33 research outputs found
Tafsiru Juz’u Amma (Translation of the 30th Part of the Quran)
No full textThe entire manuscript is available for download as a single PDF file. Higher-resolution images may be available upon request. For technical assistance, please contact [email protected]. Fieldwork Team: Dr. Mustapha Hashim Kurfi (Principal Investigator), Mohammed Bara’u Musa & Hauwa Usman (Local Project Managers), Adamu Mohammed, Abacha Kachalla, Abdrra’uf Abdullahi & Falmaa Madu Ibrahim (General Field Facilitators), and Haladu Mamman (Photographer). Technical Team: Prof. Fallou Ngom (Director African Studies Center), and Eleni Castro (Technical Lead, BU Libraries). These Collections of Fulfulde & Kanuri Ajami materials are copied as part of the African Studies Center’s African Ajami Library.
Access Condition and Copyright: These materials are subject to copyright. All rights reserved to the author. For use, distribution or reproduction contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]).
Citation: Materials in this web edition should be cited as: Kurfi, Mustapha Hashim, Ngom, Fallou, and Castro, Eleni (2019). African Ajami Library: Digital Preservation of Fulfulde & Kanuri Ajami Materials of Northeastern Nigeria. Boston: Boston University Libraries: http://hdl.handle.net/2144/38242. For Inquiries: Please contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]).Provenance / Custodial history: The owner is Ardo Rabi’u from Yunusari in Yobe State. The manuscript is in condition and it is a complete unbound copy. The cover page is the only part that is missing. The owner, Ardo Rabi’u, said that he purchased it from an Islamic bookstore in Damaturu, the capital of Yobe State in northeastern Nigeria. The manuscript is not dated but the owner had it for 10 years now. It is evidently a market edition manuscript but the author and publisher are unknown.This manuscript is a complete originally bound copy of the Fulfulde Ajami version of the tafsir (exegesis) of Juz’u Amma, which is the last part of the Quran. This sub-unit is called “The short chapters” of the Holy Book and is one of the most well-known parts of the Quran. Students of the traditional Tsangayas and modern madrasas in northern Nigeria begin learning and memorizing the Quran from this portion. The Fulfulde Ajami manuscript of the tafsir was written in ink rather than with modern pens. The manuscript is not dated. The Fulfulde dialect used suggests that the author was from northeastern Nigeria, rather than northwestern Nigeria.The contents of this collection were developed with support of the Title VI National Resource Center grant # P015A180164 from the U.S. Department of Education. However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the U.S. Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government
Historien upprepar sig - Rapport från havsbotten
No full textVi oroas eller förundras ständigt över att havsmiljön visar nya sidor, plötsligt och dramatiskt eller smygande. Ingenting tycks bestå. Alla kan vi minnas att det var annorlunda förr. Men var det egentligen det? Var det bättre och vad menar vi i så fall med bättre? Sedimenten på havsbotten ger oss svar
Recent oxygen depletion and benthic faunal change in shallow areas of Sannäs Fjord, Swedish west coast
No full textSannäs Fjord is a shallow fjord (<. 32. m w.d.) with a sill depth of 8. m, located at the Swedish west coast of the Skagerrak (North Sea). The anthropogenic impact on the fjord represents combination of sewage from the local village of Sannäs and land run-off from agricultural areas. Sewage impact has been reduced since 1991 and today the fjord is included into several nature conservation programs administrated by the European Union. Yet, observations during the summers of 2008-2011 show that the shallow inner fjord inlet experiences severe oxygen depletion at 5-12. m water depth. To explore if the oxygen depletion is only a recent phenomenon and to evaluate the potential of fjord sediments to archive such environmental changes, in 2008 and 2009 seven sediment cores were taken along a transect oriented lengthwise in the fjord. The cores were analysed for organic carbon, C/N, benthic foraminifera and lead pollution records (as relative age marker). Carbon content increases in most of the cores since the ~. 