17 research outputs found
The Immigration Shadow Docket
No full textEach year, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)—the Justice Department’s appellate immigration agency that reviews decisions of immigration judges and decides the fate of thousands of noncitizens—issues about thirty published, precedential decisions. At present, these are the only decisions out of approximately 30,000 each year, that are readily available to the public and provide detailed reasoning for their conclusions. This is because most of the BIA’s decision-making happens on what this Article terms the “immigration shadow docket”—the tens of thousands of other decisions the BIA issues each year that are unpublished and nonprecedential. These shadow docket decisions are generally authored by a single BIA member and consist overwhelmingly of brief orders and summary affirmances. This Article demonstrates the harms of shadow docket decision-making, including the creation of “secret law” that is accessible to the government but largely inaccessible to the public. Moreover, this shadow docket produces inconsistent outcomes where one noncitizen’s removal order is affirmed while another noncitizen’s removal order is reversed—even though the deciding legal issues were identical. A 2022 settlement provides the public greater access to some unpublished BIA decisions, but it ultimately falls far short of remedying the transparency and accessibility concerns raised by the immigration shadow docket.
The BIA’s use of nonprecedential, unpublished decisions to dispose of virtually all cases also presents serious concerns for the development of immigration law. Because the BIA is the final arbiter of most immigration cases, it has a responsibility to provide guidance as to the meaning of our complicated immigration laws and to ensure uniformity in the application of immigration law across the nation. By publishing only 0.001% of its decisions each year, the BIA has all but abandoned that duty. This dereliction likely contributes to well-documented disparities in the application of immigration law by immigration adjudicators and the inefficiency of the immigration system that leaves noncitizens in protracted states of limbo and prolonged detention. This Article advances principles for reforms to increase transparency and fairness at the BIA, improve the quality, accuracy and political accountability of its decisions, and ensure justice for the nearly two million noncitizens currently in our immigration court system
Perbandingan Norma Produksi Islam dengan Produksi pada Industri Bordir di Kecamatan Bangil (Studi Kasus pada Perusahaan Faiza Bordir)
No full textThis research aims to find out how far the implementation of Islamic production norms at Faiza Embroidery Industry in Bangil goes on. Author only implements two of four Islamic production norms, which are: to make working as a main pillar of production and to do production activity in a halal way. It uses qualitative approach by using case study method. Deep interviewand observation to informen, were used in collecting data and they are owner and employees of this industry. Secondary data were derived from journal, text books, and the other literatures. Analysis has been done by seeing a suitability between activity of the production process and Islamic production norms. It is started from finance and then to labor, salary system, and materials used
Recommended from our members
Reimagining Affirmative Asylum
No full textIn 2022, the Biden Administration finalized regulations that overhauled procedures for asylum claims for the first time since 1996. These regulations transferred the duty to decide asylum claims in expedited removal from immigration courts to the Asylum Office. While advocates criticized the proposal for its extreme procedural deficiencies, they supported its basic premise: Expanding the jurisdiction of the Asylum Office would be a positive development for asylum seekers. This Article argues the Asylum Office has failed policymakers’ original vision for the asylum system, asylum seekers, and its own asylum officers (AOs) and that any expansion of the office, in its current form, is unwise. In the 1990s, policymakers settled upon the current asylum adjudication system for cost-saving and efficiency reasons. They believed that the Asylum Office would quickly grant meritorious asylum cases and refer frivolous or complicated cases to immigration court for further adjudication. They imagined affirmative grant rates would climb because quick adjudications by AOs and other features of the new system would discourage the filing of frivolous applications. Speedy grants at the Asylum Office would save money by reserving immigration judge (IJ) time for difficult cases. Creating a professional corps of AOs would also increase the quality and consistency of decision-making in the asylum system. This Article argues that each of these important assumptions has not panned out. The Asylum Office fails to grant many meritorious cases: In recent years, IJs granted asylum to between 76 and 83 percent of asylum seekers whom AOs had referred to removal proceedings. Grant rates across offices continue to deviate significantly, and the startling differences between office grant rates are growing. AOs face extraordinary pressure to adjudicate cases quickly. As a result, AOs are often very confrontational during interviews of asylum seekers, even though regulations require them to be “non-adversarial.” Former AOs further admitted to the author that they were more likely to refer an asylum seeker to removal proceedings simply because referring is faster than granting and they are evaluated on the speed at which they adjudicate cases. Given these failures, advocates and scholars should reimagine our affirmative asylum system. This Article begins that reimagination. </p
Epigenetic regulation of endogenous plant pararetroviruses
No full textThis thesis focuses on epigenetic processes involved in the regulation of gene expression in endogenous pararetroviruses (EPRVs), exemplified by endogenous Petunia vein clearing virus (ePVCV-1) and its episomal form, PVCV. Since ePVCV-1/PVCV was found to have features characteristic of retrotransposon and endogenous retroviruses (Richert-Poggeler and Shepherd, 1997), detailed analysis of these retroelements in different systems gives a deep insight to understand the interconnection of these elements and their regulation by the host cellular machinery as described in chapter one.
