80,633 research outputs found
Scenographie Architectonique où Reflexion Sur La Structure Merveilleise De la Tour De Bable
No full textAutopsie nach Ex. der ULB Sachsen-AnhaltVorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Leipzig Chez Jacques Born, 1741.1 Ill. (Kupferst.
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Predictors of Stunting, Wasting and Underweight among Tanzanian Children Born to HIV-Infected Women.
No full textChildren born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women are susceptible to undernutrition, but modifiable risk factors and the time course of the development of undernutrition have not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to identify maternal, socioeconomic and child characteristics that are associated with stunting, wasting and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected mothers, followed from 6 weeks of age for 24 months. Maternal and socioeconomic characteristics were recorded during pregnancy, data pertaining to the infant's birth were collected immediately after delivery, morbidity histories and anthropometric measurements were performed monthly. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards methods were used to assess the association between potential predictors and the time to first episode of stunting, wasting and underweight. A total of 2387 infants (54.0% male) were enrolled and followed for a median duration of 21.2 months. The respective prevalence of prematurity (<37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g) was 15.2% and 7.0%; 11.3% of infants were HIV-positive at 6 weeks. Median time to first episode of stunting, wasting and underweight was 8.7, 7.2 and 7.0 months, respectively. Low maternal education, few household possessions, low infant birth weight, child HIV infection and male sex were all independent predictors of stunting, wasting and underweight. In addition, preterm infants were more likely to become wasted and underweight, whereas those with a low Apgar score at birth were more likely to become stunted. Interventions to improve maternal education and nutritional status, reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and increase birth weight may lower the risk of undernutrition among children born to HIV-infected women
Two-field Born–Infeld with diverse dualities
No full textWe elaborate on how to build, in a systematic fashion, two-field Abelian extensions of the Born–Infeld Lagrangian. These models realize the non-trivial duality groups that are allowed in this case, namely U(2) , SU(2) and U(1)×U(1) . For each class, we also construct an explicit example. They all involve an overall square root and reduce to the Born–Infeld model if the two fields are identified, but differ in quartic and higher interactions. The U(1)×U(1) and SU(2) examples recover some recent results obtained with different techniques, and we show that the U(1)×U(1) model admits an N=1 supersymmetric completion. The U(2) example includes some unusual terms that are not analytic at the origin of field space.We elaborate on how to build, in a systematic fashion, two-field Abelian extensions of the Born-Infeld Lagrangian. These models realize the non-trivial duality groups that are allowed in this case, namely U(2), SU(2) and U(1)xU(1). For each class, we also construct an explicit example. They all involve an overall square root and reduce to the Born-Infeld model if the two fields are identified, but differ in quartic and higher interactions. The U(1)xU(1) and SU(2) examples recover some recent results obtained with different techniques, and we show that the U(1)xU(1) model admits an N=1 supersymmetric completion. The U(2) example includes some unusual terms that are not analytic at the origin of field space
Born-Torrijos et al. Data survival and activity analyses
No full textData are shown for survival and activity analyses presented in "Born-Torrijos et al. Taxa-specific activity loss and mortality patterns in freshwater trematode cercariae under subarctic conditions", published in Parasitology. <br
‘Born to Shop’: Malls, Dream-Worlds and Capitalism
No full textIt has been twenty years since the fall of the Berlin Wall, and a new generation, untouched by the previous communist regimes, has come to adulthood throughout the post-communist world. The Iulius Group’s logo – ‘Born to shop!’ – suggests that these are born shoppers: the capitalist babies of Central and Eastern Europe who are sustaining the largest growth in retail and shopping malls in Europe. With no living memory of shortages, queuing, or government restrictions, they know only the limit of their own – or their parents’ – pocket/credit. Their world could not be more different from the one that their parents and grandparents experienced: both the abundance of goods and services, as well as the opulent settings under which they are now sold, offer striking visual contrasts to the not-so-distant past. In addition, the very experience of consumption is directly connected to the way in which the current social fabric – and new social divisions within it – is interwoven with the physical and architectural changes taking place in the urban setting
Birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers
No full textThis paper provides an overview of the birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers, including recent trends and information on factors associated with birthweight variation.
Summary
Almost 4% of all babies born in 2011 were to Indigenous mothers
In 2011, a total of 11,729 Indigenous mothers gave birth to 11,895 babies according to data from the National Perinatal Data Collection. These babies represented 3.9% of all births in 2011. Nearly all (99%) births to Indigenous mothers in 2011 were live births (rather than stillborn); this is the same proportion as for births to non-Indigenous mothers.
Newborns of Indigenous mothers were twice as likely to be of low birthweight
In 2011 and considering liveborn babies only:
12.6% of babies born to Indigenous mothers were of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams), 86.0% were of normal birthweight (between 2,500 grams and 4,499 grams) and 1.4% were of high birthweight (4,500 grams or more)
Indigenous mothers were twice as likely as non-Indigenous mothers to have babies of low birthweight (12.6% and 6.0% respectively)
excluding multiple births, 11.2% of singleton babies born to Indigenous mothers were of low birthweight-2.5 times the rate for non-Indigenous mothers (4.6%)
on average, the birthweight of singleton babies of Indigenous mothers (3,215 grams) was 191 grams lower than that of babies born to non-Indigenous mothers (3,406 grams).
