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Analytical solutions of 1D population balance equation at steady-state
Full text linkDue to their effectiveness in separation and purification, two-phase flow columns (liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, and solid-liquid) are extensively utilized in the chemical industries. PBE has recently been recognized as an appropriate tool for modeling this kind of column owing to its ability to describe both the hydrodynamics and the mass transfer of the dispersed phase. In this work, we solved analytically one-dimensional PBE at steady-state using the Adomian decomposition method and the Method of moments. Analytical solutions are provided for pure growth, pure breakup, breakup with growth, pure aggregation, and breakup with growth with aggregation. The obtained results encourage extending the applicability of both methods to solve 1D PBE.
Highlights
Analytical solutions of the one-dimensional steady-state Population Balance Equation (PBE) are presented.
The Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) is applied to solve cases involving breakup, aggregation, and growth.
The Method of Moments (MOM) is used to handle combined growth, breakup, and aggregation processes.
Both space-dependent and volume-dependent particle velocity models are considered.
The results enhance understanding of dispersed phase behavior in two-phase flow columns and confirm the effectiveness of ADM and MOM
CFD Analysis of Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/Th) Solar Collector Efficiency Incorporating Ag-AL2O3/water Hybrid Nanofluids
Full text linkThe optimization of energy consumption is closely tied to enhancing the power output of photovoltaic panels. This study offers a numerical investigation of the utilization of hybrid nanofluids (Ag-Al2O3-water) as a cooling fluid in a hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/Th) collector, aiming to improve electrical performance by lowering the PV cells operating temperature. The hybrid PV/Th collector comprises a photovoltaic panel (PV) coupled with a thermal collector, including a heat sink equipped with rectangular ribs positioned at the bottom of the PV module. This research explores the impact of critical configuration parameters, such as inlet velocities of working fluid and nanoparticle volume fractions, on the Nu number, PV cell temperature, and both thermal and electrical efficiencies within steady-state operating conditions. The 3D numerical simulation to analyze the overall performance of a hybrid PV/Th collector was conducted using ANSYS Fluent software version 17.1. The numerical findings demonstrate that increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction elevates the cooling fluid\u27s thermal conductivity, consequently enhancing the heat transfer by conduction. Furthermore, higher coolant velocities enhance heat transfer by convection, resulting in a more effective heat transfer rate within the PV/Th system. This, in turn, reduces the operating temperature and significantly enhances the hybrid PV/Th system\u27s overall performance.
Highlights
Hybrid nanofluid cooling reduces PV cell temp and boosts overall system efficiency.
Higher Re numbers and nanoparticle loads enhance thermal and electrical performance.
ANSYS CFD showed max total efficiency of 44.7% at Re = 800, Φ = 0.06.
Ag-Al2O3 nanofluid outperformed water alone in PV/Th heat transfer.
PV cell temp dropped from 60.1°C to 40.6°C using nanofluid at high flow rate
The Impact of Imperfect Vaccination on Infectious Disease Transmission in an Age-Structured Population
Full text linkIn this paper, we consider the influence of imperfect vaccination on the spread of infectious diseases in an age-structured population. The benefits of vaccination, even if not perfect, generally outweigh the risks of severe diseases. In a mathematical system, we consider the compartment of susceptible s; vaccinated v and infected i individuals with an age structure. The proposed model is globally analyzed by introducing total trajectories and employing a suitable Lyapunov functional. To illustrate our theoretical findings, we include numerical simulations at the end of the paper.
AMS subject classification: 35Q92, 37N25, 92D30.
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Communicated Editor: Boumediène Abdellaoui
Manuscript received Mar 09, 2024; revised Jan 05, 2025; accepted Jan 19, 2025; published Feb,28 2025
On Fixed Point Theorems for Self-Mappings in Complex Metric Spaces with Special Functions
Full text linkThis paper delves into the forefront of fixed point theory, focusing on recent advancements within the context of contraction mappings in complex metric spaces. The study introduces a novel perspective by incorporating the pivotal role of control functions in elucidating the behavior and properties of fixed points. We investigate the interplay between contraction mappings and complex metric spaces via control function. We provide an example to illustrate our findings.
AMS subject classification. 47H10, 54H25.
Communicated Editor: A. Chala.
Manuscript received Dec 23, 2023; revised Sep 16, 2024; accepted Dec 11, 2024; published May 12, 2025.References
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Finite Time Blow Up of Coupled Nonlinear Viscoelastic Wave Equations with Distributed Delay and Strong Damping
Full text linkIn this work, we are concerned with a problem for coupled non-linear viscoelastic wave equation with distributed delay and strong damping and source terms, under suitable conditions we prove the blow up result of
solutions.
