11 research outputs found
Uma possível leitura de Julio Cortázar
No full textAnexos 1 CD'RomOrientador: Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Vasconcelos MachadoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras. Defesa: Curitiba, 2012Bibliografia: fls. 112-116Resumo: Esta dissertação objetiva investigar o desenvolvimento conceitual da arte da performance na obra do escritor argentino Julio Cortázar. Para isso, realizamos um recorte de sua obra selecionando romance, conto, poemas e inclusive dois tangos. Para proceder às análises, valemo-nos das reflexões de autores que abordam a performance e escritura. Em um primeiro momento, apresentamos um breve mapeamento histórico e de características da arte performática. Alinhavado a isso estudamos os conceitos de escritura e jogo. Finalizamos com as análises que levam em consideração os graus de performance propostos por Paul Zumthor (2005). Portanto, propomos o performático como chave para realizar as leituras das obras de Cortázar, que junto com a sua escritura atingirá o leitor em distintos planos, no do pensamento e do corporal, já que um texto para ser considerado performático exige a presença do corpo em ação, para recuperar uma forma textual com a utilização da voz ou com os dois em parceria.Abstract: Esta tesina va a investigar el desarrollo conceptual del arte performática en la obra del escritor argentino Julio Cortázar. Para eso realizamos un recorte de su obra seleccionando novela, cuento, poemas e incluso dos tangos. Para realizar los análisis abordaremos autores que investigan la performance y la escritura. En un primer momento presentamos un breve recorrido histórico y de los rasgos de la performance, combinado con lo dicho antes serán estudiados los conceptos de escritura y juego. Finalizamos con los análisis, que llevan en consideración los grados de performance propuestos por Paul Zumthor (2005). Por lo tanto, queremos proponer la performance como clave de lectura de las obras de Cortázar, que junto con su escritura alcanzará el lector en distintos planos, en el pensamiento y en el corporal, ya que a un texto para ser performático exige la presencia del cuerpo en acción, sea él para rescatar una forma textual, utilizando la voz, o los dos en sociedad
Libanio, ep. 1286 Förster e l’Ocypus di Acacio
No full textA letter sent by Libanius of Antioch (1286 F.) to his friend and correspondent Acacius proves that the addressee is the author of the short dramation on the gout, Ocypus, handed down within the corpus of Lucian of Samosata. This letter also allows to corroborate an emendation advanced by Enrico Magnelli at v. 74 in his recent edition of the text
Differential physiological and metabolic responses in young and fully expanded leaves of Aristotelia chilensis plants subjected to drought stress
No full textWe would like to thank the Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID, ex CONICYT) for the PhD. grant to JG-V (CONICYT at N degrees 21130602), FONDECYT POSTDOCTORAL No. 3200594, FONDECYT No 1171286, and BestPlant Co., Curico, Chile, for providing the maqui plants. The author JG-V thanks Dr. Victor Polanco from Universidad Mayor for kindly providing AcUFGT primer sequences, and Mariela Mora Garrido, biologist, for its collaboration in HPLC-DAD analysis. Research fellowships granted by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Brazil) to RPO-G and AN-N are also gratefully acknowledged.Agradecemos a la Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID, ex CONICYT) por el doctorado. beca a JG-V (CONICYT en N grados 21130602), FONDECYT POSTDOCTORAL No. 3200594, FONDECYT No 1171286, y BestPlant Co., Curico, Chile, por proporcionar las plantas de maqui. El autor JG-V agradece al Dr. Víctor Polanco de la Universidad Mayor por proporcionarnos amablemente las secuencias de cebadores AcUFGT, y a Mariela Mora Garrido, bióloga, por su colaboración en el análisis HPLC-DAD. También se agradecen las becas de investigación otorgadas por el Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Brasil) a RPO-G y AN-N
Waste-derived glass-ceramics fired in nitrogen: Stabilization and functionalization
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s)In a circular economy perspective, waste-derived materials are attractive once the adopted manufacturing technology combines low costs, absolute stabilization of pollutants and interesting functionalities of the product. This paper deals with the enhancement of chemical stability and functionalities of highly porous glass-ceramic foams, from vitreous residues the plasma processing of municipal solid waste (‘Plasmastone’), by firing in nitrogen, at 800–1000 °C. Before firing, the processing relied on alkali activation of glass suspensions, followed by intensive mechanical stirring. Previous experiments had demonstrated that the stabilization of pollutants could be achieved only by mixing Plasmastone with 30 wt% recycled boro-alumino-silicate glass, in samples fired in air. The change in the atmosphere had a significant impact on the Fe2+/Fe3+ balance, leading to a different phase assemblage, in turn causing the stabilization of pollutants even operating with more common recycled soda-lime glass. The new phase assemblage also promoted functionalities such as electrical conductivity, relative permittivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness.Peer reviewe
