679 research outputs found
Grenspeilen 1981.0: Bepaling van nieuwe grenspeilen voor de kuststations
No full textIn 1939 is het begrip grenspeil (zijnde de waterstand die met een gemiddelde kans van 5 x 10-1 maal per j aar overschreden wordt) geïntroduceerd en is voor wat betreft het getijgebied dit grenspeil voor de zgn. hoofdstations (Vlissingen, Brouwershaven, Hoek van Holland, IJmuiden, Den Helder, Harlingen en Delfzijl) bepaald. In 1948 zijn daarna m.b.v. betrekkingslijnen t.O.V. deze hoofdstations de grenspeilen der overige kuststation bepaald. De grenspeilen van stations, die nadien verplaatst zijn of waarvan de waterstanden door uitgevoerde werken beïnvloed zijn en die van nieuwe stations zijn wanneer nodig herzien dan wel alsnog opnieuw vastgesteld (par. 2). Uit onderzoek naar overschrijdingsfrequenties van enkele stations langs de Nederlandse kust bleek dat de overschrijdingslijnen, bepaald met gegevens over de periode 1971-1980, verschoven waren t.o.v. die in het Deltarapport. Deze verschuiving is terug te voeren op de relatieve zeespiegelrijzing en de amplitudevergroting van het getij. Naar aanleiding hiervan zijn in deze nota voor alle Nederlandse peilmeetstations langs de kust nieuwe grenspeilen (aangeduid met 1981.0) bepaald (voor een 4-tal stations met een korte waarnemingsreeks zijn dit slechts voorlopige grenspeilen 1981.0). Hiertoe zijn eerst (par. 3.1) de grenspeilen bepaald van de zgn. referentiestations (zijnde de stations waarvan in het Deltarapport overschrijdingslijnen gegeven staan, uitgezonderd Bruinisse en Steenbergsche Sas); daarbij is uitgegaan van de overschrijdingslijnen 1971-1980 -bepaald uit de overschrijdingskansen berekend over de periode 1971-1980- en de vorm der overschrijdingslijnen in het Deltarapport. Vervolgens zijn in par. 3.2 van de overige stations de grenspeilen m.b.v. betrekkingslijnen t.o.v. de referentiestation afgeleid. Hiervoor zijn 2e-graads betrekkingslijnen gehanteerd, geconstrueerd m.b.v. de stormstanden over de periode 1900-1980 (stormstanden zijn de standen genoemd in de stormvloedlijsten van het T.O. 1951-60 en de Jaarboeken 1961 t/m 1980). Voor die stations, die verplaatst of beïnvloed zijn, zijn uiteraard alleen de homogene delen der waarnemingsreeksen gebruikt. Van de stations met een korte waarnemingsreeks (2 tot 4 jaar) zijn de grenspeilen afgeleid uit betrekkingslijnen geconstrueerd m.b.v. alle hoogwaterstanden over de ter beschikking staande periode. Dit betreft de stations Kreekrak, Oostkapelle, Petten-zuid en Eemshaven. De volgens bovenstaande methoden bepaalde grenspeilen staan vermeld in kolom (12) van bijlage 21 met daarachter in kolom (13) ter indicatie van de nauwkeurigheid hun (geschatte) standaardafwijking. De getallen uit kolom (12) afgerond op 5 cm vormen de grenspeilen 1981.0 (kolom 14). Op een overzichtskaartje (bijlage 22) staan deze nogmaals vermeld. De verschillen van de grenspeilen 1981.0 t.o.v. de "oude" grenspeilen zijn aangegeven in de laatste kolom van bijlage 21. Deze lopen van -35 cm (Eemshaven) tot +40 cm (Lauwersoog); + wil zeggen dat het grenspeil 1981.0 hoger ligt. Het gros der verschillen ligt tussen de 0 en +25 cm. Conclusies: - In het algemeen zijn de grenspeilen 1981.0 hoger dan de "oude" grenspeilen. Dit is voornamelijk het gevolg van de relatieve zeespiegelrijzing en de amplitudevergroting van het getij. - Van de stations langs de Westerschelde neemt de verhoging van het grenspeil 1981.0 t.o.v. het "oude" grenspeil landinwaarts toe. Dit is hoogstwaarschijnlijk terug te voeren op de uitgevoerde baggerwerken. - Voor enkele stations wijken de verschillen tussen de "oude" en de "nieuwe" grenspeilen nogal af van het gemiddelde beeld. Dit blijken allemaal gevallen te zijn waarbij het grenspeil tussentijds gewijzigd of vastgesteld is en waarbij de gevolgde werkwijze niet is vastgelegd. In het vervolg zal men in deze gevallen meer aandacht moeten schenken aan een nauwkeurige bepaling en in ieder geval de gevolgde methode dienen vast te leggen. Indien een nauwkeurige bepaling niet mogelijk is, moet het grenspeil slechts voorlopig vastgesteld worden. Zodra voldoende gegevens verzameld zijn moeten na een nieuwe berekening de grenspeilen opnieuw vastgesteld worden. Dit geldt uiteraard ook voor de voorlopige grenspeilen van de stations Kreekrak, Oostkapelle, Petten-zuid en Eemshaven. - Vanwege de relatieve zeespiegelrijzing en de amplitudevergroting van het getij zijn de grenspeilen aan veranderingen onderhevig. Men moet in de toekomst niet schromen de grenspeilen indien nodig te wijzigen
Modal existential wh-constructions
No full textThis dissertation is a thorough investigation of the syntax, semantics, and typology of modal existential wh-constructions – the last major type of wh-construction (next to questions and relative clauses) that is still relatively poorly understood. The author argues that their proper analysis enhances our understanding of a variety of richly discussed issues, including the syntax-semantics of argument structure, event structure, existential predicates, wh-movement, covert modality, and obligatory control.