Chapter two describes the different silencing states of ePVCV-1 in two distinct Petunia hybrida lines, “white 138” (W138) and “rose du ciel” (Rdc). Despite of ePVCV-1 integration into the pericentromeric regions of the Petunia hybrida chromatin, we found that this position still allows for a low level of transcription that increases with increasing plant age and is higher in W138 than Rdc. To correlate these findings with epigenetic marks, we compared these cultivars in respect to DNA- and histone-methylation and siRNA production. Using bisulfite treatment, ePVCV-1 sequences were found to be methylated at cytosines in all contexts. Astonishingly, however, in both hosts the methylation rate in the non-coding region containing the promoter is relatively low. This might indicate a special ability of the viral promoter to escape complete inactivation by methylation. In Rdc, nearly all histones covering the ePVCV-1 coding region were methylated at lysine 9 of histone 3 (H3K9), a flag for heterochromatin, while in W138 about half of them were of the H3K9- and half of the H3K4-type, the latter representing active chromatin. Interestingly and in accordance with the DNA methylation data, the H3K4/H3K9 ratio was relatively high for the promoter region of both cultivars. The higher H3K4/H3K9 ratio in W138 correlates with an increased rate of ePVCV-1 induction. Furthermore, we show the production of siRNAs of three different size classes (24, 22 and 21 nt) in both cultivars, all of
which are weaker in W138 than in Rdc. Together our observations indicate that W138 is less efficient in silencing of the endogenous viral sequences than Rdc.
In chapter three, I investigated the promoter region of PVCV and determined its ability to direct transcription in transgenic plants. Furthermore, I analyzed the regulatory elements of this particular promoter in comparison with those of other plant pararetrovirus promoters. In particular I studied the functionality of an as-1 like element and its contribution to PVCV promoter expression. Although originally of medium strength, the promoter could be improved to about 50% strength of that of the CaMV 35S promoter by “repairing“ a pair of degenerated as-1 enhancer elements. We show, that the promoter includes upstream and downstream enhancer elements, and that it can be improved considerably by restoring two degenerated as-1 elements.
The concept of creating virus-resistant plants by transformation with genes derived from the pathogen genome is a well-exploited and highly effective procedure to fight viruses as causal agents of diseases in plants (Fichen and Beachy, 1993). Recently it has been demonstrated that RNA interference (RNAi) can be successfully triggered against plant viruses by transient expression of an inverted repeat of target sequences (Pooggin et al., 2003; Tenllado et al., 2004). In chapter four, we use this technique to develop RNA-mediated banana streak virus resistance via TGS and/or PTGS and the method should prevent the outbreak of virus infection upon rare spontaneous induction of endogenous BSV in tissue culture.
Chapter five is a publication in EMBO journal to which I contributed in major ways. This paper describes the production of cloned PVCV originating directly from Petunia plants and from a Petunia gene library. Our findings allowed comparative and direct analysis of horizontally and vertically transmitted virus forms and demonstrated their infectivity using biolistic transformation of a provirus-free petunia species. Some integrants within the genome of P.hybrida were found to be arranged in tandem, allowing direct release of virus by transcription. In addition to known inducers of endogenous pararetroviruses, such as genome hybridization, tissue culture and abiotic stresses, we observed
activation of PVCV after wounding. Our data also support the hypothesis that the host plant uses DNA methylation to control the endogenous pararetrovirus.