1970-80s, while C/N ratio decreases from the core base upward since ~. 1995. Foraminiferal assemblages in most core stratigraphies are dominated by agglutinated species. Calcareous species (mainly elphidiids) have become dominant in the upper part of the records since the ~. late 1990s or 2000 (the inner fjord and the deepest basin) and since the ~. 1950-70s (the outer fjord). In the inner Sannäs Fjord, an increase of agglutinated foraminiferal species (e.g. Eggerelloides scaber) and organic inner linings occurred since the ~. 1970s, suggesting an intensification of taphonomic processes affecting postmortem calcareous shell preservation. A study of living vs. dead foraminiferal assemblages undertaken during June-August 2013 demonstrates that in the shallow inner fjord, strong carbonate dissolution occurs within 1-3. months following the foraminiferal growth. The dissolution is linked to corrosive conditions present within the sediment - bottom water interface, and is likely caused by the organic matter decay, resulting in severe hypoxia to anoxia. Oxygen depletion at <. 10. m w.d. develops fast due to the small water volume and limited bottom water exchange caused by a close proximity of pycnocline to the fjord bottom. Sediment cores from the deep fjord basin and the outer fjord are, on the contrary, characterized by good to excellent preservation of foraminiferal shells, higher sediment accumulation rates, and the greatest potential for high-resolution paleoenvironmental studies. Increased frequencies of low-oxygen tolerant species (e.g. Stainforthia fusiformis) in the outer fjord after ~ the 1970s suggests that increased primary productivity and seasonal oxygen deficiency have existed in the area over the last century.Recent milder winters, absent sediment reworking by freezing and grounding of sea-ice, increased nutrient load due to higher precipitation and land run-off, and the luxuriant growth of filamentous green algae followed by the organic matter decay are discussed among the mechanisms driving formation of recent oxygen deficiency in the shallow fjord inlets
ANALYSIS OF THE VIBRATIONAL BANDS OF ELECTRONICALLY EXCITED ArHO AND ArDO
No full text W. M. Fawzy and M. C. Heaven, J. Chem. Phys. 7030(1988); J. Chem. Phys. to be submitted. M. T. Berry, M. R. Brustin, J. R. Adamo, and M. I. Lester, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 5551(1988). M. T. Berry, M. R. Brustin and M. I. Lester, Chem, Phys. Lett. 153, 17(1988). R. J. Le Roy and J. S. Carley, Adv. Chem. Phys. 42, 353 (1979).Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Emory University.Electronic spectra for and have been reported recently. The complex has been detected via the vibronic bands associated with the transition. All bands recorded to date have originated from the ground state zero point level. In the vicinity of the OH(D) A-X 1-0 and 0-0 transitions, several progressions involving excitation of the van der Waals modes were These progressions could not be simultaneously fitted to simple polynomial expansions of the vibrational quantum numbers. Consequently, the vibrational eigenvalues have been calculated directly from trial three-dimensional potential energy surfaces. This was accomplished by diagonalizing the matrix of the Hamiltonian given by Le Roy and Carley,3 set up in an optimized numerical basis set. Preliminary calculations indicate a linear Ar-HO equilibrium structure, large amplitude bending, and extensive bend-stretch coupling. Details of the calculations and an approximate potential energy surface will be presented. (Joel M. Bowman and Bela Gazdy are gratefully acknowledged for the program used in this work, and for several helpful discussions.
