491 research outputs found
Epistemic Modality in Georgian
No full textThe epistemic modality consists of epistemic possibility and necessity. Particle “Unda” (must) is the main formative of the epistemic necessity. Originating from a notional verb, it still retains its verbal functions. In the conjugation of an object, “Unda” is the III person form. It means “wish”, “want”. However, in modern Georgian, it is a multifunctional particle, with the epistemic necessity being one of the meanings thereof. “Unda” is associated with a verb in the subjunctive mood and expresses the speaker’s opinion, evaluation and attitude to the reality, the speaker’s assumption, conviction or the lack thereof. The said modality expresses intellectual perception of the speaker. Sentence1.“ის ახლა სახლში უნდა იყოს” [is axla saxlshi unda ix’os] – He must be at home now. “Unda” (must) expresses the speaker’s certainty ensuing from the analytical assessment of reality. The sentence implies his belief that someone must be at home since it is the most logical possibility based on the fact that lights are on. 2. “მას კარგად უნდა გაეკეთებინა ეს საქმე” [mas k’argad unda gaek’etebina es sakme] – He must have done a good job of it. Here “Unda” implies that as far as I know him, his capabilities and sense of responsibility, I believe that he must have got on with the job well enough. So, the epistemic necessity is expressed by “Unda” modal particle and a verb in the subjunctive mood and implies a logical necessity based on the speaker’s belief. In the determination of the epistemic modality, not only the analysis of the modal particle and a verb matters but the definition of the semantic groups of the verbs involved in the pattern. The paper will contain the functional and semantic analysis of the patterns expressing the aepistemic necessity
THE KEY CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE NEW GENERATION IN GEORGIA
No full textThe aim of the research was to study the characteristic features of the new generation in Georgia by means of self-evaluation, namely, what key features they identify regarding the new generation. In order to implement the analysis, a questionnaire was compiled and a survey was carried out among youngsters born in the years between 1980 and 1990. The argumentation of the answers and their analysis explained the basis for the origin and development of these features, which were grouped into categories. For each category, certain sub-categories were outlined.
The survey has proved that the existing situation – globalization, development of technology, etc. – influences the new generation and leads to the development of specific features. It can be concluded that the new generation greatly differs from the previous ones. Representatives of the new generation are well familiar with modern technologies, they communicate more easily. Besides, they are more critical and try to re-evaluate outdated traditions. They aspire to independence and new ideas, although all the above-mentioned leads to a certain degree of stress. Thus, the characteristic features of the new generation in Georgia are as follows: addiction to digital technologies, facilitated communication, aspiration to independence, openness to novelty and re-evaluation of traditions, tenacity, freedom of expression, acceptance, superficiality, and stress. These characteristic features reflect not only the peculiarities of the new generation, their aspirations and inclinations, but also current processes in the country and the impact of these processes on the mentality of the community. All the above-mentioned should be taken into account in all fields of life, especially in the system of education
The Protection of Personal Data in the Fight Against Terrorism: New Perspectives of PNR European Union Instruments in the Light of the Treaty of Lisbon
No full textThis article addresses the protection of personal data in the European Union in the context of the fight against international terrorism taking into account the new European Union architecture provided for by the Treaty of Lisbon. After having delineated the European legal background concerning the right to privacy, the author examines the Passenger Name Records (PNR) Agreements concluded by the European Union with the United States, Canada and Australia. A further object of analysis is the 2007 proposal for a Council Framework Decision on the use of PNR data for law enforcement purposes, which is aimed at creating an autonomous PNR system in the European Union. The author considers that these instruments are likely to violate rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals, in particular the right to privacy. This is also due to the architecture of the European Union, whose structure is incapable of adequately and completely protecting the right to personal data protection. As a consequence, the author proposes solutions to modify PNR instruments, especially in light of the future changes that the Treaty of Lisbon will make to the structure of the European Union
The Abu Omar Case in Italy and the Effects of CIA Extraordinary Renditions in Europe on Law Enforcement and Intelligence Activities
No full textThis article deals with the political and legal implications concerning alleged U.S. extraordinary renditions of suspect terrorists on European soil. The author
considers this practice as a clear violation of the jus cogens norm of non-refoulement and, more particularly, a crime against humanity. The author highlights the inadequacy of controls of European states’ systems on internal and
foreign secret services and consequently the necessity that their activities be subject to democratic control. The author excludes that those responsible for extraordinary renditions could invoke immunity as state organs and affirms the
necessity that the relationship between state immunity and human rights could be defined more precisely by national and international courts. Finally, the author
proposes solutions at the national and international level to avoid human rights violations caused by extraordinary renditions
Interannual variation in methane emissions from tropical wetlands triggered by repeated El Nino Southern Oscillation
No full textMethane (CH4) emissions from tropical wetlands contribute 60%-80% of global natural wetland CH4 emissions. Decreased wetland CH4 emissions can act as a negative feedback mechanism for future climate warming and vice versa. The impact of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on CH4 emissions from wetlands remains poorly quantified at both regional and global scales, and El Nino events are expected to become more severe based on climate models' projections. We use a process-based model of global wetland CH4 emissions to investigate the impacts of the ENSO on CH4 emissions in tropical wetlands for the period from 1950 to 2012. The results show that CH4 emissions from tropical wetlands respond strongly to repeated ENSO events, with negative anomalies occurring during El Nino periods and with positive anomalies occurring during La Nina periods. An approximately 8-month time lag was detected between tropical wetland CH4 emissions and ENSO events, which was caused by the combined time lag effects of ENSO events on precipitation and temperature over tropical wetlands. The ENSO can explain 49% of interannual variations for tropical wetland CH4 emissions. Furthermore, relative to neutral years, changes in temperature have much stronger effects on tropical wetland CH4 emissions than the changes in precipitation during ENSO periods. The occurrence of several El Nino events contributed to a lower decadal mean growth rate in atmospheric CH4 concentrations throughout the 1980s and 1990s and to stable atmospheric CH4 concentrations from 1999 to 2006, resulting in negative feedback to global warming
The Indian room designed by Pierre Jeanneret in Chandigarh
No full textSome photographs that Pierre Jeanneret composed and took between 1953-1956 in the backyard of his house in Chandigarh, are one of the many examples to understand how the knowledge and understanding of the architect about the site, on his arrival in India in 1951, was fundamental at the moment of projecting and building in the new capital of the Punjab.
