1,720,972 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Sub-muscular Breast Augmentation Using Tumescent Local Anesthesia
No full textBackground: Tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) consists of infiltration of saline solution with lidocaine and epinephrine into the tissues to obtain regional anesthesia and vasoconstriction. The use of TLA in augmentation mammoplasty has been described for sub-glandular positioning. We describe a modified TLA technique for primary sub-muscular breast augmentation reporting our experience during the past 7 years. Methods: From 2010 to 2017, 300 patients underwent bilateral primary sub-muscular breast augmentation under TLA and conscious sedation. The tumescent solution was prepared with 25 mL of 2% lidocaine, 8 mEq of sodium bicarbonate, and 1 mL of epinephrine (1 mg/1 mL) in 1000 mL of 0.9% saline solution. Firstly, the solution was infiltrated between the pectoral fascia and the mammary gland, secondarily, during surgery, under the pectoralis major muscle. Results: The average amount of tumescent solution infiltrated while performing TLA was 740 mL per breast. No signs of adrenaline or lidocaine toxicity were reported and conversion to general anesthesia was never required. In all patients, no pain nor discomfort was reported during the pre-operating infiltration and surgical procedure. We reported a major complication rate of 3.3% (4 hematomas and 6 seromas) and a minor complication rate of 6.0% (8 implant dislocation and 10 dystrophic scars formation). Conclusions: TLA represents a safe and efficacious technique for performing breast augmentation surgery with sub-muscular implant positioning. This technique guarantees good pain control during and after surgery and has low incidence of postoperative side effects. Patients subjected to sub-muscular breast augmentation with TLA were satisfied. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266
Antibiotic therapy of transaxillary augmentation mammoplasty.
No full textBackground: Capsular contracture is the most
common complication and the main cause of dissatisfaction
after augmentation mammoplasty, for both the patient and
the plastic surgeon. The formation of fibrous tissue around
the prosthesis alters the form or the consistency of the
implant, thus modifying the breast shape, its contour and its
softness. The initial satisfaction with the achieved aesthetical
result is then transformed into great dissatisfaction, due to
the presence of a shapeless and undesired mass. Patients and
Methods: The following study considered data collected
between 1998 and 2007. Sixty-seven female patients (aged
between 35 and 53 years) who suffered from mammary
hypotrophy and had undergone submuscular augmentation
mammoplasty were enrolled. All the implanted prostheses
were round and texturized, with a volume of 250 cm3 to 450
cm3. The patients underwent pre-, intra- and postoperative
antibiotic therapy in order to prevent clinical and subclinical
infection of the implants. Results: The follow-up ranged from
a period of two to nine years. All patients were examined
during the first antibiotic administration and again
subsequently, after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, to evaluate the
results in terms of capsular contracture. Of all patients, 90%
presented a degree I Baker’s classification, the remaining
10% a degree II. Not one of the patients treated showed
grade III or IV capsular contracture nor was there any need
to remove the prosthesis during the examination period.
Conclusion: It is clear that a main role in capsular
contracture is played by the infectious process, with the
activation of specific inflammatory cells. Interfering with the
infectious process can prevent fibrotic reaction evolving into
capsular contracture. Although the process causing capsular
contracture is multifactorial, our study showed a favourable
response can be achieved when using antibiotic therapy
associated with the transaxillary approach
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