Organization the Construction of the Building at Mäe 2b
No full textKäesoleva lõputööga on lahendatud Mäe 2b kortermaja ehituse organiseerimise projekt. Töö koosseisus koostati ehitustööde kalendergraafik, mille aluseks on tööde ajamahukuse tabel. Ajanormide määramiseks kasutati Mitt&Perlebachi väljakujunenud ajanorme. Ehitustööde alguseks on 10.aprill 2017 ning viimased ehitustööd lõppevad 8. mai, 2018. Ehitusperioodi kestuseks on kokku 13 kuud. Maksimaalne tööjõuvajadus ühel tööpäeval on 40 töölist. Majandusosa peatüki raames koostati detailne ehituseelarve ning leiti organiseerimise kulud. Ühikhindade leidmisel kasutati Mitt&Perlebachi ühikhindasid. Hoone ehituse maksumuseks ilma käibemaksuta kujunes 2 459 994 €, millest ehituse organiseerimise kulud on 87 878 €, mis moodustavad koguhinnast 3,6 %. Tüüpkorruse montaaži tehnoloogiakaartide raames toodi välja detailsem ülevaade seoses tüüpkorruse monteerimisega. Valiti tööde teostamiseks sobilik tõstemehhanism, millest otstarbekamaks osutus tehnoloogiliste ja majanduslike kaalutluste põhjal tornkraana kasutamine. Välja on toodud ka tööohutusnõuded ning tööde kvaliteedile esitatavad nõuded, tööbrigaadi koosseis ja tööks vajaminevad töövahendid. Tehti vajalikud arvutused ajutise vee- ja elektrivarustuse jaoks ning kavandati platsisisesed liikumisteed ja soojakute asukohad. Lõputöö koostamisel omandas autor palju uusi teadmisi ehitusplatsi organiseerimisel. Lõputöö koostamisel täiendas autor ka ehitustehnoloogilisi teadmisi.The following thesis is about Organization the Construction of the Building at Mäe 2b. The building is located at Mäe 2 in the Lasnamäe district in Tallinn. The source documents for this thesis were the architectural base project documentation and explanatory brief prepared by Martin Aunin as well as the structural project and explanatory brief prepared by Arro&Agasild Engineering Bureau. In the paper, the author made a more detailed overview of the assembly of a standard floor, based on the technology cards of a standard floor assembly. The author also analysed the lifting equipment suitable for the work and determined that according to the technological and economic considerations the most practical option is to use the tower crane. In the chapter on economic activity, the author prepared a detailed construction budget and calculated organization costs. The construction cost of the building, without value added tax, is EUR 2,459,994, of which the cost of the organization of construction is EUR 87,878, representing 3.6% of the total cost. For determining time horizons and construction costs, the author used the time horizons and unit prices established by Mitt&Perlebach. The author also provides an overview of the requirements for occupational safety and quality of work, composition of building teams as well as equipment and tools required for the performance of work. The author calculated the necessary temporary water and electricity supply, and planned traffic routes on the building site and the location of heated shelters. In the course of preparing the thesis, the author acquired a lot of new knowledge about the organization of the construction site. The author also complemented the knowledge on construction engineering
Mikroplast från gjutet gummigranulat och granulatfria konstgräsytor
No full textProjektet syftade till att öka kunskapen om spridningen av mikroplaster från gjutna gummiytor och granulatfria konstgräsytor genom att komplettera tidigare studier med nya mätningar och beräkningar. Ett mål var att komma närmare en kvantifiering av dessa källors bidrag till mikroplaster nationellt, samt att få en bättre förståelse för hur man kan förhindra att spridning av mikroplaster från dessa ytor sker. Spridningen av mikroplast från dessa material per ytenhet uppskattades till 0,4-20 g/m2 per år för konstgräs utan granulat och 0,6-48 g/m2 per år för gummiytor. Variationen mellan olika ytor är mycket stor och osäkerheten i både mätningar och analys hög. Detta är en spridning i samma nivå som en vägyta med en årsmedeldygnstrafik på 5,500–13,000 fordon, som beräknas sprida 56 g mikroplast/m2. Vissa konstgräsplaner släpper sina konstgräsfiber betydligt lättare än andra (ca 50 ggr lättare) och av denna anledning bör standardiserade metoder för att identifiera högutsläppande konstgräsplaner utvecklas. Välkonstruerade och välskötta granulatfria konstgräsytor har