99 research outputs found
Documenting the Burushaski language: Issues in data collection, transmission, preservation, and revitalization
No full textAs globalization increases so does the loss of world languages. Two most common reasons for language endangerment are: (1) there are few living native speakers, and (2) many children do not learn the language of their parents because other languages are considered more helpful or powerful. While the first scenario leads to rapid extinction, the second scenario, quite common in South Asia and the developing world, leads to slow language attrition and eventual death. The two types of endangered languages are under pressure to differing degrees and in different ways in relation to language maintenance. Many linguists across the world are seeking to document and preserve the so-called “endangered” languages. Taking advantage of the latest state-of-the-art technologies, documentary linguists are making efforts towards documenting and recording oral and written linguistic traditions, translating and annotating documentation materials, compiling grammatical descriptions and dictionaries, and preparing pedagogical materials for language teaching/learning for the ethnic population which claims ownership of the language. The aim of this paper is to discuss the various steps, methods, and challenges in the documentation and revitalization of Burushaski – a linguistic isolate spoken by about 90,000 people in Gilgit, Pakistan (Ethnologue 2005), and (by approximately 300 speakers) in Srinagar, India (first author 2006). Burushaski is primarily orally-preserved and literacy in the native language is practically zero. Its survival is greatly threatened by multilingualism and language shift. Documentation efforts have been conducted by western scholars, but because their publications are mostly in foreign languages (Berger 1974-1998, Tiffou 1999), they are inaccessible to Burushos who are (mainly) literate in Urdu – the prestigious language. Recently, some Pakistani scholars have produced pedagogical materials for the promotion of Burushaski but, because of limited resources and lack of training, such efforts are yet to produce substantial results. Awaiting official standardization, local rivalries have also resulted in a number of competing writing systems. Burushaski is spoken in a socio-culturally conservative and a politically volatile region and documentation efforts by non-natives encounter many obstacles. Presenting a progress report of an ongoing project (starting 2003), this paper examines the various issues in documenting Burushaski, such as: initial encounters in encouraging community participation; social, cultural, political, and financial obstacles in data collection; effective use of information technologies without disrupting community traditions; and different challenges in revitalization efforts. To meet the various project goals, we propose steps in developing an integrated framework sensitive to the issues unique to this particular situation
Elements of Allusion in Urdu Poetry
No full textTo limit the language to mere a conglomeration of words is notsufficient rather to call it the specific words which sustain culturaland civilizational bond with its society. As Language, through poetry, carries more potentialities to create and infuse lasting impact, that is why, minute attributes of language emerge out more prominently. Poetry cannot be judged by doing away with civilization. The poetic roots of urdu language, which come in the category of Allusion (Talmeehat), are deep-rooted in its history and civilization. The term allusion is a part of human awarenesswhich has its own civilizational symbols. Talmeehat involves time and space like vastness. An innovative world of modern trends in urdu poetry is witnessed at the end of classical phase and at the beginning of the twentieth century. Urdu Poetry remained progressive towards its heights. Accepting historical incidents as key source, novel meanings and possibilities have been sought. That is why, poets have given them the shape of symbols and Talmeeh and very aptly, so made them the part of poetical experiences
تلمیح: بنیادی مباحث
No full textAllah Almighty is the only One and the only Sovereign and the only Creator and the Owner as per Islamic point of view. He has sent one twenty four hundred thousand messengers with certain miracles and books for human guidance. The last book, Holy Qur'an, was revealed upon Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). The Holy Qur'an adopts easy mode of address to make humanity understand its message. It narrates anecdotes of past nations for guidance purposes. These very anecdotes are termed as Talmehaat. They are found in the Qur'an in good number. Urdu poets freely employ these Talmehaat in their verse. The article is a study of poetic usage of the Qur'anic Talmehaat.