Gap in birthweight has narrowed over a decade
Between 2000 and 2011, there was a statistically significant decrease in the low birthweight rate among liveborn singleton babies of Indigenous mothers, with the rate declining by 9% over the period (or by 0.1 low birthweight babies per 100 live births annually).
In contrast, there was no significant change in the corresponding rate for non-Indigenous mothers. As such, there was a statistically significant narrowing of the gap in the rate for Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers between 2000 and 2011.
Decline in rate of pre-term births to Indigenous mothers and smoking during pregnancy
A wide range of factors are associated with birthweight, including pre-term births and maternal smoking during pregnancy. In 2011, 12.5% of liveborn babies of Indigenous mothers were born pre-term, as were 7.5% of babies born to non-Indigenous mothers. Between 2000 and 2011, the rate of pre-term births among liveborn singleton babies of Indigenous mothers declined (by 7%), and the Indigenous to non-Indigenous gap in the pre-term birth rate narrowed significantly.
Half (50%) of all Indigenous mothers who gave birth in 2011 reported smoking during pregnancy, as did 12% of non-Indigenous mothers. Smoking during pregnancy declined between 2005 and 2011, but improvement was greater among non-Indigenous mothers (25% drop) than Indigenous mothers (6% drop).
Indigenous babies
While the focus of this paper is on national data about the birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers, data about Indigenous babies are available for 6 jurisdictions for 2011. Of all liveborn Indigenous babies born in 2011 in the 6 jurisdictions, 11.5% were of low birthweight. National data about Indigenous babies will be available from 2012 onwards
Justification of the Cauchy-Born approximation of elastodynamics
No full textWe present sharp convergence results for the Cauchy-Born approximation of general classical atomistic interactions, for static problems with small data and for dynamic problems on a macroscopic time interval
Propofol Anesthesia Impairs the Maturation and Survival of Adult-born Hippocampal Neurons
No full textBACKGROUND:: Adult neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampus of
most mammals, including humans, and plays an important role in
hippocampal-dependent learning. This process is highly
regulated by neuronal activity and might therefore be vulnerable
to anesthesia. In this article, the authors investigated this
possibility by evaluating the impact of propofol anesthesia on
mouse hippocampal neurons generated during adulthood, at two
functionally distinct maturational stages of their development.
METHODS:: Adult-born hippocampal neurons were identified using
the cell proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine or a retroviral
vector expressing the green fluorescent protein in dividing
cells and their progenies. Eleven or 17 days after the labeling
procedure, animals (n = 3-5 animals per group) underwent a 6-h-
long propofol anesthesia. Twenty-one days after labeling, the
authors analyzed the survival, differentiation, and morphologic
maturation of adult-born neurons using confocal microscopy.
RESULTS:: Propofol impaired the survival and maturation of
adult-born neurons in an age-dependent manner. Anesthesia
induced a significant decrease in the survival of neurons that
were 17 days old at the time of anesthesia, but not of neurons
that were 11 days old. Similarly, propofol anesthesia
significantly reduced the dendritic maturation of neurons
generated 17 days before anesthesia, without interfering with
the maturation of neurons generated 11 days before anesthesia.
CONCLUSIONS:: These results reveal that propofol impairs the
survival and maturation of adult-born hippocampal neurons in a
developmental stage-dependent manner in mice
Adult-born hippocampal neurons undergo extended development and are morphologically distinct from neonatally-born neurons
No full textDuring immature stages, adult-born neurons pass through critical periods for survival and plasticity. It is generally assumed that by 2 months of age adult-born neurons are mature and equivalent to the broader neuronal population, raising questions of how they might contribute to hippocampal function in old age when neurogenesis has declined. However, few have examined adult-born neurons beyond the critical period or directly compared them to neurons born in infancy. Here, we used a retrovirus to visualize functionally relevant morphological features of 2- to 24-week-old adult-born neurons in male rats. From 2 to 7 weeks, neurons grew and attained a relatively mature phenotype. However, several features of 7-week-old neurons suggested a later wave of growth: these neurons had larger nuclei, thicker dendrites, and more dendritic filopodia than all other groups. Indeed, between 7 and 24 weeks, adult-born neurons gained additional dendritic branches, formed a second primary dendrite, acquired more mushroom spines, and had enlarged mossy fiber presynaptic terminals. Compared with neonatal-born neurons, old adult-born neurons had greater spine density, larger presynaptic terminals, and more putative efferent filopodial contacts onto inhibitory neurons. By integrating rates of cell birth and growth across the life span, we estimate that adult neurogenesis ultimately produces half of the cells and the majority of spines in the dentate gyrus. Critically, protracted development contributes to the plasticity of the hippocampus through to the end of life, even after cell production declines. Persistent differences from neonatal-born neurons may additionally endow adult-born neurons with unique functions even after they have matured
An analysis of the boundary layer in the 1D surface Cauchy–Born model
No full textThe surface Cauchy–Born (SCB) method is a computational multi-scale method for the simulation of surface-dominated crystalline materials. We present an error analysis of the SCB method, focused on the role of surface relaxation. In a linearized 1D model we show that the error committed by the SCB method is O(1) in the mesh size; however, we are able to identify an alternative "approximation parameter" – the stiffness of the interaction potential – with respect to which the relative error in the mean strain is exponentially small. Our analysis naturally suggests an improvement of the SCB model by enforcing atomistic mesh spacing in the normal direction at the free boundary. In this case we even obtain pointwise error estimates for the strain
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