goda möjligheter att klara EUs kommande gränsvärde för spridning av mikroplast på 7 g/m2 per år. Utifrån kommunenkäter, leverantörsdata och GIS-analyser har Sveriges totala area platsgjutet gummi uppskattats till 1 200 000 m2, varav ca 550 000 m2 på lekplatser + ca 650 000 m2 på idrottsplatser. Sveriges totala yta konstgräs utan granulat har i tidigare studie undersökts i 15 städer och har i detta projekt utifrån befolkning uppskattats till totalt ca 447 000 m2. Med utgångspunkt från den beräknade gummiarean på lekplatser och idrottsplatser kombinerat med de uppmätta mikroplastutsläppen per år och kvadratmeter uppskattas de totala årliga utsläppen från Sveriges gummiytor till ca 16 ton/år. Motsvarande beräkning för konstgräsytor utan granulat ger ca 2 ton/år. Detta är sålunda avsevärt mindre utsläppskällor än t ex vägtrafiken (8 190 ton/år) eller konstgräsplaner med infill (676 ton/år) och ligger snarare i nivå med uppskattade mikroplastutsläpp från fiskenät och andra fiskeredskap (4-46 ton/år). Projektet tog också fram tekniska specifikationer för att begränsa spridningen av mikroplaster från ytor med gummigranulatPå uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket har IVL i samarbete med KTH och företaget Sandmaster undersökt spridningen av mikroplast från utomhusytor med gummi och konstgräs utan granulat. Projektet tog också fram tekniska specifikationer för att begränsa spridningen av mikroplaster från gummiytor
Microplastic fromcast rubber granulate andgranulate-free artificial grass surfaces
No full textThis assignment, commissioned by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, focused on expanding knowledge about the dispersion of microplastics from cast rubber and granulate-free artificial grass surfaces by supplementing previous studies with new measurements and calculations. The goal was to improve estimates of how much these sources contribute to microplastics nationally and to identify strategies to better prevent leakage into the environment.To our knowledge, this is the first time this method has been used. The method allowed us to quantify the leakage of microplastics from cast rubber surfaces and granulate-free artificial grass surfaces in wash water from cleaning machines specifically adapted for these types of surface. By analysing a well-mixed subset of wash water and using information on the size of cleaned surface areas, the leakage of microplastics from these materials per unit area was determined to be 0.4–20 g/m2per year for granulate-free artificial grass and 0.6–48 g/m2 per year for rubber surfaces. The variation between different surfaces is, however, very high and the uncertainty in both measurements and analysis is high. This is a level of dispersion on par with a road surface with an annual mean daily traffic of 5,500–13,000 vehicles, which is estimated to be 56 g microplastic/m2. Some artificial grass surfaces release their artificial grass much more easily than others (about 50 times easier). This is why standardised methods for identifying high-emission artificial grass surfaces should be developed. Well-designed and well-maintained granulate-free artificial grass surfaces are likely to meet the EU’s proposed threshold limit for dispersion of microplastics at 7 g/m2 per year.Based on municipal surveys, supplier data and GIS analyses, Sweden’s total area of cast rubber surface is estimated to be 1,200,000 m2 in 2020, of which approx. 550,000 m2 is on playgrounds and approx. 650,000 m2 is on sports pitches. Previous studies looked at Sweden’s total area of granulate-free artificial grass in 15 cities, which this project estimates, based on population, to total about 447,000 m2.Based on the estimated rubber area on playgrounds and sports pitches combined with the measured microplastic emissions per year and square metre, total emissions from Sweden’s rubber surfaces are estimated to be about 16 tonnes/year. The equivalent estimate for artificial grass surfaces without granulates is about 2 tonnes/year. These are thus considerably smaller sources of emissions than such sources as road traffic (8,190 tonnes/year) and artificial grass with infill (676 tonnes/year), and in line with estimated microplastic emissions from fishing nets and other fishing implements (4–46 tonnes/year). The relatively low values are attributable to the total area of these surfaces being significantly smaller