In a preamble I point out, which part of this paper is based on my own experimentation and interpretation. on to control the endogenous pararetrovirus.
In a preamble I point out, which part of this paper is based on my own experimentation and interpretation
Recommended from our members
The Immigration Shadow Docket
No full textEach year, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)—the Justice Department’s appellate immigration agency that reviews decisions of immigration judges and decides the fate of thousands of noncitizens—issues about thirty published, precedential decisions. At present, these are the only decisions out of approximately 30,000 each year, that are readily available to the public and provide detailed reasoning for their conclusions. This is because most of the BIA’s decision-making happens on what this Article terms the “immigration shadow docket”—the tens of thousands of other decisions the BIA issues each year that are unpublished and nonprecedential. These shadow docket decisions are generally authored by a single BIA member and consist overwhelmingly of brief orders and summary affirmances. This Article demonstrates the harms of shadow docket decision-making, including the creation of “secret law” that is accessible to the government but largely inaccessible to the public. Moreover, this shadow docket produces inconsistent outcomes where one noncitizen’s removal order is affirmed while another noncitizen’s removal order is reversed—even though the deciding legal issues were identical. A 2022 settlement provides the public greater access to some unpublished BIA decisions, but it ultimately falls far short of remedying the transparency and accessibility concerns raised by the immigration shadow docket.
The BIA’s use of nonprecedential, unpublished decisions to dispose of virtually all cases also presents serious concerns for the development of immigration law. Because the BIA is the final arbiter of most immigration cases, it has a responsibility to provide guidance as to the meaning of our complicated immigration laws and to ensure uniformity in the application of immigration law across the nation. By publishing only 0.001% of its decisions each year, the BIA has all but abandoned that duty. This dereliction likely contributes to well-documented disparities in the application of immigration law by immigration adjudicators and the inefficiency of the immigration system that leaves noncitizens in protracted states of limbo and prolonged detention. This Article advances principles for reforms to increase transparency and fairness at the BIA, improve the quality, accuracy and political accountability of its decisions, and ensure justice for the nearly two million noncitizens currently in our immigration court system
Recommended from our members
Terrorism and the Inherent Right to SelfDefense in Immigration Law
No full textThe Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) deems an individual inadmissible to the United States for having engaged in terrorist activity. Both “engaged in terrorist activity” and “terrorist activity” are terms of art that are broadly defined under the INA to include activity that courts, scholars, and advocates agree stretches the definition of terrorism. An individual found inadmissible on terrorismrelated grounds is barred from nearly all forms of immigration relief, including adjustment of status to lawful permanent resident, refugee status, asylum, withholding of removal, and cancellation of removal. These INA provisions, meant to exclude terrorists from accessing immigration relief, have been perversely interpreted to deny relief to individuals who have taken actions in self-defense, although state and federal courts, state constitutions, and scholars alike describe selfdefense as a right so fundamental as to be inherent. There is no principled reason to deny noncitizens the right to present a selfdefense justification with respect to acts that may otherwise qualify as terrorist activity in the immigration context. In fact, when properly interpreted, the INA as currently written already excludes force used in self-defense from the definition of terrorist activity; the challenge lies in the fact that the current exclusion is too burdensome for adjudicators to apply properly and too narrow to shield all individuals who have taken actions in self-defense from being denied immigration relief. Given this perplexing state of affairs, Congress should adopt reforms to ensure that the government does not deny immigration relief to individuals who have exercised the most basic of rights—that of self-preservation. These reforms can accomplish two desired immigration law goals: excluding terrorists and providing protection to individuals fleeing persecution
Studying a Hidden Bifurcation and Finding Hopf Bifurcation with Generated New Saturated Function Series
No full textIn this article, a hidden bifurcation of the multispiral chaotic attractor generated by the new saturated function series has been considered. The general shape of the chaotic attractors is described in terms of the number of spirals (also reffered to as multiscroll attractor) governed by integer parameters p and q. Due to the integer nature of the parameter, it is not possible to observe bifurcations from M spirals when the parameter is increased by two. However, by using the method of hidden bifurcations, an additional real parameter ε was introduced to observe such bifurcations. Additionally, this added parameter allowed us to find the Hopf bifurcation of the multispiral attractor generated by the new saturated function series transitioning from a stable state to a chaotic state. Furthermore, the Routh-Hurwitz criterion was used to study the stability of the original equilibrium point of the system.
