1,720,958 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Perspectiva das neurociências para otimizar a aprendizagem e o método de aprendizagem Feynman
Full text linkActive learning methodologies are an excellent educational resource for students. However, effective study techniques outside the classroom are still underutilized. The aim of this study is to bring the perspective of neuroscience to optimize learning. One crucial finding is that memories naturally tend to fade unless there is explicit repetition in contact with the study material. Paying singular attention, without any multitasking, is also crucial to optimize the formation of long-lasting memory traces. In addition, effective study strategies should engage executive functions to promote active manipulation and association of information. Lastly, learning by teaching is a strategy with the potential to promote sufficient repetition and reflection on the content. Particularly, the Feynman learning method is a robust strategy supported by an extensive reflective process of information, that should be systematically tested in future work.As metodologias ativas são um recurso didático excelente ao estudante. No entanto, técnicas de estudo eficazes fora de sala de aula continuam pouco utilizadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é trazer a perspectiva das neurociências para otimizar a aprendizagem. Um dado fundamental é que as memórias naturalmente tendem ao esquecimento, exceto quando há repetição explícita no contato com o material de estudo. Prestar atenção de forma singular, sem qualquer multitarefa, também é crucial para otimizar a formação de traços de memória duradouros. Além disso, estratégias efetivas de estudo devem engajar funções executivas para promover manipulação ativa e associação de informações. Por fim, a aprendizagem por meio do ensino é uma estratégia com potencial para promover suficientemente repetição e reflexão sobre os conteúdos. Em especial o método de aprendizagem Feynman é uma estratégia robusta e apoiada em extenso processo reflexivo da informação, que deve ser sistematicamente testada por pesquisas futuras
Sensory Physiology
No full textOs receptores sensoriais existentes nos animais, ponto de contato entre o mundo externo e o sistema nervoso, permitem a captação e a transdução de todo tipo de estímulos ambientais, sejam ondas eletromagnéticas, ondas mecânicas ou moléculas (estímulos químicos). Os mecanismos de transdução das diferentes modalidades sensoriais serão revistos, juntamente com as regiões encefálicas envolvidas com o processamento primário dos estímulos ambientais, ainda evidenciando a relação do habitat e estilo de vida de diferentes organismos com seus sistemas sensoriais.The sensory receptors existing in animals, contact point between the external physic world and the nervous system, allow uptake and transduction of all kind of environmental stimuli, be it electromagnetic waves, mechanic waves or molecules (chemical stimuli). Transduction mechanisms from different sensory modalities will be reviewed, along with the brain areas involved in primary processing of environmental stimuli, yet pointing relationships of habitat and life-style of different organisms with its sensory systems
CONTRIBUIÇÕES DAS NEUROCIÊNCIAS PARA A APRENDIZAGEM ALÉM DA SALA DE AULA
Full text linkDespite formal education existing for millennia and psychology contributing to the understanding of learning for over a century, effective learning techniques remain absent from students\u27 repertoire of strategies. This theoretical study focuses on insights from neuroscience for student learning and examines the effectiveness of commonly employed study strategies. A key finding is that memories are prone to fading unless emotions are engaged during information acquisition or explicit repetition of the learning process takes place. Furthermore, providing undivided attention to the desired content is crucial for optimizing the formation of effective memory traces. Therefore, it is not surprising that techniques with low salience to attention mechanisms or limited interaction with the information – such as text highlighting, engaging in simple reading, utilization of keywords or mental imagery, and even summarization – tend to yield low effectiveness. On the other hand, engaging in problem-solving exercises and establishing a study routine that incorporates regular and spaced access to information activate essential aspects of attention circuits and facilitate the formation of strong memory traces, thereby maximizing the likelihood of effective learning. The correct application of strategies grounded in the mechanisms by which the brain stores information is the most effective way to produce lasting learning.A pesar de que la educación formal existe desde hace milenios y la psicología ha contribuido a la comprensión del aprendizaje durante más de un siglo, las técnicas efectivas de aprendizaje siguen estando ausentes del repertorio de estrategias de los estudiantes. Este estudio teórico se centra en las perspicacias de la neurociencia para el aprendizaje de los estudiantes y examina la efectividad de las estrategias de estudio comúnmente empleadas. Un hallazgo clave es que las memorias tienden a desvanecerse a menos que las emociones se involucren durante la adquisición de información o que se lleve a cabo una repetición explícita del proceso de aprendizaje. Además, prestar atención inquebrantable al contenido deseado es crucial para optimizar la formación de trazas de memoria efectivas. Por lo tanto, no sorprende que las técnicas con poca relevancia para los mecanismos de la atención o una interacción limitada con la información, como resaltar texto, participar en una lectura simple, utilizar palabras clave o imágenes mentales e incluso resumir, tienden a tener una baja efectividad. Por otro lado, involucrarse en ejercicios de resolución de problemas y establecer una rutina de estudio que incorpore accesos regulares y espaciados a la información activa aspectos esenciales de los circuitos de la atención y facilita la formación de trazas de memoria sólidas, maximizando así la probabilidad de un aprendizaje efectivo. La aplicación correcta de estrategias basadas en los mecanismos mediante los cuales el cerebro almacena información es la forma más efectiva de lograr un aprendizaje duradero.A despeito da educação formal existir há milênios e a psicologia contribuir com a compreensão da aprendizagem há mais de cem anos, técnicas eficazes de aprendizagem continuam ausentes do repertório de estratégias dos estudantes. Este trabalho teórico foca em insights da neurociência para a aprendizagem de estudantes e examina a efetividade das estratégias de estudo comumente empregadas. Um achado fundamental é que as memórias tendem ao esquecimento a menos que as emoções sejam engajadas no momento da aquisição da informação ou que ocorra uma repetição explícita do processo de aprendizagem. Além disso, prestar atenção integral ao conteúdo desejado é fundamental para otimizar a formação de traços de memória efetivos. Dessa forma, não é surpreendente que técnicas com baixa relevância para os mecanismos de atenção ou com interação limitada com as informações – como grifar textos, fazer uma leitura simples, usar palavras-chave ou imagens mentais e até mesmo fazer resumos – tenham eficácia baixa. Por outro lado, envolver-se em exercícios de resolução de problemas e estabelecer uma rotina de estudos que distribui e promove acessos espaçados à informação, engaja aspectos fundamentais dos circuitos de atenção e facilita a formação de traços de memória robustos, o que maximiza a probabilidade de aprendizagem efetiva. A aplicação correta de estratégias que se fundamentam nos mecanismos pelos quais o cérebro armazena informações é a maneira mais efetiva de se produzir aprendizado duradouro
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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