Speculative inter-thread store-to-load forwarding in SMT architectures
No full textApplications running on out-of-order cores have benefited for decades of store-to-load forwarding which accelerates communication of store values to loads of the same thread. Despite threads running on a simultaneous multithreading (SMT) core could also access the load queues (LQ) and store queues (SQ) / store buffers (SB) of other threads to allow inter-thread store-to-load forwarding, we have skipped exploiting it because if we allow communication of different SMT threads via their LQs and SQs/SBs, write atomicity may be violated with respect to the outside world beyond the acceptable model of read -own-write-early multiple-copy atomicity (rMCA).In our prior work, we leveraged this idea to propose inter-thread store-to-load forwarding (ITSLF). ITLSF accelerates synchronization and communication of threads running in a simultaneous multi-threading processor by allowing stores in the store-queue of a thread to forward data to loads of another thread running in the same core without violating rMCA.In this work, we extend the original ITSLF mechanism to allow inter-thread forwarding from speculative stores (Spec-ITSLF). Spec-ITSLF allows forwarding store values to other threads earlier, which further accelerates synchronization. Spec-ITSLF outperforms a baseline SMT core by 15%, which is 2% better on average (and up to 5% for the TATP workload) than the original ITSLF mechanism. More importantly, Spec-ITSLF is on par with the original ITSLF mechanism regarding storage overhead but does not need to keep track of the speculative state of stores, which was an important source of overhead and complexity in the original mechanism. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).</p
Initiation and adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy in children under 5 years of age in Manhiça, Southern Mozambique
No full textThe WHO recommends preventive treatment for all pediatric contacts of a confirmed TB case, but coverage remains low in many high TB burden countries. We aimed to assess the coverage and adherence of the isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) program among children under 5?years of age with household exposure to an adult pulmonary TB case in a rural district of Southern Mozambique. The estimated IPT coverage was 11.7%. A longer distance to the health center and lower age of the children hindered IPT initiation. Among patients who started IPT, 12/18 (69.9%) were adherent to the 6-month treatment. © The Author(s) [2023]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected]
Samuel Ros, del humor nuevo a la camisa vieja (1905-1945)
No full textSamuel Ros Pardo fue un escritor valenciano que militó en la vanguardia literaria, en el empuje del Humor Nuevo, en la Otra Generación del 27, pero también tuvo uno de los primeros carnets de Falange Española y fue íntimo de José Antonio Primo de Rivera, asiduo a la tertulia de La Ballena Azul y miembro de la "corte literaria" de José Antonio, como la denominaron con acierto los hermanos Mónica y Pablo Garbajosa. En esta corte, con Samuel Ros, estuvieron Rafael Sánchez Mazas, Ernesto Giménez Caballero, José María Alfaro, Eugenio Montes, Luys Santa Marina, Pedro Mourlane Michelena, Jacinto Miquelarena, Agustín de Foxá y Dionisio Ridruejo, los diez paladines que construyeron una retórica literaria para el fascismo español. De Samuel Ros teníamos el elogio fúnebre de su cuñado, el doctor Blanco Soler, una biografía antigua e interesante, pero sin una investigación archivística detrás, firmada por Medardo Fraile en 1972 y algunos trabajos, en forma de tesis doctorales o artículos en revistas especializadas, sobre sus artículos, sus obras literarias y sus obras teatrales. El presente trabajo pretende ser una biografía completa e inédita en la medida que exhuma documentación de archivos públicos y privados, en la que la obra y la vida de Samuel Ros se entrelazan, en la que la originalidad de su pluma, ya sea en el periodismo, el teatro o la prosa novelística, nos informan de su trayectoria vital, de la evolución de su mirada y su pensamiento. Pero el libro no es solo un análisis de lo producido por un autor muerto joven, sino también una profunda indagación sobre los condicionantes de su niñez y juventud, su