full textIn front crawl, stroke length (SL) and stroke rate (SR) are two important technical determinants of performance. The relationship between these parameters has been investigated by several authors and two propulsion efficiency indices have been proposed to assess improvements of the front crawl stroke effectiveness in swimmers. The stroke index (SI), proposed by Costill in 1985, relates the velocity (v) and the SL as shown in the following equation: SI=SL v; while the propelling efficiency of the arm stroke, proposed by Zamparo et al. in 2005, relates v, SR and the shoulder-to-hand distance of the arm (l) following the equation: ηp=((0.9 v)/2π SF l) 2/π. The aim of this study was to assess whether the two indices were correlated in two groups (M, males; F, females) of young expert front crawl swimmers, in order to utilise both of them as interchangeable tools when evaluating improvements in propulsion efficacy. The participants performed a 400-m trial, and analyses were carried out for the overall performance as well as for each 100-m section of the 400 m (S1, S2, S3, S4), underlining also a possible gender difference. All the correlations found were significant (p<0.01). The correlation coefficients were lower in M than in F for the overall 400-m trial (R=0.74; R=0.83, respectively) and for each 100-m section (M, R=0.76, R=0.73, R=0.67, R=0.71 for S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively; F, R=0.84, R=0.84, R=0.79, R=0.83 for S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively). Since the correlations are not constant throughout the trial, it seems that fatigue affects the two indices differently as well as males and females. Particularly, female swimmers kept more homogeneous stroke parameters, although their performances were lower than the male counterpart. In conclusion, both indices can be used as a device for monitoring the propulsion efficiency in front crawl in our groups of young swimmers, but further studies are needed to better explain how fatigue affects both SI and ηp, especially in the last phases of the performance
Vivere l’esperienza della “leggerezza” : uno studio qualitativo sulla percezione dell’acquagym in un gruppo di donne anziane
No full textLiterature has pointed out physical and psychological benefits of water based exercises (WBEs) for the elderly; however, few studies have investigated how old adults perceive those activities. This study was aimed at exploring the elder’s perception of WBEs, which brings the old adult to apply for an aqua-gym course and to successfully continue it. According to the aim, we opted for a Grounded Theory study, con-ducted in three swimming pools placed in the urban area of Milan (Italy) and in its suburbs. Forty women (age 72.45.8 years, meanSD) were interviewed; among them, 30 were still participating in WBEs while 10 dropped out. “Living the experience of lightness” was the emerging core category in the interviews with participants still attending the activities. This perception of lightness was associated with three main factors: discovering a lighter body during WBEs, experimenting psycho-social wellbeing and considering the instructor as unique and invaluable. Women appreciated WBEs not only because of the perception of body lightness while exercising, but also for the benefits they felt to their own mind and to mutual rela-tionships with mates. All these factors can facilitate active ageing and social inclusion. “Living the con-trast between the wish to continue the activity and the external barriers causing the drop-out” was the core category in the drop-out. In conclusion, recommendations to assist the global experience of lightness during WBEs are suggested to instructors
La ventilazione nel nuoto
No full textLa respirazione nel nuoto avviene in condizioni meccaniche diverse rispetto a quanto accade
per altri sport terrestri: i muscoli inspiratori devono contrastare la pressione dell'acqua.