Elements of Allusion in Urdu Poetry
No full textTo limit the language to mere a conglomeration of words is notsufficient rather to call it the specific words which sustain culturaland civilizational bond with its society. As Language, through poetry, carries more potentialities to create and infuse lasting impact, that is why, minute attributes of language emerge out more prominently. Poetry cannot be judged by doing away with civilization. The poetic roots of urdu language, which come in the category of Allusion (Talmeehat), are deep-rooted in its history and civilization. The term allusion is a part of human awarenesswhich has its own civilizational symbols. Talmeehat involves time and space like vastness. An innovative world of modern trends in urdu poetry is witnessed at the end of classical phase and at the beginning of the twentieth century. Urdu Poetry remained progressive towards its heights. Accepting historical incidents as key source, novel meanings and possibilities have been sought. That is why, poets have given them the shape of symbols and Talmeeh and very aptly, so made them the part of poetical experiences
Elements of Allusion in Urdu Poetry
No full textTo limit the language to mere a conglomeration of words is notsufficient rather to call it the specific words which sustain culturaland civilizational bond with its society. As Language, through poetry, carries more potentialities to create and infuse lasting impact, that is why, minute attributes of language emerge out more prominently. Poetry cannot be judged by doing away with civilization. The poetic roots of urdu language, which come in the category of Allusion (Talmeehat), are deep-rooted in its history and civilization. The term allusion is a part of human awarenesswhich has its own civilizational symbols. Talmeehat involves time and space like vastness. An innovative world of modern trends in urdu poetry is witnessed at the end of classical phase and at the beginning of the twentieth century. Urdu Poetry remained progressive towards its heights. Accepting historical incidents as key source, novel meanings and possibilities have been sought. That is why, poets have given them the shape of symbols and Talmeeh and very aptly, so made them the part of poetical experiences
Aluminium Roofing Products Ltd Marketing to the Public Sector, UK
No full textThis management project was undertaken on behalf of Aluminium Roofing Products Ltd ™ (ARP), a young, entrepreneurial company associated predominantly with aluminium products. The project brief was initially untaken by Ian Dunbar - one of the marketing segmentation gurus in the UK. As a result of his investigation, the company aimed to target the public sector in the UK in order to increase their market share. The project was fairly broad and identified several areas of the public sector which required investigation. The brief ranges from investigating the operational and strategic concerns to the viability of marketing to the public sector, studying relationships in different levels of the government with a view to understanding their marketing or buying behaviour. The author worked with ARP from June to September 2009 and during this time, attended numerous meetings, workshops and conferences in order to gain more knowledge about the processes of decision making in the authorities and also meet key stakeholders. Moreover, the author interviewed key stakeholders to establish their understanding of the aluminium products and also mapped out the key influencers and decision makers in buying processes. From this research findings several important issues have been identified that require the immediate attention of ARP. Although aluminium rainwater products have suffered from a low market share compared to their rival product (plastic) it is now experiencing a transformational stage. With ARP’s commitment, enthusiasm and great passion for being ‘socially responsible’ they will almost certainly experience growth which will in turn increase both their contribution to society and their appeal to a new and wider range of consumers
Aluminium Roofing Products Ltd Marketing to the Public Sector, UK
No full textThis management project was undertaken on behalf of Aluminium Roofing Products Ltd ™ (ARP), a young, entrepreneurial company associated predominantly with aluminium products. The project brief was initially untaken by Ian Dunbar - one of the marketing segmentation gurus in the UK. As a result of his investigation, the company aimed to target the public sector in the UK in order to increase their market share. The project was fairly broad and identified several areas of the public sector which required investigation. The brief ranges from investigating the operational and strategic concerns to the viability of marketing to the public sector, studying relationships in different levels of the government with a view to understanding their marketing or buying behaviour. The author worked with ARP from June to September 2009 and during this time, attended numerous meetings, workshops and conferences in order to gain more knowledge about the processes of decision making in the authorities and also meet key stakeholders. Moreover, the author interviewed key stakeholders to establish their understanding of the aluminium products and also mapped out the key influencers and decision makers in buying processes. From this research findings several important issues have been identified that require the immediate attention of ARP. Although aluminium rainwater products have suffered from a low market share compared to their rival product (plastic) it is now experiencing a transformational stage. With ARP’s commitment, enthusiasm and great passion for being ‘socially responsible’ they will almost certainly experience growth which will in turn increase both their contribution to society and their appeal to a new and wider range of consumers
A Novel Modified Switched Inductor Boost Converter with Reduced Switch Voltage Stress
No full textRecently, switched inductor (SI) and switched capacitor techniques in dc-dc converter are recommended to achieve high voltage by using the principle of parallel charging and series discharging of reactive elements. It is noteworthy that four diodes, one high-voltage rating switch, and two inductors are required to design classical SI boost converter (SIBC). Moreover, in classical SIBC, the switch voltage stress is equal to the output voltage. In this article, modified SIBC (mSIBC) is proposed with reduced voltage stress across active switches. The proposed mSIBC configuration in this article is transformerless and simply derived by replacing the one diode of the classical SI structure with an active switch. As a result, mSIBC required low-voltage rating active switches, since the total output voltage is shared into two active switches. Moreover, the proposed mSIBC is low in cost, provides higher efficiency, and requires the same number of components compared with the classical SIBC. The continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode analysis, the effect of nonidealities on voltage gain, design methodology, and comparison are presented in detail. The operation and performance of the designed 500-W mSIBC are experimentally validated under different perturbations.Manuscript received July 14, 2019; revised October 15, 2019 and December 13, 2019; accepted January 3, 2020. Date of publication February 5, 2020; date of current version October 30, 2020. This work was supported by Qatar University High Impact under Grant QUHI-CENG-19/20-2, from the Qatar University. The publication charges are funded by the Qatar National Library. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. (Corresponding author: Atif Iqbal.) S. Sadaf, M. Meraj, A. Iqbal, and N. Al-Emadi are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]).Scopu
امیرؔ مینائی کا ایک غیر مطبوعہ قصیدہ
No full textAmeer Ahmed Minai was an illustrious poet and a writer. He wrote poetry in almost every genre including ghaẓal, na‘at, qaṣīda, maṡnavī, rubā‘ī, salām, sehrā, keh mukarni, pahēlī, tarkīb band, and tarjī‘band. The qaṣīda under consideration is in the tarjī‘band form. In a tarjī‘band, a specific line (called the tape-line) is repeated at the end of each stanza. This qaṣīda was written in the praise of Nawab of Rampur. It gives insights about the Nawab’s era. This qaṣīda consists of 16 stanzas and each stanza comprises 12 lines, after which, a couplet is repeated. This qaṣīda has not been published yet and is in possession of his paternal grandson Israeel Ahmed Minai. The author of this article has not only edited the qaṣīda following conventions of textual criticism but has provided a detailed introduction as well. A comprehensive glossary has also been included
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