adscripción social, la evolución de su patrimonio, la gestación de sus ideas o la evolución de sus amistades y de sus relaciones personales. Archivos municipales, el Archivo Histórico Nacional, el Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica, pero también archivos privados como el de Vicente Calvo Acacio o el de Dionisio Ridruejo, han servido para componer el fresco. La obra confiere una especial relevancia a la obra periodística de Samuel Ros. A través de ella es posible captar su sensibilidad y los recodos de su camino, dado que además de la experiencia española, Ros, una vez iniciada la guerra civil y tras pasar un tiempo oculto en la embajada de Chile, se exiliará en el continente Americano y se convertirá en propulsor y propagandista del fascismo en Chile o Argentina, siempre a través de su colaboración en periódicos y de su capacidad de "charlista". Tras la guerra, además de seguir en la brecha periodística en el diario cabeza de FET y de las JONS, Arriba, devendrá en funcionario de la propaganda del nuevo régimen comandado por Franco y la cercanía a la trama del Nuevo Estado le permitirá obtener el Premio Nacional de Literatura en 1944, al mismo tiempo que comprobaba la disidencia de su íntimo amigo Dionisio Ridruejo respecto a determinadas posiciones del régimen, básicamente la postergación de Falange, y reflexionaba sobre si seguirlo y con qué consecuencias. El invierno de 1944 al 1945 truncó su posible deriva y engulló la obra que todavía estaba por llegar.
El libro pretende ser, además de una biografía, una indagación sobre los orígenes del fascismo español, sus vínculos clasistas, y su periplo durante la República, la guerra civil y el primer franquismo.Samuel Ros Pardo va ser un escriptor valencià que va militar en l'avantguarda literària, en l'empenyiment de l'Humor Nou, en l'altra Generació del 27, però també va tindre un dels primers carnets de Falange Española i va ser íntim de José Antonio Primo de Rivera, assidu a la tertúlia de La Ballena Azul i membre de la "cort literària" de José Antonio, com la van denominar amb encert els germans Mónica i Pablo Garbajosa. En aquesta cort, amb Samuel Ros, van estar Rafael Sánchez Mazas, Ernesto Giménez Caballero, José María Alfaro, Eugenio Montes, Luys Santa Marina, Pedro Mourlane Michelena, Jacinto Miquelarena, Agustín de Foxá i Dionisio Ridruejo, els deu paladins que van construir una retòrica literària per al feixisme espanyol. De Samuel Ros teníem l'elogi fúnebre del seu cunyat, el doctor Blanco Soler, una biografia antiga i interessant, però sense una investigació arxivística darrere, signada per Medardo Frare en 1972 i alguns treballs, en forma de tesis doctorals o articles en revistes especialitzades, sobre els seus articles, les seues obres literàries i les seues obres teatrals. El present treball pretén ser una biografia completa i inèdita en la mesura que exhuma documentació d'arxius públics i privats, en la qual l'obra i la vida de Samuel Ros s'entrellacen, en la qual l'originalitat de la seua ploma, ja siga en el periodisme, el teatre o la prosa novel·lística, ens informen de la seua trajectòria vital, de l'evolució de la seua mirada i el seu pensament. Però el llibre no és només una anàlisi del produït per un autor mort jove, sinó també una profunda indagació sobre els condicionants de la seua infantesa i joventut, la seua adscripció social, l'evolució del seu patrimoni, la gestació de les seues idees o l'evolució de les seues amistats i de les seues relacions personals. Arxius municipals, l'Arxiu Històric Nacional, el Centre Documental de la Memòria Històrica, però també arxius privats com el de Vicente Calvo Acacio o el de Dionisio Ridruejo, han servit per a compondre el fresc. L'obra confereix una especial rellevància a l'obra periodística de Samuel Ros. A través d'ella és possible captar la seua sensibilitat i els recolzes del seu camí, atés que a més de l'experiència espanyola, Ros, una vegada iniciada la guerra civil i després de passar un temps ocult en l'ambaixada de Xile, s'exiliarà en el continent Americà i es convertirà en propulsor i propagandista del feixisme a Xile o l'Argentina, sempre a través de la seua col·laboració en periòdics i de la seua capacitat de "*xarrador". Després de la guerra, a més de seguir en la bretxa periodística en el diari cap de FET i de les JONS, A dalt, esdevindrà en funcionari de la propaganda del nou règim comandat per Franco i la proximitat a la trama del Nou Estat li permetrà obtenir el Premi Nacional de Literatura en 1944, al mateix temps que comprovava la dissidència del seu íntim amic Dionisio Ridruejo respecte a determinades posicions del règim, bàsicament la postergació de Falange, i reflexionava sobre si seguir-ho i amb quines conseqüències. L'hivern de 1944 al 1945 va truncar el seu possible deriva i va engolir l'obra que encara estava per arribar.