MSC: 39A21, 39A28, 39A33.
REFERENCES
[1] Lin, H., Wang, C., Xu, C., Zhang, X., & Iu, H. H. (2022). A memristive synapse control method to generate diversified multistructure chaotic attractors. IEEE transactions on computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems, 42(3), 942-955.. Search in Google Scholar. Digital Object Identifier
[2] Wang, N., Cui, M., Yu, X., Shan, Y., & Xu, Q. (2023). Generating multi-folded hidden Chua’s attractors: Two-case study. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 177, 114242. Search in Google Scholar. Digital Object Identifier
[3] Wang, N., Zhang, G., Kuznetsov, N. V., & Li, H. (2022). Generating grid chaotic sea from system without equilibrium point. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 107, 106194.. Search in Google Scholar. Digital Object Identifier
[4] Wang, N., Xu, D., Li, Z., & Xu, Q. (2023). A general configuration for nonlinear circuit employing current-controlled nonlinearity: Application in Chua’s circuit. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 177, 114233. Search in Google Scholar. Digital Object Identifier
[5] Kuznetsov. Y.A (1998), Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory. Springer, New York. view book
[6] Deng, Q., & Wang, C. (2019). Multi-scroll hidden attractors with two stable equilibrium points. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 29(9). Search in Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5116732.
[7] Vandewalle. J and Vandenberghe. L(1995)., Piecewise-linear circuits and piecewise-linear analysis, in The Circuits and Filters Handbook, W. K. Chen, Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, pp. 1034-1057. View a book
[8] Leonov, G. A., Vagaitsev, V. I., & Kuznetsov, N. V. (2010, August). Algorithm for localizing Chua attractors based on the harmonic linearization method. In Doklady Mathematics (Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 663-666). Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.(Плеадес Паблишинг, Лтд). Search in Google Scholar. View Papar
[9] Lin, H., Wang, C., Sun, Y., & Wang, T. (2022). Generating n-scroll chaotic attractors from a memristor-based magnetized hopfield neural network. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 70(1), 311-315. Search in Google Scholar . https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2022.3212394.
[10] Menacer, T., Lozi, R., & Chua, L. O. (2016). Hidden bifurcations in the multispiral Chua attractor. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 26(14), 1630039. Search in Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127416300391
[11] Leonov. G.A (2010)., Effective methods for periodic oscillations search in dynamical systems, Appl. Math Mech, vol. 74, pp.37-73
[12] Dudkowski, D., Jafari, S., Kapitaniak, T., Kuznetsov, N. V., Leonov, G. A., & Prasad, A. (2016). Hidden attractors in dynamical systems. Physics Reports, 637, 1-50. Search in Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2016.05.002
[13] Leonov, G. A., Kuznetsov, N. V., & Vagaitsev, V. I. (2011). Localization of hidden Chuaʼs attractors. Physics Letters A, 375(23), 2230-2233. Search in Google Scholar . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2011.04.037
[14] Leonov, G. A., & Kuznetsov, N. V. (2011). Analytical-numerical methods for investigation of hidden oscillations in nonlinear control systems. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 44(1), 2494-2505. Search in Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.3182/20110828-6-IT-1002.03315
[15] Leonov, G. A., & Kuznetsov, N. V. (2013). Hidden attractors in dynamical systems. From hidden oscillations in Hilbert–Kolmogorov, Aizerman, and Kalman problems to hidden chaotic attractor in Chua circuits. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 23(01), 1330002. Search in Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127413300024
[16] Lu, J., Chen, G., Yu, X., & Leung, H. (2004). Design and analysis of multiscroll chaotic attractors from saturated function series. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 51(12), 2476-2490. Search in Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2004.838151
[17] Ahmed, E., El-Sayed, A. M. A., & El-Saka, H. A. (2006). On some Routh–Hurwitz conditions for fractional order differential equations and their applications in Lorenz, Rössler, Chua and Chen systems. Physics Letters A, 358(1), 1-4. Search in Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2006.04.087