Come allenarli nello specifico di questa disciplina sportiva
Children over “-enty, -rty, -fty”: gamification and autonomy as an environmental education leitmotif for “children of all ages” using a new workplace narrative
No full textThe "Pocket Trainer" research project is part of a more comprehensive project, the "Ufficio Proattivo 150" project, which aims to assess a new workplace concept as an opportunity for individual development and health promotion, which differs from frequent beliefs that consider the workplace itself the cause of sedentarism or stress. By this rationale, new workstations plan to substitute the natural environment. Owing to innovative architectural solutions and specific equipment designs, the employees can exercise without interrupting the usual workflow. Individualized and adapted training programs support this user–place interaction in the spirit of gamification and distinguishing factories oriented at promoting the awareness of proper health practices of their employees. We designed a new portable and straightforward equipment, the cube fitness test (CFT), which is based on exercising at submaximal intensity. It can be used in several environments: at home, in the office, indoors, and outdoors. A preliminary investigation assessed the validity and reliability of CFT. A total of 54 individuals (21 females and 33 males, 20.0 ± 4.2 years old, 65.0 ± 11.4-kg body weight, 1.74 ± 0.09-m stature, 22.0 ± 2.4-kg·m−2 body mass index) participated in this study. They were tested on cardio-respiratory and muscular endurance, flexibility, core muscular efficiency, shoulder mobility, and upper body strength; the obtained results were related to measurements performed using CFT. Overall, acceptable and good reliability were obtained in single tests (r > 0.66; p < 0.001), and moderate to good validity was observed (r > 0.50; p < 0.001). Low validity was found in the core muscular efficiency (r = 0.44; p < 0.001). CFT is a reliable instrument that contributes to developing consciousness, culture, and motivation toward physical activity. It provides knowledge of the advantages of good behaviour on the health status and quality of working life. This study confirmed that even mild and minimal exercise contributes to improving physical and mental health. Hence, the use of CFT in the Pocket Trainer intends to promote health at usual workplaces and in particular: i) higher wellbeing levels (actual and perceived), ii) new awareness on properties of physical activity on health prevention and healthy lifestyle promotion
Analysis of heart rate and lactate concentrations during coordinative tasks : pilot study in karate kata world champions
No full textKata, the artistic part of karate, requires motor control, rhythm and movement differentiation capacities. When performing in a synchronised manner, kata team members have to make temporal and spatial adaptations to satisfy the requested task. It is not clear whether these coordinative adaptations modify physical output such as heart rate (HR) and blood lactate ([La−]) nor is it known how rapidly top-level athletes adapt. This study examined HR and [La−] outputs in different coordinative tasks and how accurately these tasks were done, in three world champion kata team competitors. In session 1, athletes performed their individual best trial (IM) on Gankaku, the kata that is normally executed during final team events. In sessions 2 and 3, the athletes repeated the kata with temporal and spatial variations (TV10 and TV20, SV1 and SV2). In session 4, one maximal team trial (TM) was performed. There was a decreasing trend in both HR and [La−] across the trials (HR: −2% in TV10, −4.2% in TV20, −2.9% in SV1, −3.2% in SV2; [La−]: −23.6% in TV10, −32.6% in TV20, −18% in SV1, −15.9% in SV2), and between IM and TM (HR −9.9%; [La−] − 21.5%). The coordinative tasks were achieved with a small error (<3%) in all subjects. These results indicate that top-level kata athletes easily adapt to coordinative modifications, with a reduction in HR and [La−]. Although this decline does not compromise the competition results, it also occurs when the performance is executed synchronously in a team
Basketball and ankle injuries
No full textThe aim is to demonstrate how an ankle injury appears to be a serious problem and that, as such, it must be adequately addressed to prevent it from recurring in the future because, as evidenced by recent studies, the risk of a relapse it is greater if there are precedents not completely rehabilitated. This study also wants: 1) to list all the factors that predispose the onset of an ankle injury; 2) describe the different types of ankle injuries; 3) set out guidelines on prevention and post-injury recovery. Finally, we will see how accidents in basketball are almost identical for both professional athletes and occasional practitioners of this discipline. Injuries cannot be completely prevented because given the variability of factors it's really great and it’s almost impossible to make an accurate prediction on a specific joint. Performing specific exercises, however, is a great way to minimize the chance of an injury and consequently increase the physical and mental health of the athlete