El llibre pretén ser, a més d'una biografia, una indagació sobre els orígens del feixisme espanyol, els seus vincles classistes, i el seu periple durant la República, la guerra civil i el primer franquisme.Samuel Ros Pardo was a Valencian writer who was a member of the literary avant-garde, of the Humor Nuevo movement, of the Otra Generación del 27, but he was also one of the first card-carrying members of the Falange Española and a close friend of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, a regular at the La Ballena Azul gathering and a member of José Antonio's ‘literary court’, as the brothers Mónica and Pablo Garbajosa aptly called it. In this court, with Samuel Ros, were Rafael Sánchez Mazas, Ernesto Giménez Caballero, José María Alfaro, Eugenio Montes, Luys Santa Marina, Pedro Mourlane Michelena, Jacinto Miquelarena, Agustín de Foxá and Dionisio Ridruejo, the ten champions who constructed a literary rhetoric for Spanish fascism. Of Samuel Ros we had the funeral eulogy by his brother-in-law, Dr. Blanco Soler, an old and interesting biography, but without any archival research behind it, signed by Medardo Fraile in 1972, and some works, in the form of doctoral theses or articles in specialised journals, on his articles, his literary works and his plays. The present work aims to be a complete and unpublished biography insofar as it exhumes documentation from public and private archives, in which the work and life of Samuel Ros are intertwined, in which the originality of his pen, whether in journalism, theatre or novelistic prose, informs us of his vital trajectory, of the evolution of his outlook and his thought. But the book is not only an analysis of the work of an author who died young, but also a profound investigation into the conditioning factors of his childhood and youth, his social affiliation, the evolution of his heritage, the gestation of his ideas and the evolution of his friendships and personal relationships. Municipal archives, the National Historical Archive, the Historical Memory Documentary Centre, but also private archives such as those of Vicente Calvo Acacio and Dionisio Ridruejo, have been used to compose the fresco. The work gives special relevance to the journalistic work of Samuel Ros. Through it it is possible to grasp his sensitivity and the twists and turns of his path, given that in addition to the Spanish experience, Ros, once the civil war began and after spending some time in hiding in the Chilean embassy, went into exile on the American continent and became a promoter and propagandist of fascism in Chile and Argentina, always through his collaboration in newspapers and his capacity as a ‘speaker’. After the war, as well as continuing to work as a journalist in the leading newspaper of FET y de las JONS, Arriba, he became a propaganda official of the new regime led by Franco, and his closeness to the New State plot enabled him to win the National Literature Prize in 1944, at the same time as he saw the dissidence of his close friend Dionisio Ridruejo with regard to certain positions of the regime, basically the rejection of the Falange, and reflected on whether to follow it and with what consequences. The winter of 1944-1945 cut short his possible drift and engulfed the work that was still to come.