Design and Deployment of a Low-Cost IoT-Based Air Quality Monitoring System Using ESP32, BME688, and MQ135 Sensors in Urban Lagos, Nigeria
Full text linkThis study presents the design, calibration, and in-field deployment of an IoT sensor network at a low cost for monitoring real-time urban air quality in Lagos, Nigeria, for diurnal and locational differences in Carbon-dioxide (CO₂), Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), Methane (CH₄,) and weather parameters. The homemade system, constructed at ₦121,500, provides multi-gas and weather monitoring at 27–81% cheaper compared to mid- and high-end commercial sensors. Five hotspots with elevated risk—Oshosi, Iyana Ipaja, UNILAG dump site, Olusosun landfill, and Super Bus Stop—were assessed by morning (06:00–09:00) and evening (19:00–22:00) sessions. Nighttime levels of pollutants were always higher, with CO₂ highest at 790 ppm than the morning\u27s 740 ppm, and CH₄ highest at 0.44 ppm ((Olusosun landfill). These increases were during times of elevated temperature (27.9-32.7 °C), humidity (68–79%) and lower atmospheric pressure (1003–1012 hPa), conditions that would have restricted vertical dispersion. High positive correlations (r ≥ 0.83, p < 0.05) existed between meteorological parameters (atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and temperature) and the four detected pollutant concentrations (MQ135 index, NO₂, CO₂, and CH₄) during morning and nighttime sampling durations. The system maintained >95% uptime and gave data output within three seconds of data taking, and was therefore highly reliable and robust for tropical urban environments. This method offers an affordable, scalable model of continuous pollution monitoring and evidence-based urban environmental management for rapidly growing cities
An effective operational matrix method for the solution of non-linear third-order initial value problems
Full text linkAbstract
The present paper provides a new technique using the clique polynomials as basis function for the operational matrices to obtain numerical solutions of third-order non-linear ordinary differential equations. It aims to find all solutions as easy as possible. Numerical results derived using the proposed techniques are compared with the exact solution or the solutions obtained by other existing methods. The new numerical examples were examined to show that the new approach is highly efficient and accurate. The approximate solutions can be very easily calculated using computer program Matlab.
Communicated Editor: M. Berbiche.
Manuscript received Oct 27, 2024; revised April 24, 2025; accepted May 11, 2025; published June 14, 2025.References
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Integrating AI into Key Enabling Technologies for 6G Networks: A Review from SDN to Quantum Computing
Full text linkThis review article provides an in-depth analysis of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into key enabling technologies for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. It examines how AI can enhance the performance and efficiency of technologies such as software-defined networking (SDN), network functions virtualization (NFV), network slicing, edge and cloud computing, and quantum communications. The study also covers other emerging technologies like reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, terahertz communications, holography, and neuromorphic computing. It identifies technical, security, and interoperability challenges related to this integration while exploring future perspectives and promising research directions. The article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of AI integration in 6G technologies, thereby offering valuable guidance for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers in this rapidly evolving field.
Highlights
AI enhances SDN, NFV, and slicing for smarter 6G network control.
AI boosts real-time edge/cloud decisions and resource use.
Quantum and THz tech gain security and speed via AI tools.
AI enables dynamic holography, RIS, and beamforming in 6G.
Integration faces privacy, energy, and standardization challenges
A parametric analysis of the earth air heat exchangers\u27 thermal efficiency and their effect on surrounding soil over time
Full text linkEarth Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) system is widely regarded as an efficient and sustainable solution, minimizing the consumption of energy and enhancing indoor thermal comfort. This study seeks to conduct a detailed analysis of the parameters that affect the performance of EAHE systems, including the surrounding soil, climatic conditions, and time variations. A semi analytical numerical model was used and verified with existing literature data. Key parameters such as air velocity, operational periods, and soil thermal conductivity were investigated for their effect on the performance of the EAHE and the surrounding soil. The findings revealed that the model provided predictions that strongly agreed with experimental results, with only a 2.3% error margin. The study found that EAHE performance is predominantly influenced by higher soil conductivity and lower airflow velocity. In contrast, the duration of operation had minimal effect on the outlet air temperature, which increased by just 1 °C over 48 h compared to the 1st h. Lastly, the cooling of the surrounding atmosphere was identified as a key factor in enhancing the exchanger\u27s efficiency, as it helps cool the soil after extended operation, thus restoring its cooling ability.
Highlights
EAHE outlet temp rose only 1 °C after 48 h continuous operation.
Higher soil conductivity enhances heat transfer and cooling.
Increased air velocity reduces heat exchange and cooling effect.
Soil heats up over time, reducing EAHE performance without rest.
Model was validated with just 2.3% error vs. experimental data
Drying of beetroots (Beta vulgaris L.) using oven dryer
Full text linkRemoval of moisture from food is popularly called drying and it is one of the most vital preservation techniques used in the food industry. In this study, the beetroots (Beta vulgaris L.) were dried in a laboratory oven dryer. The samples of fresh beetroots were dehydrated under a temperature of 50°C. The experimental study selected three different forms of the product, we choose a square form with (5 × 5 cm) and thickness e = 5 mm, a semi-circle form with thickness e = 5 mm and diameter D = 5 mm, and a triangle form with (5 × 5 × 5 cm) and thickness e = 4 mm. The main objective of the present study is to find the selection of the drying techniques essential to producing high-quality dried products in a rational time. The results give the moisture ratio of the different forms of the beetroot product as a function of time drying, while the triangle form responded to the drying process faster than the other two forms.
Highlights
Beets dried at 50 °C in oven using 3 geometric shapes.
Triangle shape dried fastest due to smaller thickness.
Moisture ratio dropped to nearly zero after 325 min.
Square shape retained more water and dried slower.
Drying time linked more to thickness than shape