179,612 research outputs found
Low-cost sanitation improvements in poor communities : conditions for physical sustainability
No full textDuring the last decades of the twentieth century, alternative solutions for provision of sanitation were put into practice in Brazil. These unconventional programmes, which embrace not only innovative technologies but also new social approaches, raised concerns about community/institution participation in both the implementation and the operation & maintenance (O&M) of low-cost sanitation systems.
The aim of the study reported herein was to identify and assess factors likely to influence the long-term sustainability of these low-cost sanitation programmes. For this, six sanitation programmes were studied regarding: the selection and design of the systems technologies; affordability and participation of the institutions on the
management of the programme; acceptability/satisfaction of the users; and, possible social/healthi mprovementsb rought to the communities. Data on these parameters were obtained by studying the documentation of the programmes, via interviews with stakeholders, observation of the systems' O&M schemes, technical inspection of the units and household questionnaire surveys.
The capacity of institutions in complying with the O&M requirements of the sanitation technologies was of major importance for the sustainability of the programmes. As to the strategies for O&M, the six case studies provided a rich scenario with different administrative levels (community or state companies) and maintenance schemes( centralised,d ecentralisedo r participatory). Regardless
of the solution adopted, the lack of commitment of the institutions involved in the O&M scheme was among the
main factors negatively influencing the sustainability of the programmes.
The four case studies based on condominial sewerage showed that enough experience had been accumulated for the reliable implementation of this technology. However, two important aspects of vulnerabilities were the lack of efficacy of the O&M schemes and deficiencies in users' awareness for the adequate utilisation of the systems.
Educational programmes are essential for the process of implementation of the sanitation systems, and these were included in all programmes studied. Nevertheless, the continuity in the delivery of educational messages was frequently neglected, in spite of its importance for both the maintenance of the implemented systems and the improvements in the social and health conditions of the poor communities
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Museu de Martins Sarmento
No full textSeparata de: Revista de Guimarâes. v. XXXVIII y XXXIXContiene: I - Machados de Pedra Polida, II - Machados de Bronze, III - Terra Sigillat
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
An acarine herbivore interferes with direct and indirect plant defences
No full textPlantenpathogenen en plantenetende insecten induceren verdediging in planten. Er zijn sterke aanwijzingen dat sommige pathogenen deze verdediging kunnen onderdrukken, maar zulke evidentie is schaars in geval van herbivoren. Renato de Almeida Sarmento bestudeerde een herbivoor die interfereert met de defensie van tomatenplanten. De invasieve spintmijt Tetranychus evansi onderdrukt niet alleen de voornaamste routes voor de inductie van plantenverdediging, maar reduceert plantendefensie tot een niveau dat lager is dan in onbeschadigde planten. Als gevolg hiervan groeien populaties van mijten op planten die eerder werden aangevallen door soortgenoten, sneller dan populaties op planten die niet eerder waren aangevallen. Echter, concurrerende soorten zouden ook kunnen profiteren van deze verlaagde verdediging. De spintmijt voorkomt dit door een dicht, kleverig web over de waardplant te spinnen, waardoor andere herbivoren worden gehinderd. De resultaten van De Almeida Sarmento werpen een nieuw licht op plant-herbivoor-interacties, plantenverdediging, concurrentie tussen herbivoren en de resistentie van planten tegen een invasieve soort
Transnational Biographies, Cosmopolitanism and Police Reform: Cristóvão Morais Sarmento and the Portuguese Police at the End of Nineteenth Century
No full textThis article relates the transnational biography of Christóvão Morais Sarmento, Police Commissioner in Lisbon between 1867 and 1906, to understand the role of cosmopolitanism in the reform of the Portuguese public security system and the functioning of Lisbon's police. The result of a transnational biographical experience – not only on their individual pathway but also on family ties – Morais Sarmento cosmopolitanism is an essential
element to understand the changing contours of public security policies and building an organizational culture within the Portuguese police
Letter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer, Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, October 2, 1942
No full textLetter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer at The Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, regarding property owned by Dave Tatsuno. Zellick mentions a dispute between current tenants and Tatsuno, and that Tatsuno has asked Goodman to help locate trustworthy tenants.Personal correspondence, organizational records, government documents, publications, and other papers created or collected by Joseph R. Goodman documenting the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, as well as organized resistance to incarceration. Included in the collection are records of the Japanese Young Men's Christian Association and the Japanese American Citizens' League in San Francisco, including papers of the Japanese YMCA's executive secretary Lincoln Kanai; Sakai family papers; Goodman's correspondence to and from Japanese American incarcerees, organizations opposing forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans, the War Relocation Authority, and others; publications, photographs, and ephemera from the Topaz Relocation Center, where Goodman taught high school; War Relocation Authority records and publications; and newspaper clippings, pamphlets, and reports about forced removal and incarceration created by various government, religious, and civic organizations, in California and nationwide
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