The book is not only a biography, but also an enquiry into the origins of Spanish fascism, its class ties, and its journey during the Republic, the Civil War and the early Franco regime
Colonization factors among enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea and from matched controls in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)
No full textBackground Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) encoding heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) alone or with heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) cause moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in developing country children. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) identified ETEC encoding ST among the top four enteropathogens. Since the GEMS objective was to provide evidence to guide development and implementation of enteric vaccines and other interventions to diminish diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality, we examined colonization factor (CF) prevalence among ETEC isolates from children age <5 years with MSD and from matched controls in four African and three Asian sites. We also assessed strength of association of specific CFs with MSD. Methodology/Principal findings MSD cases enrolled at healthcare facilities over three years and matched controls were tested in a standardized manner for many enteropathogens. To identify ETEC, three E. coli colonies per child were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect genes encoding LT, ST; confirmed ETEC were examined by PCR for major CFs (Colonization Factor Antigen I [CFA/I] or Coli Surface [CS] antigens CS1-CS6) and minor CFs (CS7, CS12, CS13, CS14, CS17, CS18, CS19, CS20, CS21, CS30). ETEC from 806 cases had a single toxin/CF profile in three tested strains per child. Major CFs, components of multiple ETEC vaccine candidates, were detected in 66.0% of LT/ST and ST-only cases and were associated with MSD versus matched controls by conditional logistic regression (p0.006); major CFs detected in only 25.0% of LT-only cases weren't associated with MSD. ETEC encoding exclusively CS14, identified among 19.9% of 291 ST-only and 1.5% of 259 LT/ST strains, were associated with MSD (p = 0.0011). No other minor CF exhibited prevalence 5% and significant association with MSD. Conclusions/Significance Major CF-based efficacious ETEC vaccines could potentially prevent up to 66% of pediatric MSD cases due to ST-encoding ETEC in developing countries; adding CS14 extends coverage to similar to 77%. Author summary Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were found to be one of the four most consistently important agents that cause moderate-to-severe diarrhea among children <5 years of age in a large case-control study, the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, performed in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa and three in South Asia. ETEC attach to the lining of the human small intestine by means of protein colonization factors (CFs), after which bacterial toxins stimulate intestinal secretion resulting in diarrhea. Moderate-to-severe diarrhea in young children in developing countries can lead to malnutrition and death. Vaccines are being developed to prevent ETEC diarrhea and its consequences. Several ETEC vaccines aim to stimulate antibodies (protective proteins) that will bind CFs and prevent the bacteria from attaching to intestinal cells, which should, in turn, prevent ETEC diarrhea. Different types of CFs exist. To guide the development of vaccines intending to provide broad protection against ETEC, one must know the frequency with which the different major CFs are produced by ETEC. This paper reports an extensive systematic survey of ETEC CFs and provides helpful information to guide the development of ETEC vaccines
Global patterns in monthly activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus: a systematic analysis
No full textAbstract: Background Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus are the most common viruses associated with acute lower respiratory infections in young children (= 65 years). A global report of the monthly activity of these viruses is needed to inform public health strategies and programmes for their control. Methods In this systematic analysis, we compiled data from a systematic literature review of studies published between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2017; online datasets; and unpublished research data. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported laboratory-confirmed incidence data of human infection of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, or metapneumovirus, or a combination of these, for at least 12 consecutive months (or 52 weeks equivalent); stable testing practice throughout all years reported; virus results among residents in well-defined geographical locations; and aggregated virus results at least on a monthly basis. Data were extracted through a three-stage process, from which we calculated monthly annual average percentage (AAP) as the relative strength of virus activity. We defined duration of epidemics as the minimum number of months to account for 75% of annual positive samples, with each component month defined as an epidemic month. Furthermore, we modelled monthly AAP of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus using site-specific temperature and relative humidity for the prediction of local average epidemic months. We also predicted global epidemic months of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus on a 5 degrees by 5 degrees grid. The systematic review in this study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018091628. Findings We initally identified 37 335 eligible studies. Of 21 065 studies remaining after exclusion of duplicates, 1081 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 185 were identified as eligible. We included 246 sites for influenza virus, 183 sites for respiratory syncytial virus, 83 sites for parainfluenza virus, and 65 sites for metapneumovirus. Influenza virus had clear seasonal epidemics in winter months in most temperate sites but timing of epidemics was more variable and less seasonal with decreasing distance from the equator. Unlike influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus had clear seasonal epidemics in both temperate and tropical regions, starting