The author argues for a radically new approach to modal existential wh-constructions. His core idea is that they are not ordinary objects of the verb which they are selected by (a predicate expressing the state of existence or availability, or a complex predicate leading to such a state), as previously assumed, but rather constitute an additional independent argument. This argument is an integral part of the complex event structure of the matrix verb – its “event extension” – and as such characterizes possible developments of the state or event denoted by the matrix predicate. The proposed analysis accounts for many apparently unmotivated properties of these constructions, including their highly restricted scope, modality, and syntactic distribution on the one hand, and a relative freedom of their internal syntactic shape on the other. The analysis also reveals a previously unobserved but remarkably tight relationship between modal existential wh-constructions and English purpose clauses.
This dissertation is of interest to theoretically and typologically oriented linguists working on wh-constructions, purpose clauses, existential sentences, event structure, and modality. On a more general level, it deals with issues at the syntax-semantics and syntax-pragmatics interface.
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Dit proefschrift is een grondige studie van de syntaxis, semantiek en typologie van modale existentiële wh-constructies – het laatste hoofdtype van wh-constructies (naast vraagzinnen en relatiefzinnen) dat tot nu toe onderbelicht is gebleven. De auteur beargumenteert dat een goede analyse van deze constructies ook tot een beter begrip leidt van een veelheid aan vraagstukken die gerelateerd zijn aan de syntaxis en semantiek van argumentstructuur, event-structuur, existentiële predicaten, wh-verplaatsing, coverte modaliteit en verplichte controle.
De auteur bepleit een radicaal nieuwe analyse van modale existentiële wh-constructies. Het kernidee is dat ze niet, zoals eerder werd aangenomen, een gewoon object zijn van het werkwoord waardoor ze geselecteerd worden (een predicaat dat een bestaanstoestand uitdrukt of een toestand van beschikbaarheid, of een complex predicaat dat tot zo’n toestand leidt), maar juist een toegevoegd onafhankelijk argument. Zo’n argument is een integraal onderdeel van de complexe event-structuur van het matrixwerkwoord – de “event-extensie” – en als zodanig karakteriseert het de mogelijke ontwikkelingen van de toestand of gebeurtenis zoals gedenoteerd door dat werkwoord. De voorgestelde analyse verklaart verscheidene ogenschijnlijk ongemotiveerde eigenschappen van modale existentiële wh-constructies, inclusief hun beperkte bereik, modaliteit en syntactische distributie aan de ene kant, en hun relatieve vrijheid wat betreft de interne syntactisch opbouw aan de andere kant. De analyse onthult ook een tot nu toe onbekende maar opmerkelijk nauwe relatie tussen modale existentiële wh-constructies en “purpose clauses” zoals in het Engels.
Dit proefschrift is van belang voor theoretisch en typologisch georiënteerde taalkundigen die geïnteresseerd zijn in wh-constructies, purpose clauses, existentiële zinnen, event-structuur en modaliteit. Op een meer algemeen niveau behandelt het kwesties die betrekking hebben op de interfaces tussen de syntaxis, semantiek en pragmatiek.