compared with the total area of roads in Sweden. Measures to reduce microplastic emissions from car traffic can thus reduce Swedish microplastic emissions more than measures for rubber surfaces. However, the latter measures are also important because they are relatively easy and cost-efficient to implement.The project developed technical specifications to limit the leakage of microplastics from surfaces with cast rubber granules. These include making good material choices, such as recycled SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), choosing European tyres newer than 2010 which do not contain hazardous HA oils, and using 10–20 % PUR binder if casting occurs outdoors. Always consider the use of natural materials, which do not generate microplastics, such as grass, wood chips or sand. Available cork products on the market have the same function and appearance as rubber materials. Though these still contain PUR binders, they are considered a more environmental-friendly alternative from a microplastic perspective and probably from a climate perspective as well.Construction (environment, substrate and design) is another important aspect for reducing the leakage of microplastics from rubber surfaces and artificial grass surfaces. Open street drains near these surfaces should be avoided, and in exposed places these should be fitted with filters. Good drainage should be ensured by using stable draining substrate, such as crushed stones and stone dust. Sand on granular surfaces increases wear and should be avoided by separating with edges and spacing. Trees, particularly fruit trees, and berry bushes should be avoided next to rubber surfaces due to bird droppings and troublesome soiling that can require expensive maintenance.Maintenance is crucial for long lifespan and reduced leakage of microplastics from rubber materials. Prepare a maintenance plan together with the supplier and the maintenance contractor. Check the surfaces regularly (approx. 3–10 times/season) and repair damage as soon as possible so that it does not worsen. Pick, vacuum, brush and/or blow off debris and leaves from the surfaces regularly (3–10 times/season). Do not plough and clear snow on granulate surfaces and avoid using the surfaces for dumping snow. Empty any microplastic filters regularly, at least once a season and more often as needed. Do a deep clean with a cleaning machine if necessary, about once per every 1–4 years, depending on how dirty the surface becomes. It is important that the wash water be treated properly, so that it does not contribute to emissions of microplastics. Standardised methods for identifying and addressing high-emission artificial grass pitches and rubber surfaces should be developed to cost-effectively reduce the dispersion of microplastics from these surfaces
Organisation of the Construction Works of SG Ärimaja Located at Pärnu maantee 186
No full textKäesolevas projektis lahendati SG Ärimaja ehitustööde organiseerimise projekt. Lõputöös kasutas autor peamisel eelprojekti ja põhiprojekti seletuskirju. Ehitustööde alguseks on planeeritud 8. oktoobril 2018 ja üleandmis kuupäevaks 29. veebruar 2020. Põhiplaanis tuli välja tuua ajutised teed, majandus- ja olmeruumid, ajutise vee- ja elektrivarustuse, kanalisatsioonivõrgud, välivalgustused, sissepääsud nii jalakäijatele kui masinatele, tornkraana asukoht, laod, platsid ja kaamerate asukohad. Eriti oluline on välja tuua kus asuvad esmaabivahendid ja tulekustutid, kuna töötaja peab teadma kus asuvad hädaabi vahendid. Lisaks peab igas soojakus olema üks tulekustuti ja meditsiinitarbed. Lõputöös on oluline välja tuua ITP palkade osakaal protsentides ehitusplatsi üldkuludest. Projektis oli selleks 78%, Kogu projekti maksumusest moodustasid organiseerimise kulud ainult 5,5%. Ehitustöödel tuleb alati jälgida, et ei reostataks ega kahjustataks loodust. Selleks tõi autor projektis välja, et kuidas tagada puude ohutus. Lisaks on välja toodud ka seletus, et kuidas tuleb tööandjal käituda kui töötaja peab käsitlema keskonnale kahjulikke aineid. Montaažitöödel on kõige olulisemaks töövahendiks kraana. Selleks tuli projektis vaadata tornkraana tõstekaugust ja tõstevõimet. Projektis tuli probleemiks tornkraana jõudlus ja tõstekaugus hoone kaugematesse nurkadesse. Selleks tuleb objektile lisaks tellida autokraana. Kraana tellimiseks tuleb arvestada paneeli raskuse ja kaugusega, kuhu