[18] Zaamoune, F., Menacer, T., Lozi, R., & Chen, G. (2019). Symmetries in hidden bifurcation routes to multiscroll chaotic attractors generated by saturated function series. Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation, 3(4), 511-522. Search in Google Scholar. https://dx.doi.org/10.25073/jaec.201934.256
[19] Faiza, Z., & Tidjani, M. (2022). Hidden modalities of spirals of chaotic attractor via saturated function series and numerical results. Analysis and Mathematical Physics, 12(5), 108. Search in Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13324-022-00717-2
[20] Faiza, Z., & Tidjani, M. (2023). The behavior of hidden bifurcation in 2D scroll via saturated function series controlled by a coefficient harmonic linearization method. Demonstratio Mathematica, 56(1), 20220211. Search in Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1515/dema-2022-0211
Communicated Editor: Khaled Zennir
Manuscript received Feb 20, 2024; revised Apr 17, 2024; accepted Mai 01, 2024; published Dec 07, 2024
Bismuth-Doped Nano Zerovalent Iron: A Novel Catalyst for Chloramphenicol Degradation and Hydrogen Production
No full text© In this study, we showed that doping bismuth (Bi) at the surface of Fe0 (Bi/Fe0, bimetallic iron system) - synthesized by a simple borohydride reduction method - can considerably accelerate the reductive degradation of chloramphenicol (CHP). At a reaction time of 12 min, 62, 68, 74, 95, and 82% degradation of CHP was achieved with Fe0, Bi/Fe0-1 [1% (w/w) of Bi], Bi/Fe0-3 [3% (w/w) of Bi], Bi/Fe0-5 [5% (w/w) of Bi], and Bi/Fe0-8 [8% (w/w) of Bi], respectively. Further improvements in the degradation efficiency of CHP were observed by combining the peroxymonosulfate (HSO5-) with Bi/Fe0-5 (i.e., 81% by Bi/Fe0-5 and 98% by the Bi/Fe0-5/HSO5- system at 8 min of treatment). Interestingly, both Fe0 and Bi/Fe0-5 showed effective H2 production under dark conditions that reached 544 and 712 μM by Fe0 and Bi/Fe0-5, respectively, in 70 mL of aqueous solution containing 0.07 g (i.e., at 1 g L-1 concentration) of the catalyst at ambient temperature
The Arab Gulf countries and the Arab- Israeli conflict;: the linkages and dynamics (1970-2000)
No full textThis thesis examines the changing linkages and dynamics of the relationship between the Arab Gulf countries and the Arab-Israeli conflict through the period of 1970-2000. The Arab Gulf countries' level of involvement in supporting the Arabs and Palestinians in the Arab-Israeli conflict diminished throughout the period of study. The thesis explains this diminishing role by discussing the impact of the developments of international struggle for influence in the Gulf as well as the Israeli ambitions and relations to the Gulf region, largely expressed through the Israeli relationship with Iran under the Shah. The thesis shows that the years 1973, 1979 and 1990 formed important turning points for international influence in the region. These turning points influenced on the level of the Arab Gulf countries' involvement in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Throughout the seventies, the Arab Gulf countries played an active role in supporting the Arab side in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The clearest expression of this support was the implementation of the oil embargo against the West during the October 1973 War. The eighties witnessed the birth of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the formation of which symbolized the emerging security challenges within the Gulf region. These security challenges represented by the Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq war and the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan exhausted most of the capabilities and efforts of the Arab Gulf countries. Their focus and attention shifted away from the Arab-Israeli conflict, in spite of the serious and dramatic developments in that conflict. The repercussions of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 resulted in a further diminishment of the role of the Arab Gulf countries in backing the Palestinians in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Only after September 2000 and the beginning of the Second Palestinian Intifada did the Arab Gulf countries again play a vital role, by means of financial, political and media support. The thesis explains the linkages between security in the Gulf and the Arab- Israeli conflict. It examines the hypothesis that a reciprocal relationship explaining the level and type of Arab Gulf countries involvement in the Arab-Israeli conflict has existed throughout the period of the study