in late summer months in the tropics of each hemisphere, reaching most temperate sites in winter months. In most temperate sites, influenza virus epidemics occurred later than respiratory syncytial virus (by 0.3 months [95% CI -0.3 to 0.9]) while no clear temporal order was observed in the tropics. Parainfluenza virus epidemics were found mostly in spring and early summer months in each hemisphere. Metapneumovirus epidemics occurred in late winter and spring in most temperate sites but the timing of epidemics was more diverse in the tropics. Influenza virus epidemics had shorter duration (3.8 months [3.6 to 4.0]) in temperate sites and longer duration (5.2 months [4.9 to 5.5]) in the tropics. Duration of epidemics was similar across all sites for respiratory syncytial virus (4.6 months [4.3 to 4.8]), as it was for metapneumovirus (4.8 months [4.4 to 5.1]). By comparison, parainfluenza virus had longer duration of epidemics (6.3 months [6.0 to 6.7]). Our model had good predictability in the average epidemic months of influenza virus in temperate regions and respiratory syncytial virus in both temperate and tropical regions. Through leave-one-out cross validation, the overall prediction error in the onset of epidemics was within 1 month (influenza virus -0.2 months [-0.6 to 0.1]; respiratory syncytial virus 0.1 months [-0.2 to 0.4]). Interpretation This study is the first to provide global representations of month-by-month activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus. Our model is helpful in predicting the local onset month of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus epidemics. The seasonality information has important implications for health services planning, the timing of respiratory syncytial virus passive prophylaxis, and the strategy of influenza virus and future respiratory syncytial virus vaccination. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd
Global patterns in monthly activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus: a systematic analysis
No full textBackground Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus are the most common viruses associated with acute lower respiratory infections in young children (= 65 years). A global report of the monthly activity of these viruses is needed to inform public health strategies and programmes for their control.Methods In this systematic analysis, we compiled data from a systematic literature review of studies published between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2017; online datasets; and unpublished research data. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported laboratory-confirmed incidence data of human infection of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, or metapneumovirus, or a combination of these, for at least 12 consecutive months (or 52 weeks equivalent); stable testing practice throughout all years reported; virus results among residents in well-defined geographical locations; and aggregated virus results at least on a monthly basis. Data were extracted through a three-stage process, from which we calculated monthly annual average percentage (AAP) as the relative strength of virus activity. We defined duration of epidemics as the minimum number of months to account for 75% of annual positive samples, with each component month defined as an epidemic month. Furthermore, we modelled monthly AAP of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus using site-specific temperature and relative humidity for the prediction of local average epidemic months. We also predicted global epidemic months of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus on a 5 degrees by 5 degrees grid. The systematic review in this study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018091628.Findings We initally identified 37 335 eligible studies. Of 21 065 studies remaining after exclusion of duplicates, 1081 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 185 were identified as eligible. We included 246 sites for influenza virus, 183 sites for respiratory syncytial virus, 83 sites for parainfluenza virus, and 65 sites for metapneumovirus. Influenza virus had clear seasonal epidemics in winter months in most temperate sites but timing of epidemics was more variable and less seasonal with decreasing distance from the equator. Unlike influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus had clear seasonal epidemics in both temperate and tropical regions, starting in late summer months in the tropics of each hemisphere, reaching most temperate sites in winter months. In most temperate sites, influenza virus epidemics occurred later than respiratory syncytial virus (by 0.3 months [95% CI -0.3 to 0.9]) while no clear temporal order was observed in the tropics. Parainfluenza virus epidemics were found mostly in spring and early summer months in each hemisphere. Metapneumovirus epidemics occurred in late winter and spring in most temperate sites but the timing of epidemics was more diverse in the tropics. Influenza virus epidemics had shorter duration (3.8 months [3.6 to 4.0]) in temperate sites and longer duration (5.2 months [4.9 to 5.5]) in the tropics. Duration of epidemics was similar across all sites for respiratory syncytial virus (4.6 months [4.3 to 4.8]), as it was for metapneumovirus (4.8 months [4.4 to 5.1]). By comparison, parainfluenza virus had longer duration of epidemics (6.3 months [6.0 to 6.7]). Our model had good predictability in the average epidemic months of influenza virus in temperate regions and respiratory syncytial virus in both temperate and tropical regions. Through leave-one-out cross validation, the overall prediction error in the onset of epidemics was within 1 month (influenza virus -0.2 months [-0.6 to 0.1]; respiratory syncytial virus 0.1 months [-0.2 to 0.4]).Interpretation This study is the first to provide global representations of month-by-month activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus. Our model is helpful in predicting the local onset month of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus epidemics. The seasonality information has important implications for health services planning, the timing of respiratory syncytial virus passive prophylaxis, and the strategy of influenza virus and future respiratory syncytial virus vaccination. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd
