139,048 research outputs found
A polinização da pereira europeia (pyrus communis L. cv. Rocha) no sul do Brasil
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Florianópolis, 2014No Brasil, a produção de pera é insuficiente para atender a demanda interna, gerando uma crescente necessidade de importação de frutas que podem ser produzidas nas regiões mais frias. Por isso, a pera é a fruta fresca importada em maior quantidade pelo Brasil. Por ser alógama devido à incompatibilidade gametofítica, a maioria das cultivares europeias de pereiras não produzem frutos com sementes sem a presença de insetos polinizadores. Neste contexto, foram realizados ensaios buscando elucidar os aspectos da biologia reprodutiva da pereira portuguesa (Pyrus communis L. cv. Rocha) e suas cultivares polinizadoras, assim como avaliar a qualidade das colmeias destinadas à polinização. Os resultados mostraram que a fenologia das cvs. Rocha e suas polinizadoras diferiu entre elas e entre os anos, podendo afetar significativamente a polinização. A data aproximada da plena floração das cultivares estudadas foi similar em 2012 (? 17//09), porém, diferiu em 2013. Foi observado que a cv. Rocha polinizada com pólen de cultivares compatíveis apresentou elevada frutificação efetiva, chegando a atingir até 67,8% de frutificação efetiva sem a aplicação exógena de giberelina. Além disso, nestes frutos observou-se maior número de sementes (>5 sementes.fruto-1), o que acarretou frutos com melhores índices de qualidade comparativamente com outros tratamentos de polinização. A autopolinização promoveu a formação de frutos (10,9% de frutificação efetiva em 2012 e 1,66% em 2013), mas em quantidade e qualidade inferiores aos frutos oriundos de polinização cruzada. A partenocarpia natural foi observada na cv. Rocha, mas esta incapaz de sustentar produções comercialmente viáveis (4,16% de frutificação efetiva). A aplicação exógena de ácido giberélico mostrou ser uma opção para o aumento da frutificação efetiva através do estímulo da formação de frutos partenocárpicos, contudo foi observada uma variação na sua eficiência entre os anos (frutificação efetiva de 74,1% em 2012, reduzindo para 30,0% no ano seguinte) e a tendência da redução da qualidade dos frutos formados, os quais eram menores e mais alongados do que os frutos com sementes. A produção de néctar variou entre cultivares e entre os anos, mas sendo sempre considerados volumes pequenos (Abstract: In Brazil, the pear production is insufficient to supply the domestic demand, creating a growing market for imported fruits that can be produced in south Brazil. Due to this, Brazil's fresh pear imports grow every year. Since pears are alogamous due to gametophytic incompatibility, most European pear cultivars do not produce fruit with seeds without the presence of pollinating insects. In this context, experiments were conducted to elucidate the aspects of the reproductive biology of the Portuguese pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. Rocha) and their pollinating cultivars, as well as the quality of the hives used for orchard pollination. The results show that the phenology of cvs. Rocha and their pollinators differs between them and years, which may significantly affect pollination. The approximate date of full bloom of the cultivars was similar in 2012 (~=17/09) while differ in 2013. We observed that cv. Rocha pollinated with pollen from compatible cultivars showed a high fruit set, reaching up to 67,8% of fruit set without exogenous gibberellin application. Moreover, in these fruits was observed a greater number of seeds (> 5 seeds.fruit-1), which resulted in higher quality fruits (scores compared with other pollination treatments). Self-pollination produced some fruits (10,9% of fruit set in 2012 and 1,66% in 2013), but in lower quantity and quality when compared with cross-pollination. Natural parthenocarpy was observed in cv. Rocha, but it was unable to sustain commercially viable yields (4,16% of fruit set). The exogenous gibberellic acid application was an option for increasing fruit set by stimulating the formation of parthenocarpic fruits, however we observed a variation of it's efficiency between years (fruit set of 74,1% in 2012, decreasing to 30,0% in 2013) and showed a trend of reduced quality of formed fruits, which were smaller and more elongated than the fruit with seeds produced by cross-pollination. Nectar production varied among cultivars and years, but always being considered small volumes (<3µL) and whith low sugar content (<20ºBrix), which resulted in low attractiveness of pollinators (<1 bee.tree-1.minute-1). In the surrounding area of the orchard we observed strong competition with Mimosa scabrella and Piptocarpha angustifolia wich bear more and richer nectar. We observed poor natural pollination due to the non-pollen deposition on the stigmas of 'Rocha' after a legitimate flower visit by Apis mellifera, possibly due to lack of pollinating plants and low density of quality beehives in the orchard. The hives used for pollination showed a variation in their population between years, wich can be observed in the significant reduction in the number of combs covered with larvae and honey reserves from 2012 to 2013, resulting in lower activity of foraging bees in the period of maximum flight activity (100,8 foraging bees entering in the hive.minute-1 in 2012 and 59,3 foraging bees entering in the hive.minute-1 in 2013). We also observed the presence of Varroa destructor (infestation of 1.89 and 1.45% in 2012 and 2013, respectively) and Nosema ceranae (712.000 spores.bee-1 in 2012)
Invenção em trânsito/transe: Glauber Rocha, Hélio Oiticica e Tropicália
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, Florianópolis, 2013.Terra em Transe, Tropicália. É já conhecida a relação criadora, propulsora entre o filme e a canção. Em retrospectivas tropicalistas, é oficial esta associação: o longa-metragem de Glauber Rocha ? a música que desencadeou o tropicalismo ? a instalação de Hélio Oiticica - a montagem do texto de Oswald de Andrade, O Rei da Vela, pelo teatro Oficina. Pretendemos aqui, além desse reconhecimento, compreender de que forma a obra cinematográfica de Glauber Rocha e a cena, o momento, o comportamento tropicalista, em alguns de seus aspectos, abrem pontos de aproximação e distanciamento, (des)encontram-se. Propomos, para isso, algumas leituras que partem primeiramente da análise de Terra em Transe, filme de 1967; seu impacto, fissura aberta em contexto, cenário cultural/estético/político, e dentro do próprio cinema do diretor; sua relação com os desdobramentos do conceito Tropicália, de Hélio Oiticica, vinculados às ideias políticas em torno da construção/arquitetura de Brasília, que desembocam na letra da composição de Caetano Veloso. Em um segundo momento do trabalho, é a análise mais detida de Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol (longa-metragem de Glauber, de 1964) que abre uma série de diálogos - em transe pela terra - com os processos de criação-invenção de Hélio Oiticica: os Penetráveis (marcadamente os de sua Tropicália); os Bólides (a proposição de obra aberta no Contra-Bólide N°1 Devolver a terra à Terra, e o "momento ético" no Bólide B33 Caixa 18 Homenagem a Cara de Cavalo); o Parangolé. É este que, através da dança, leva/conduz ao corpo, como elemento de desestruturação da linguagem cinematográfica, da música popular brasileira, e dos parâmetros estabelecidos do que seja arte. Nesses exercícios de aproximação e distanciamento, muitas vezes, o que entendemos por "teoria" sobressai dos escritos, críticas, pensamentos dos próprios criadores, colocados em (des)espelhamento no processo de apagamento das fronteiras entre vivência do cotidiano/criação artística, vida/obra.<br
Genetic characterization of Uruguayan Pampa Rocha pigs with microsatellite markers
No full textIn this study, we genetically characterized the Uruguayan pig breed Pampa Rocha. Genetic variability was assessed by analyzing a panel of 25 microsatellite markers from a sample of 39 individuals. Pampa Rocha pigs showed high genetic variability with observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.583 and 0.603, respectively. The mean number of alleles was 5.72. Twenty-four markers were polymorphic, with 95.8% of them in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. The level of endogamy was low (FIS = 0.0475). A factorial analysis of correspondence was used to assess the genetic differences between Pampa Rocha and other pig breeds; genetic distances were calculated, and a tree was designed to reflect the distance matrix. Individuals were also allocated into clusters. This analysis showed that the Pampa Rocha breed was separated from the other breeds along the first and second axes. The neighbour-joining tree generated by the genetic distances DA showed clustering of Pampa Rocha with the Meishan breed. The allocation of individuals to clusters showed a clear separation of Pampa Rocha pigs. These results provide insights into the genetic variability of Pampa Rocha pigs and indicate that this breed is a well-defined genetic entity
Chvalaea masneri Ale-Rocha 2006
No full textChvalaea masneri Ale-Rocha, 2006 (Figs 14, 15, 17, 42, 50, 53) Chvalaea masneri Ale-Rocha, 2006: 26, figs 27–32, 40. Type-locality: Chulumani, Apa-Apa, La Paz, Bolivia. Diagnosis. As in Ale-Rocha (2006), plus frons narrow (at mid-length narrower than width of anterior ocellus) (Fig. 14). Veins M 1 and M 4 reaching the wing margin (Fig. 50). Hind femur slightly clavate. Fore and mid tarsomeres 3– 4 and hind tarsomeres 3–5 ventrally with short, blunt, black spine-like setae. Type material examined. PARATYPES: Bolivia. La Paz, Chulumani, Apa-Apa, 16°22′S, 67°30′W, 1– 4.v.1997, 1800 m, L. Masner s.s. B-09 (7 ♂, INPA). Remarks. In the original description, a photo of the wing of C. masneri was presented (Ale-Rocha 2006, fig. 40), which highlighted the sinuosity near the apex of vein R 1 as diagnostic of the species. After re-examining the paratypes and a photo of the holotype, we noted that vein R 1 is not so sinuous near the apex and does not run closely to R 2+3 (Fig. 50) as previously described, indicating that the wing in Ale-Rocha (2006) does not belong to this species. Therefore, we provide here a new wing photograph of a male paratype. Geographical distribution. This species is known from Bolivia (La Paz) and Guatemala (Sacatepequez) (Fig. 53).Published as part of Barros, Luana Machado, Soares, Matheus Mickael Mota, Freitas-Silva, Rafael Augusto Pinheiro De & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2019, Neotropical Chvalaea Papp & Földvári (Diptera: Hybotidae: Ocydromiinae): new records, an illustrated key to species and description of three new species, pp. 347-362 in Zootaxa 4571 (3) on pages 355-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/261270
Chvalaea boliviana Ale-Rocha 2006
No full textChvalaea boliviana Ale-Rocha, 2006 (Figs 9, 11, 39, 47, 53) Chvalaea boliviana Ale-Rocha, 2006: 22, figs 11–17, 38. Type locality: Chulumani, Apa-Apa, La Paz, Bolivia. Diagnosis. As in Ale-Rocha (2006), plus scutellum with 2–3 pairs of subequally short and slender setae (Fig. 11). Pleura pale yellow, except narrow upper margin of anepisternum darkened (Fig. 9). Wing with veins M 1 and M 4 evanescent near wing margin (Fig. 47). Hind femur slightly clavate. Fore and mid tarsomeres 3–4 and hind tarsomeres 3–5 with stout, blunt, black spine-like ventral setae. Type material examined. PARATYPE: Bolivia, La Paz, Chulumani, Apa-Apa, 16°22′S, 67°30′W, 1– 4.v.1997, 1800 m, L. Masner, B-09 (1 ♀, INPA). Geographical distribution. This species is known from Bolivia (La Paz) (Fig. 53).Published as part of Barros, Luana Machado, Soares, Matheus Mickael Mota, Freitas-Silva, Rafael Augusto Pinheiro De & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2019, Neotropical Chvalaea Papp & Földvári (Diptera: Hybotidae: Ocydromiinae): new records, an illustrated key to species and description of three new species, pp. 347-362 in Zootaxa 4571 (3) on page 352, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/261270
Chvalaea pulchra Ale-Rocha 2006
No full textChvalaea pulchra Ale-Rocha, 2006 (Figs 1, 3, 5, 7, 43, 51, 53) Chvalaea pulchra Ale-Rocha, 2006: 28, figs 34–36, 41. Type locality: Fazenda Esteio, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Diagnosis. As in Ale-Rocha (2006), plus veins M 1 and M 4 not reaching the wing margin (Fig. 51). Hind femur strongly clavate. Fore and mid tarsomeres 3–4 and hind tarsomeres 3–5 ventrally with short, blunt, black spine-like setae (Fig. 1). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♀, labelled: BRASIL, Amazonas, Manaus, F [azenda] Esteio, BR - 174, km 41, ZF3 / 24–27.viii.1993, F.F. Xavier (INPA). Additional material examined. Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus, AM-010, Km-54, BI-2, Susp [ensa] baixa mata, 02°45′33″S, 59°51′03″W, 22.v.–2.vi.1997, J. Vidal (1 ♀, INPA). Geographical distribution. This species is known from Brazil (Amazonas) (Fig. 53).Published as part of Barros, Luana Machado, Soares, Matheus Mickael Mota, Freitas-Silva, Rafael Augusto Pinheiro De & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2019, Neotropical Chvalaea Papp & Földvári (Diptera: Hybotidae: Ocydromiinae): new records, an illustrated key to species and description of three new species, pp. 347-362 in Zootaxa 4571 (3) on page 357, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/261270
Títulos de Nobleza e Hidalguía de la Casa de la Rocha
No full textSin foliar; los h. 74, 237, 365 y 366 en fol. doble. Letras diversas. En el fol. 39 armas de los Roche a la aguada en colores, en el fol. 74 Árbol genealógico de los Rocha establecido en Sanlúcar de Barrameda desde 1659 con su escudo a la aguada en colores y oro, en el fol. 95 y en el 98. v. Escudo dibujado a pluma, en el fol. 122 otro escudo distinto dibujado a pluma, en el fol. 366. Árbol genealógico de los de Rocha en tinta negra y verde, en los fol. 409, 44v. y 452v. Otros escudos dibujados a pluma. La certificación de Armas que ocupa los 409-457 va primorosamente escrita en tinta negra y roja y dos recuadros en todas las pág
Guarda relación con el mss. 331-160 que son los docs. de haber sido hecho Caballero de la R. Orden de Carlos III D. Manuel de la Rocha, del cual hay aquí docsEncuadernación: Badana. Rotul.: ROCHA | Marcas procedencia: Biblioteca Provincial y de la Universidad de SevillaA 331/16
Syneches angulatus Menezes & Ale-Rocha
No full textSyneches angulatus Menezes & Ale-Rocha (Figs 6A–E, 52) Syneches angulatus Menezes & Ale-Rocha, 2016: 406–408, figs 10–16, 104, 118. Type locality: Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Diagnosis. Small size (2.2 mm). Antenna dark brown (Fig. 6A). Scutum distinctly pyramidal-shaped, broader than mesopleuron in lateral view (Figs 6A, B), covered with reddish brown pruinescence, paler on prescutellar disc. Wing hyaline; pterostigma divided into two small quadrangular spots, one posterior to apex of vein R 1, and one filling apex of cell r 1; R 2+3 strongly angulate apically; second section of M 1 about 1/4 length of crossvein r-m; cells bm and cua subequally long, both longer than cell br (Fig. 6E). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE ♂ (INPA) labelled: “BRA [BRAZIL], Amazonas, Manaus, Res [Reserva Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, Igarapé Barro Branco, Armadilha Malaise 3” “ 11–22.iv.2004, Henriques, A. Leg ” “Holótipo, Syneches angulatus Menezes & Ale-Rocha ” [red label]. Holotype condition: good; not dissected. Additional material examined. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manaus, Res. Ducke, Igarapé Tinga, Armadilha Malaise 2, 13–23.ix.2004, A. Henriques leg. (1 ♀, INPA). Pará: Belém (Area P-1), 20.vi.1964, Shope & de Freitas (1 ♂, CNC). Maranhão: Caxias, Reserva Ecológica Inhamum, 26–30.i.2006, Arm. Malaise, G. A. Cunha (1 ♀, INPA); idem, 29.v–01.vi.2006 (1 ♀, INPA). Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Pará* and Maranhão *) (Fig. 52). Syneches angulatus was previously registered only from the Amazon biome and is now known to occur also in the Cerrado biome. Remarks. Syneches angulatus differs from all other Brazilian species with the scutum broader than the mesopleuron by having R 2+3 strongly angulate apically and the second section of vein M 1 noticeably short, about 1/4 length of crossvein r-m. This species apparently forms a monophyletic group with S. annulipes Bezzi, S. bilobatus Menezes & Ale-Rocha, S. maculosum Menezes & Ale-Rocha, S. pyramidatus Bezzi and S. vidali Ale-Rocha & Vieira, sharing a small size (2–3 mm), scutum broader than mesopleuron in lateral view and usually pyramidal-shaped, femora brown to black, but fore and mid femora with yellow apex, and male terminalia remarkable similar, with simple short phallus and hypandrium lacking projections or deep concavities.Published as part of Soares, Matheus M. M., Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P. & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2021, Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species, pp. 1-84 in Zootaxa 5049 (1) on page 15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/556058
Eudistoma amanitum Paiva & Rocha 2018, sp. nov.
No full textEudistoma amanitum sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Type Material. Holotype: Panama, Bocas del Toro: Bocas del Drago (MZUSP 550) (09°24’43”N 082°19’54”W), ~ 1m depth, coll. R.M. Rocha, 07/viii/2003. Paratypes: Panama, Bocas del Toro: Hospital Point (MZUSP 551) (09°20’04”N 082°13’10”W), 5 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 20/viii/2006; Sachen (DZUP EUD 259) (09°21’11”N; 82°12’50”W), 10 m depth,>5 colonies, coll. R.M. Rocha, 14/vi/2009; Caves: (DZUP EUD 243) (9°20'42”N; 82°09'13”W), 8 m depth, 2 colonies, coll. R.M. Rocha, 15/vii/2011. Additional Material. Panama, Bocas del Toro: Bastimentos Island (DZUP EUD 237) (9°16'49''N; 82°10'20''W), 1 m depth, 1 colony, coll. J. A. Sánchez, 04/viii/2003; Bocas del Drago (9°24’43”N; 82°19’54”W), (DZUP EUD 247) 3-5 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 07/viii/2003; (DZUP EUD 235), 1 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 07/viii/2003; (DZUP EUD 233), 1 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 21/ix/2008; (DZUP EUD 240), 1 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 30/viii/2008; (DZUP EUD 241) (9°25'00"N; 82°19'46"W), 1 m depth, 4 colonies, coll. R.M. Rocha, 03/v/2009; Crawl Key (DZUP EUD 238) (9°15’16”N; 82°09’10”W), 3 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 05/viii/2003; (DZUP EUD 232) 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 05/viii/2003; Hospital Point (9°20’04”N; 82°13’10”W): (DZUP EUD 236), 8 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 20/viii/2006; (DZUP EUD 234), 8 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 20/viii/2006; DZUP EUD 245) 7 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 23/xii/2008; (DZUP EUD 231), 10 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 16/vi/2011; Swan Island (DZUP EUD 239) (9°27’13”N; 82°18’25”W), 4 to 6 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 10/viii/2003; (DZUP EUD 250) (9°27’13”N; 82°18’25”W), 4 to 6 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 16/vi/2009; (DZUP EUD 246) (9°27’11”N; 82°17’58”W), 3 m depth, 2 colonies, coll. R.M. Rocha, 15/vii/2011; Punta Vieja (DZUP EUD 244) (9°17'26''N; 82°5'22''W), 1 colony, coll. G. Jerome, 12/viii/2003; Cuba: Havana, Marina Hemingway (DZUP EUD 242) (23°05’00”N; 82°29’00”W), 10 m depth, 1 colony, coll. R.M. Rocha, 09/vii/2010; Puerto Rico: ZMA, Punta Guaniquilla, Cabo Rojo (18°02’4.64”N; 67°12’38.92”W), 6 m depth, 1 colony, coll. J. H. Stock, 16/ii/ 1963. Nomenclatural act recorded at Zoobank: 579523D3-4EB0-40FE-9C5A-58C9C6CB63DB Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Greek amanita which is a mushroom genus and refers to the fact that colonies resemble this kind of mushroom. The colonies are very abundant in some reef patches in Bocas del Toro, especially those associated with high water movement, such as in canals (Bocas del Drago, Sachen, Hospital Point) or open sea (Swan Island, Caves, Punta Vieja). The colonies are usually hanging upside down or attached to vertical surfaces. The colonies consist of one to several small rounded or conical heads with cylindrical stalks protruding from a thick common basal test. Maximum stalk length was 5 cm but most were smaller with 1 cm in diameter. The largest colony analyzed was about 5 cm in maximum diameter. The color in life is red, purple, pink or orange, but when preserved the general color faints while the zooids are still orange or yellowish. There is an elongate patch of darker color between the siphons of each zooid, showing an arrangement of zooids in more or less concentric circles around the surface of the heads of the colonies. In some colonies the tunic color is very faint and those patches of darker color between the siphons stand out. No circular systems nor rudimentary cloaca were observed. The tunic in the heads is soft in consistency, smooth and without incrustations. The tunic in stalks and basal mass is opaque and slightly wrinkled, encrusted by foreign particles and epibionts. The inner matrix of the tunic may contain fecal pellets and sand grains. Zooids lay vertical and parallel to each other, open on the upper surface of the heads and extend from the surface to base of the colony. The zooids are yellowish and measuring up to 2 cm in length, the thorax corresponding to less than ¼ of the zooid length. The oral and atrial siphons have a conspicuous circular musculature, and six lobes each. The lobes are short, rounded and separated from each other. Each lobe forms a semi-sphere with the convex side towards the aperture and the concave side facing outwards. The atrial siphon is apical on the top of a wide atrial cavity. The body wall is transparent with dense longitudinal and transverse musculature in each side of the thorax. The longitudinal muscles are more than 30 narrow bands (~5 fibers in each band) in each side of the thorax and converging to four wide bands along the abdomen till the posterior end. The numerous transverse muscles on the thorax lay under the longitudinal muscles forming a mesh, but they are absent between the tentacles area and the beginning of the first row of stigmata. In the abdomen, the transverse musculature is present only as a narrow ring at the most anterior region. The oral tentacles are slender and sum at least 20, arranged in three size orders, but the exact number was not determined. The anterior row of stigmata curves anteriorly in the dorsal region and has a varying number of 19 to 26 stigmata per side, while the second and third rows have 20 to 23 stigmata in each side. The esophagus is long and a trapezoid smooth and slightly asymmetrical stomach is at the posterior end of the abdomen. An oval posterior stomach is present and usually situated vertically at the bottom of the loop. The gastric vesicle was not detected. The pyloric gland contains approximately eight thin, sinuous or more straight pyloric tubules, starting in the posterior region of the stomach. Only 4–6 of the tubules appear in the exposed face of the intestine. The anus is bilobed and ends at the level between the second and third rows of stigmata. There is a granular material in the posterior region of the abdomen of some zooids. The gonads form a cluster inside the intestinal loop. The testis has numerous irregular follicles (>10), the sperm duct is straight, and the ovary has only one oocyte developed. Only one embryo develops in the atrial cavity and was detected in samples from July and August (MZUSP 550, MZUSP 551 and DZUP EUD 243). The larval trunk is ~ 1.7 mm long, yellow and has inconspicuous vesicles throughout the body wall. It has three adhesive papillae in the antero-median line, distant from each other, with short stalks. One specimen (MZUSP 550) has larvae with three, four and five adhesive papillae. Usually there are four pairs of ectodermal ampullae that alternate with the adhesive papillae, but the sample MZUSP 551 has larvae with five pairs of ampullae. The ocellus and statocyte are in a posterior position. The tail wounds about ½ of the way around the larva.Published as part of Paiva, Sandra Vieira & Rocha, Rosana Moreira Da, 2018, A large marine Caribbean mushroom field: description of Eudistoma amanitum sp. nov. (Ascidiacea: Polycitoridae), pp. 443-450 in Zootaxa 4399 (3) on pages 444-446, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.3.13, http://zenodo.org/record/120665
Pyura vittata Rocha et al. 2005
No full textPyura vittata (Stimpson, 1852) (Figures 15–17) Pyura vittata: Van Name, 1945 (part): 321, fig 213 (upper figures); Monniot C., 1983: 1024, fig. 2, and synonymy; Monniot F., 2018: 423, fig 21–23; not Monniot F., 2016: 237, fig. 29 (= P. beta). Material Examined: DZUP PYU-76, Isla Pastores, Bocas del Toro, 9°14'N 82°20'W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 10.08.2003; DZUP PYU-77, Isla Pastores, Bocas del Toro, 9°14'N, 82°20'W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 10.08.2003; DZUP PYU-78, Solarte, Bocas del Toro, 9°17'30”N 82°10'20”W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 11.08.2003; DZUP PYU-79, Isla Pastores, Bocas del Toro, 9°14'N, 82°20'W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 10.08.2003; DZUP PYU-80, Crawl Key, Bastimentos, Bocas del Toro, 9°15’2.6”N 82°07’38”W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 03.08.2003; DZUP PYU-81, Isla Pastores, Bocas del Toro, 9°14'N 82°20'W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 10.08.2003; DZUP PYU-82, STRI Point, Isla Colon, Bocas del Toro, 9°21’08”N, 82°15'35.2”W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 10.08.2003; DZUP PYU-83, Isla Pastores, Bocas del Toro, 9°14'N, 82°20'W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 10.08.2003; DZUP PYU-106, Solarte, Bocas del Toro, 9°16'38.9”N 82°12'24.1”W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 19.06.2014; DZUP PYU-136, Isla Pastores, Bocas del Toro, 9°14'19.92”N 82°19'58.08”W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 17.08.2006; DZUP PYU-148, 8 individuals, Punta Galeta, Colon 9°24'15”N 79°51'49”W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 06.01.2009; DZUP PYU-149, Isla Pastores, Bocas del Toro, 9°14'19.92”N 82°19'58.08”W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 17.08.2006; DZUP PYU-165, Isla Pastores, Bocas del Toro, 9°14'19.92”N 82°19'58.08”W, leg. R. M. Rocha, 15.08.2006. Description. Animals can reach 5.5 cm at the longest length. The tunic is leathery and rough with numerous organisms encrusting the brown or light brown surface (Fig. 15). The tunic is white inside and has a yellowish soft membrane. In the field, the siphons show four small triangular lobes, the oral siphon is usually apical and the atrial more lateral. There are long spines (~160 µm) lining both siphons with a very distinctive shape: narrow with a round enlargement in the middle and at the posterior extremity (Fig. 16C, D). Iridescent spots of blue, green or yellow color caused by the reflection of light by the enlarged areas of the spines are seen against a brown or reddish background (Fig. 15). After long fixation, the tunic turns light brown. Often, a tinge of red can still be seen around the siphons. The body wall has many longitudinal muscles radiating from the siphons; they form thin bands that cross each other making a musculature net. Circular muscles densely surround both siphons. The U-shaped right gonad and the enlarged secondary loop of the alimentary canal on the left side are visible through the transparent body wall (Fig. 16A, B). The tentacles project at the level of a strong muscular sphincter, the number ranging between 16–29. They are flat, very wide at the base and ramifying two or three times, with primary ramifications projecting along the posterior margin (Fig. 16E, F). The third order ramifications are minute and only appear in the largest tentacles that can reach 7 mm in length. The peritubercle region forms a deep V with the dorsal tubercle has U- or C-shaped aperture with enrolled ends. The dorsal lamina is divided in numerous thin and long densely packed languets. The pharynx has six folds per side and is orange when fresh (Fig. 16G), but quickly loses coloration after fixation. The number of longitudinal vessels range from 305 to 410. Longitudinal vessels fray toward the base of the animal, making languets around the esophageal opening. Parastigmatic vessels are present. Endocarps are present along the intestine, especially along the descending limb (Fig. 17B). Both gonads have large endocarps on each lobe, particularly the distal ones (Fig. 17C). Identification Key This tabular key includes all of the Pyura spp. that are known from the shallow waters on the Pacific and Atlantic sides of Panama. The table is based on observed and literature characteristics. 1. Distribution: A. Atlantic; P. Pacific 2. Maximum length of specimen including tunic 3. Color in living specimen (tunic or siphons): B. Brown; Dr. Dark Red; O. Orange; P. Pink; Pu. Purple; R. Red; Y. Yellow; W. Wine color 4. Color inside of the tunic: B. Brown; O. Orange; R. Red; W. White; Y. Yellow 5. Presence of spinules: P. present; A. absent 6. Maximum length of spinules (Μm) 7. Position of the siphons: C. Close to each other; D. Distant from each other (opposite sides); I. Intermediate distance (atrial siphon in half the distance between oral and posterior region) 8. Total number of longitudinal vessels 9. Number of oral tentacles 10. Degree of tentacle ramification: F. First order; S. Second order; T. Third order 11. Number of gonad lobes on the right side 12. Number of gonad lobes on the left side 13. Margin of the anus: L. Lobed; S. Smooth 14. Presence of endocarps: B. Body wall; G. Gonads; I. Intestine 15. Peculiar characteristics: E. numerous endocarps on the body wall; F. Enlarged siphon vellum forming a flap in atrial siphon; I. Enlarged intestinal pouch; T. Extremely thick tunic; V. Ventral right gonad. 1 character variation includes information in Monniot (1994), 2 character variation includes information in Monniot (1983) and Monniot (2018); 3 character variation includes information in Tokioka (1972) The alimentary canal occupies 2/3 of the left side. The primary loop does not reach the peripharyngeal groove, forms a close curve with a vertical descending limb that forms another close second loop with the ascending rectum (Fig. 17A). The intestine is not isodiametric; the secondary loop and rectum are enlarged. The anus is lobed. The digestive gland is dark green and forms lobes connected by long tubes as in a cauliflower. It has two main connections to the stomach. On the left side, the gonad completely fill the space within the primary intestinal loop, the number of gonad lobes ranging from 30–47. The right side of the animal is occupied by a large characteristic Ushaped gonad with 26 to 42 gonadal lobes. The gonoducts are long, the oviduct slightly longer than the sperm duct, both opening at the level of the anus. Remarks. This is one of the most common species both in mangrove and reefs around Bocas del Toro province (Rocha et al. 2005) and also found in Colon region but it has not been found on a survey of the Pacific coast (Carman et al. 2011). The specimens from Panama agree well with the description of P. vittata from Guadeloupe and Martinique (Monniot, C. 1983; Monniot, F. 2018). We believe that P. vittata reported by F. Monniot (2016) from French Guiana is actually P. beta Skinner, Rocha & Counts, 2019.Published as part of Rocha, Rosana M. & Counts, Bailey Keegan, 2019, Pyura (Tunicata: Ascidiacea: Pyuridae) on the coasts of Panama, pp. 491-513 in Zootaxa 4564 (2) on pages 509-512, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/258940
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