Getijtafels voor Nederland vanaf 1980 /
No full textOok verschenen als: Nota WH, 80.1 van de Directie Waterhuishouding en Waterbeweging.Lit.opg.: p. 47
Redesign of the Centring Unit in the Wafer Handler
No full textBackgroundOne of VDL most complex products is the Wafer Handler a machine with the function of thermal conditioning, centering and aligning wafers for the subsequent photolithography processes. The function of centering a wafer is performed by a submodule of the WH, the Centring Unit (cu) Currently the CU has two main limitations which make it unfit for the next generation WH, it is dependent on the subfunction of an otherwise redundant module, and its performance it not optimal. The goal of the research is to develop a future-proof solution for the CU, which is compatible with the next generation WH. The specific objectives of the research are threefold: 1) to develop and identify innovative concept directions for the CU which address its current issues and provide better overall performance, 2) to select the most promising concept for detailed development and 3) to prove the feasibility of the most promising concept.MethodFirst the origin of the problem of the CU was analysed to identify the functional requirements and design criteria for concept development. Subsequently, a long list of concept directions was developed and a selection was made to identify the best concept to perform the function of the CU. This concept was experimentally validated to demonstrate the feasibility of the selected concept. ResultsThe concept design and selection phases resulted in the development of 6 acceptable concepts of which two concepts were selected for further development. Of these two concepts, the Photo Measurement System was selected as the best concept to perform the function of the CU. The PMS is a measurement system that measures the position error of a wafer when it enters the WH, this enables the subsequent modules to correct the position error. The feasibility of the PMS has been proven via experimental validation, as the measurement uncertainty (38.1 µm) falls within the defined requirement for uncertainty (functional requirement of the position measurement is 55µm).ConclusionIn this study an innovative concept has been developed to perform the function of CU in next generation WH. The PMS allows the subsequent module to the CU to correct the position error of an incoming wafer, making the current CU redundant. This research allows for future-proof centering in the next generation WH.<br/
Shang gu Han yu zhong yun lü zhi yue de yi wen ci yu ji ju fa: Prosodically constrained wh-expressions and syntax in archaic Chinese.
No full text疑問詞語及疑問句是漢語研究的重要方面。傳統研究以及生成語法研究對疑問詞語和疑問句的句法做了大量研究。Feng(1995)指出韻律控制句法是語言的一個重要機制。在此基礎上，本文從韻律─句法接口入手，首次對上古漢語中韻律制約的疑問詞語及句法現象進行綜合的研究。基於韻律的層級結構，本文從三個不同韻律層級探京韻律單位及其對應的韻律規則對疑問詞語及句法的制約作用。第一章首先回顧二十多年來韻律句法學的研究，並對全文的理論背景進行介紹，最後概述本文的研究目的、主要觀點及研究方法。第二章討論韻素音步導致的疑問詞「胡*ga」與「何*gal」的句法對立。本章指出「何*gal」是標準形式，「胡*ga」比「何*gal」少一個韻素/-l/，是特定語音環境下出現的弱化形式。這導致「胡*ga」比「何*gal」受到更多的句法限制。第三章指出上古漢語中雙音節音步導致單雙音節疑問詞在不同的句法位置出現對立。在焦點重音、雙音節音步和核心重音的共同制約下，單音節疑問詞必須與相鄰成分組成雙音節音步。在非論元位置，單音節疑問詞變為雙音節疑問詞。但論元位置疑問詞己與動詞組合為雙音節，因此論元位置的單音節疑問詞沒有變為雙音節。這也導致在歷時演變中，論元位置的疑問詞晚於非論元位置疑問詞進行「雙音化」。第四章集中討論一個重要的疑問結構「何/奚+(以)+XP+為」。本文首次指出狀語「何/奚為」通過「分配删略」生成表層結構「何/奚+(以)+XP+為」。而且本文更進一步指出是語調需要轉化為句末語氣詞的韻律要求迫使「何/奚為」進行「分配删略」。第五章對全文進行總結，指出上述問題的討論，不僅為探索上古漢語特指疑問句的句法生成機制提供了新的材料和現象，而且它們豐富了我們對上古漢語面貌的認識。Wh-words and syntax of wh-questions are significant topics in Chinese linuistics.They have received a lot of attention from traditionaland generative studies.Feng (1995) proposed that prosodically-constrained syntax is a crucial mechanism. Based on this hypothesis, this paper will conduct an original and extensive research into phenomena of prosodically-constrained wh-morphology and syntax in Archaic Chines from prosody-syntax interface.Based on Prosodic Hierachy Theory, this paper will explore different prosodic units and prosodic rules in different hierarchies impose constraints on morphology and syntax of wh-words and wh-questions.The first chapter will review the history of prosodic-syntax research in the past twenty years, and then introduce the theoretical background of the whole paper. The research purpose, main points and methodology of this paper will be presented in the last section.The second chapter will discuss the syntactic contrast between HU/*ga/and HE/*gal/ in Archaic Chinese results from the restrictions of bimoraic feet. This paper will argue that HE/*gal/ is analysed as a underlying form while HU/*ga/ represents a weak form. This will induce that HU/*ga/, with only one mora, is more constrictive than HE/*gal/ which has more mora .The third chapter will point out that disyllabic foot results in the syntactic contrast between monosyllabic and disyllabic wh-words in Archaic Chinese. For the requirements of the focus stress , disyllabic feet and NSR (Nuclear Stress Rule), monosyllabic wh-words, weak forms bearing focus stress, will be substitued for disyllabic forms. Terefore a contrast will emerge between wh-words in argument and non-argument positions. At the same time the substitute will result in the appearance of disyllabicity of wh-words in argument positions is later than ones in non-argument positions through the process of diachronic change.The fourth chapter will focus on an essential wh-question construction in Archaic Chinese - [HE/XI+(YI)+XP+WEI]. This paper will first propose that adjunct HE/XI generates that structure through the syntactic operation "Distributed Deletion". In addition, we first argue that the syntactic operation is activated by a prosodic request that intonations have to be transformed into sentence-final particls in the intonational phrases.The fifth chapter will summarize the whole paper. It is suggested that demonstrations above will not only offer some novel phenomena of syntactic mechanisms for wh-questions in Archaic Chinese, but also will offer a distinctive perspective of Archaic Chinese.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.李果.Parallel title from added title page.Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 247-263).Abstracts also in English.Li Guo
Componentes linguocreativos en los medios de comunicación masiva actuales en España en el aspecto de las relaciones “remitente – destinatario”
No full textEn este artículo se trata del uso de los medios linguocreativos como recurso del aumento del nivel de dialogismo de los textos periodísticos analíticos. Interactuando con los medios metafóricos de los textos periodísticos los medios linguocreativos (neologismos, citaciones transformadas, unidades fraseológicas, titulares polisemánticos) forman la parte pragmática del artículo analítico actual. Además los medios linguocreativos ayudan a expresar la opinión del autor.The arti
cle deals with linguocreative means of an analytical newspaper text as a
way of its dialogization. The pragmatics of the analytical newspaper article is
formed by linguocreative means such as neologism, transformed quotes, idioms
and polysemous headings wh
ich interact with the text imaginary means. The
first are focused on the author ́s position expressin
Combination of searches for heavy resonances decaying to WW, WZ, ZZ, WH, and ZH boson pairs in proton-proton collisions at root s=8 and 13 TeV
No full textA statistical combination of searches is presented for massive resonances decaying to WW, WZ, ZZ, WH, and ZH boson pairs in proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The data were taken at centre-of-mass energies of 8 and 13TeV, corresponding to respective integrated luminosities of 19.7 and up to 2.7 fb(-1). The results are interpreted in the context of heavy vector triplet and singlet models that mimic properties of composite-Higgs models predicting W' and Z' bosons decaying to WZ, WW, WH, and ZH bosons. A model with a bulk graviton that decays into WW and ZZ is also considered. This is the first combined search for WW, WZ, WH, and ZH resonances and yields lower limits on masses at 95% confidence level for W' and Z' singlets at 2.3 TeV, and for a triplet at 2.4TeV. The limits on the production cross section of a narrow bulk graviton resonance with the curvature scale of the warped extra dimension (K)over-tilde = 0.5, in the mass range of 0.6 to 4.0TeV, are the most stringent published to date. (c) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V
A influência do input na produção infantil de perguntas-QU em Português Brasileiro
No full textIn Brazilian Portuguese (BrP), Wh-questions can be formed by moving the interrogative phrase (“What did the cat eat __?”) or keeping it in situ (“The cat ate what?”). The strategies seem, at first sight, optional and the Wh-in situ is reported as a productive strategy in BrP “paulistano” (dialect spoken in São Paulo) (LOPES-ROSSI, 1996; OUSHIRO, 2012). However, studies based on spontaneous data from children speaking BrP “paulistano” note that they almost never (or never) use this option (SIKANSI, 1999; GROLLA, 2000; GROLLA, 2009). As for the dialect spoken in Vitória da Conquista (BA), studied by Lessa-de-Oliveira (2003), the construction emerges rather early in children speech, being the most produced one in the input received by them. For the author, children follow the acquisition path of Wh-questions guided by the frequency found in the input. Aiming to explore the emergency of Wh-questions in child speech, comparing it to the input received by them, we studied a corpus of spontaneous speech of five children speaking BrP “paulistano”, between the ages 1;02.28 and 4;11.12. In our data, children preferred the moved-Wh, while adults opted more often for the Wh-que question. Furthermore, the Wh-in situ, being the least produced strategy by children was, overall, productive in adult speech. The results suggest that a high frequency in the input of a given construction does not, necessarily, amounts to a larger productivity in child speech.No português brasileiro (PB), podemos fazer perguntas movendo o elemento interrogativo à esquerda (“O que o gato comeu __?”) ou mantendo-o in situ (“O gato comeu o quê?”). As estratégias parecem, à primeira vista, opcionais e o QU-in situ é reportado como uma estratégia produtiva no PB paulistano adulto (LOPES-ROSSI, 1996; OUSHIRO, 2012). Todavia, estudos com base no PB paulistano infantil espontâneo observam que as crianças quase nunca (ou nunca) produzem essa opção (SIKANSI, 1999; GROLLA, 2000; GROLLA, 2009). Já no dialeto falado em Vitória da Conquista (BA), observado por Lessa-de-Oliveira (2003), a construção emerge bem cedo na fala das crianças, sendo o mais utilizado no input recebido por elas. Para a autora, as crianças seguem um percurso de aquisição das estruturas interrogativas guiado por sua frequência no input. Com o objetivo de explorar a ordem de emergência das estratégias interrogativas na fala infantil e comparar ao input recebido pelas crianças, observamos um corpus de dados naturalísticos de cinco crianças falantes de PB paulistano, com faixa etária entre 1;02.28 e 4;11.12. Em nossos dados, as crianças preferiram o QU-movido, enquanto os adultos optaram mais vezes pelo QU-que. Além disso, o QU-in situ, sendo a estratégia menos utilizada pelas crianças, no geral, foi produtiva na fala adulta. Os resultados indicam que uma alta frequência no input de dada construção não induz necessariamente a sua maior produtividade na fala infantil
An integrated high-grade waste heat network for carbon emission reduction in industrial zones
No full textThe global battle to reduce greenhouse gases changes many aspects of how we should think of our energy resources. For a large part, the industry is responsible for worldwide energy consumption. In the Netherlands, this share amounts to 41% of total energy production (Compendium voor de Leefomgeving, 2019). The industry is looking into different methods to lower their energy consumption to reduce carbon emissions. This is generally done by improved technologies, and by reusing existing energy flows. This study is focused on how industrial zones can optimally utilize their available waste heat (WH) in such a way that carbon emissions are minimized. By creating an optimal dispatch for waste heat in an industrial zone, insights into how the network should be operationalized are gained. It can also lead to industrial synergies due to cooperation between companies in the industrial zone. The research has been performed in four phases. (1) An orienting and descriptive phase, (2) a scenario creation and modeling phase, (3) verification, analyzing, and evaluation of the gained insights, and (4) the discussion and conclusion of the research. Sectors with both large scale demand and supply of WH are likely to be interested in participating in an integrated WH market. As a result, establishing large scale connections prevents large amounts of carbon emissions. Additionally, the financial incentive to invest in these solutions increases due to increasing carbon taxation. Key drivers for carbon reduction are the large scale connections, with a demand profile that exceeds the supply pattern by much. Determining the optimal dispatch of an industrial zone will offer a method to account for the volatility of supply and demand. It was expected that flexibility options in the WH market would be interesting, however with the current supply and demand patterns, WH can be utilized almost fully. That means that in the current system flexibility options do not add value. Several considerations remain for the implementation of integrated WH networks. Such as the power-to-heat technology that will likely increase the share of WH supply in industrial zones. Furthermore, a market mechanism has to be established when multiple parties (>2) get involved in the network to increase the feasibility of the deployment of the network.Complex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM
El servicio de referencia digital
No full textThis article analyses digital reference services and offers definitions of the concept as well as recommendations about quality criteria and standardisation. A discussion follows covering the most important technologies from e-mail to web contact software that integrates e-mail, chat, MOO’s, videoconferencing and web co-navigation together with other functionality. The author describes the main projects developed in this area in the US and the UK, as well as specific experiences from Spain
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