This article proposes a critical and descriptive analysis of photography based on the information compiled in documents and original photographs by the author, to make explicit some relationships of place, order and meaning, and how these result in the construction of the domestic space of the place
ანგლიზმების სტრუქტურული თავისებურება გერმანული პრესის მაგალითებზე
No full textA language changes constantly, that is especially noticeable in the process of globalization. As vocabulary is the most dynamic aspect of the language, it changes fastest of all. Recently a number of words have appeared in the German language and their origin should be sought in the English language.There are not only structural but phonetic varieties of Anglicisms as well. The article discusses the definition of Anglicisms , their structural features fluctuation of grammatical gender and integration factors, one of which is submitting Anglicisms to the rules of German word formation. Is this case semantics define the gender. Empirical material is taken from German newspapers and magazines.ენა მუდმივ ცვლილებებს განიცდის, რაც გლობალიზაციის პროცესის დროს განსაკუთრებით ნათლად ჩანს. გამომდინარე იქიდან, რომ ენის სხვა ასპექტებთან შედარებით ლექსიკა ყველაზე დინამიკური ნაწილია, ის უფრო სწრაფად იცვლება. ბოლო წლებში გერმანულ ენაში აღმოცენდა მთელი რიგი სიტყვები, რომელთა წარმოშობა ინგლისურ ენაში უნდა ვეძებოთ. ანგლიციზისმები გამოირჩევა არა მარტო სტრუქტურული, არამედ ფონეტიკური მრავალფეროვნებითაც
Zoroastrianism and “The Martyrdom of Eustathius of Mtskheta” by an unknown author
No full text“The Martyrdom of Eustathius of Mtskheta” is the second oldest work
in Georgian literature after “The Martyrdom of Shushanik” by Iakob Tsurtaveli
(it should also be noted that there are different opinions about the
dating of Georgian hagiographic works. Among them, some scientists
share the opinion regarding the new dating of “The Martyrdom of Kolael
Children”; about the antiquity of the stories depicting different eras included in “Life of Kartli”, including parts of “Pharnavaziani” and “Life of
Nino”, etc.). The political, social, religious and cultural aspects of the 6th
century Kartli are conveyed in the work. During the scientific study of the
text, several important key issues were identified, about which there are
differences of opinion (I. Javakhishvili, A. Harnack, K. Kekelidze, M. Andronikashvili,
I. Assmann and H. Strom, Sh. Nutsubidze, T. Chkonia, B. Kilanava,
S. Sigua, L. Menabde, E. Gabidzashvili, M. Chkhartishvili, Metreveli, G.
Kuchukhidze, etc.). “The Martyrdom of Eustathius of Mtskheta”, as one of
the earliest hagiographical works, on the initiative of Ivane Javakhishvili,
arouses interest in German scientific circles. In 1901, the text translated
by Ivane Javakhishvili was published in German, edited by Adolf Harnack.
“The Martyrdom of Eustathius of Mtskheta” by an unknown author
reveals the important influences of Mazdaism. In particular, the Mazdian
funeral ritual is found in the work. In the paper, we will talk about the
connection of Zoroastrianism, as the next stage of Mazdaism, in connection
with “The Martyrdom of Eustathius of Mtskheta”
The 1982-1984 El Nino in the Gulf of California as Seen in Coastal Zone Color Scanner Imagery
No full textUsing monthly composites of coastal zone colour scanner (CZCS) satellite imagery, the authors generated time series for 33 locations throughout the gulf, calculating pigment concentration anomalies and deriving a relative power index that provides a measure of the relationship between negative anomalies and El Nino episodes. During 1978-1986, variability in phytoplankton biomass in the Gulf of California was not dominated by El Nino events. Rather, strong tidal mixing and upwelling in the interior of the gulf masked the effect of El Nino 1982-1984 that otherwise showed so clearly in other coastal ecosystems of the E Pacific. Lower pigment concentrations were detected with the CZCS at and near the entrance of the gulf, where vertical mixing is not as strong. Locations in the central and northern gulf showed either a weak effect or no effect of El Nino. Strong non-El Nino conditions in 1984 caused lower phytoplankton biomass in Ballenas Channel than during other years of the period analyzed. -from Author
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