element on vaja tõsta. Autor kirjeldab tehnoloogilistel kaartidel vahelae õõnespaneelide ja keldriseinte montaažitöid, kus kirjeldab montaažitööde ohutust, kvaliteedi kontrolli, tööde teostamist ja transporti. Lisaks toob välja probleemi õõnespaneelide tõstmisel. Kirjeldatud on tehnoloogiliste kaartide peatükkis ka betoneerimist, rakestamist ja armeerimist ning kuidas neid töid teostatakse. Ehitise kitsaskohti tuleb ette näha ja selleks projektis tehtud tehnoloogia kaardid näitavad, mis probleemid on ja kuidas neid lahendada. See aitab objektil ära hoida soovimatud seisakud.This thesis is aimed to solve the constructionworks project of SG Ärimaja. The author has applied, as a main tool, the explanatory notes of the preliminary and main plans. The construction works are scheduled to commence on the 8th of October 2018 and the date of delivery as 29th of February 2020. In the main plan the following was to be displayed: temporary roads, utility- and restrooms, temporary water and electricity supply, plumbing, external lighting, entrances for people and machinery, tower crane location, warehousing, open spaces and locations for cameras. The locations of the first aid equipment and fire extinguishers are particularly important, as all employees must be aware where such items are located. In addition, each site hut must have one fire extinguisher and medical supplies. It is imporant to outline in the thesis the percentage proportion of the ITP salaries of all construction site general costs. In this project the percentage was 78%. Organising related costs accounted for only 5,5% of the overall costs. Compliance with anti-pollution and nature protection policies and principles should be monitored at all times. For this reason the author foresaw actions to ensure the safety of trees. Further, the project outlines the obligations of the employer in the event employees handle environmentally hazardous substances. The crane is the most important piece of equipment in assembly works. For this reason the project deals with the lifting capacity and range of the cranes. The performance and reach of the crane tower to the farther corners of the building were observed to be problematic. For this reason a crane lorry should be involved in the project. To evaluate the crane related matters, the weight of the panels and the range of the crane was observed in particular. SUMMARY 50 The author covers the assemblyworks related to the hollow core panels and celler walls describing the safety of assembly works, quality control, performance of works and transportation. In addition the author outlines the problem related to the lifting of the hollow core panels. In chapter regarding the technological plans the author describes the cementing, machinery assembly, concrete wire mesh installation and the manner in which these works are conducted. The weaknesses of the construction should be observed in advance and the technological plans of this project outline the problematic areas and ways to eliminate the problems. This helps to avoid unwanted delays in the project
Seasonal oxygen depletion in a shallow sill fjord on the Swedish west coast
No full textDuring the summer of 2008, oxygen depleted water, between 5 and 12 m depth, was discovered in Sannasfjord on the Swedish west coast. The resulting sediments were black, benthic macrofauna were absent and Beggiatoa bacterial mats were a characteristic feature. This phenomenon, which was observed several years in a row, appears to be a relatively new phenomenon starting in the mid-1980s. In this study we attempt to find the underlying causes by investigating climatic effects (temperature, wind and precipitation), the local supply of nutrients from land, ecosystem change and the supply of organic material from the open Skagerrak. An analysis of long meteorological time series indicates that climatic effects are contributory, but probably not a dominating factor leading to hypoxia. Results from an advection-diffusion model solving for oxygen show that the observed increase in the river supply of nutrients has a high potential to generate hypoxia. Although complex and more difficult to quantify, it appears that ecosystem changes, with higher abundance of filamentous algae, may have played an important role. It is also possible that an enhanced supply of organic material from the open Skagerrak has contributed.</p