Evaluation of kinaesthetic differentiation abilities in male and female swimmers
No full textINTRODUCTION: Events longer than 50 meters also require a good distribution of the effort during the swim. The control of the swim pace largely depends on the coordinative and sensory-perceptive abilities; kinaesthetic differentiation skills are required. The repeatability of two procedures aimed to measure the kinaesthetic differentiation abilities and the correlations between the differentiate performances and the best performances with respect to gender and to the amount of speed changes have been studied. METHODS: 8 male swimmers (15.38±1.84 years, 168.9±11.7 cm, weight 57.6±13.3 kg) and 10 fe-male swimmers (15.75±1.39 years, 167.8±6.0 cm, 57.9±8.8 kg) participated
in this study. The kinaesthetic differentiation’s abilities were evaluated by eight 25m front crawl swims at different paces (50% and 80% of the
maximum) according to two pro-cedures: 8/1 and 8/4, performed in a single day and during four days running, respec-tively. The performance
on the 25m was analysed. RESULTS: 8/1 and 8/4 procedures are reliable (ICC=0.77). Males showed little differences between the two procedures
in the 25m (R=0.84 and 0.75 in the 50%max and 80%max of the 8/1, respectively; R=0.72 and 0.73 in the 50%max and 80%max of the 8/4, respectively, p<0.05). The females showed significant correlations only in the 8/4 (R=0.77 at 80%max, p<0.05). DISCUSSION: Both collecting the data in a single day and during four days running are reliable and re-peatable methods to measure the performances connected to the kinaesthetic differentia-tion abilities. Generally, at 50%max where dueto the high speed reduction it should be more difficult to regulate the pace, males achieve the best significant correlation. At 80%max, where the speed is close to the maximum, both males and females showed good significant correlations. This is in accordance with the literature that shows a lower degree of the differentiation abilities in females than
males
Hydrodynamic skills in young swimmers : repeatability of some gliding tests
No full textINTRODUCTION. Analysis conducted in swimming competitions of distances up to 400m pointed out that the first 15m play an important role for the result of the entire performance. Hence the hydrodynamic ability to glide underwater in a streamline position should not be neglected during training, especially in young competitors. AIM The purpose of this study was to identify some tests to evaluate gliding skills in young swimmers, which might be repeatable and correlated to their performances in 15m crawl and breaststroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen males (M, mean±SD, age 16.5±1.9 years, height 180±8 cm, body mass 69.3±11.3 kg) and sixteen females (F, mean±SD, age 15.6±1.5 years, height 170±6 cm, body mass 57.4±6.3 kg) at national level were tested. After familiarisation, participants were positioned on a starting block and asked to dive and swim for 15m crawl (CR) and 15m breaststroke (BR) in two different trials. Later subjects underwent a series of hydrodynamic tests such as: diving and gliding underwater in a streamline position for 8m (DG), pushing off from the wall and gliding underwater in a streamline position for 8m (PG), pushing off from the wall, gliding and swimming crawl for 12.5m (PGC), pushing from the wall, gliding and swimming breaststroke for 12.5m (PGB), sculling while floating on the back for 10m (SC). Time was recorded and all tests were repeated five times on the same day and again on a different day to assess their repeatability. RESULTS Repeatability was assessed through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC: DG=0.90 vs 0.84, PG=0.89 vs 0.88, PGC=0.85 vs 0.81, PGB=0.88 vs 0.76, SC=0.84 vs 0.63, M and F respectively). M performed significantly better than F in all trials (mean±SD, CR=6.16±0.4 vs 6.88±0.2 s, BR=7.74±0.4 vs 8.58±0.5 s, DG=2.16±0.3 vs 2.61±0.2 s, PG=4.10±0.6 vs 4.62±0.6 s, PGC=5.27±0.2 vs 6.06±0.2 s, PGB=7.07±0.4 vs 8.08±0.5 s, SC=9.52.±0.7 vs 10.60±0.6 s , p<0.02, M and F respectively). Tests significantly correlated with both CR (CR vs DG r=0.83, CR vs PG r=0.68, CR vs PGC r=0.93, CR vs PGB r=0.76, p<0.01) and BR (BR vs DG r=0.77, BR vs PG r=0.67, BR vs PGC r=0.84, BR vs PGB r=0.83, p<0.01) performances. CONCLUSIONS The tests carried out on the groups were repeatable and the male group performed better than the female group. According to the literature, these gliding tests correlated well with the performance in 15m crawl and breaststroke, factors which highly influence the results in sprint competitions
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