841 research outputs found
Posner, Economics and the Law: from Law and Economics to an Economic Analysis of Law.
No full textThe purpose of this article is to discuss Posner's economic analysis of law and to analyse the differences between his economic analysis of law and law and economics. We propose and demonstrate a twofold original argument. First, we show that Posner does not only propose an economic analysis of the working of the legal system but also that his approach has changed in the early 1970s, shifting from a law and economics perspective in which the focus is put on the working of the economic system to an economic analysis of law in which the emphasis is put on the functioning of the legal system. He appears then no longer influenced by Aaron Director and Ronald Coase but rather by Gary Becker. Therefore, and this is the second part of our demonstration, we show that the evolution in Posner's works essentially derives from the influence of Becker and the adoption by the former of the methodological views of the latter. More precisely, we claim that Posner no longer retains a -- restrictive -- definition of economics by subject matter but that he aligns himself on Becker and his broader definition of economics placing nonmarket decisions and method at the core of the discipline. In other words, we argue that Posner is the first who transposes Becker’s definition of economics in law and economics and that this is precisely what makes Posner's economic analysis of law possible and specific, and also of particular importance.
Posner on the uselessness of moral theory: An empirical analysis
No full textRichard Posner has argued that teaching moral philosophy is a misguided and pointless exercise. According to Posner, ethical philosopher exaggerate the role rationality play in moral judgement. As a result, classes on moral philosophy are "useless," as they invariably fail to influence students' thoughts or behaviour. We sought to test Posner's claim by surveying students in two university units dealing with ethics. Our findings suggest that, contrary to Posner's suggestion, ethics units do in fact influence students' moral thinking, including the judgements they make about particular moral issues. The influence of ethics units on students' behaviour was smaller, lending some support to Posner's view that there is a difference between making a moral judgement and possessing sufficient motivation to act on it. However, the purpose of ethics units may not be to cause students to embrace a set program of action, but to teach them to think critically about morality. Our evidence suggests ethics units succeed at this goal, and so are not the arenas of pointless futility that Posner portrays
A teoria de Posner e sua aplicabilidade a ordem constitucional economica brasileira de 1988
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias JuridicasA obra intenta incursão na temática da Teoria Econômica identificando seus principais institutos determinantes das Leis de demanda, de oferta e de eficiência econônomica como instrumental teórico-analítico para o Direito. Assim, se descortinam os diversos enfoques dados ao Direito pelo Econômico bem como as raízes economicistas da nova teoria, seus precursores teóricos, abordando-se, ainda, com especial ênfase, o trabalho de Richard Posner intitulado Economic Analisis of Law, seus críticos e as possibilidades para a utilização das máximas da Escola denominada Law and Economics, na Civil Law, em especial quanto ao Direito Econômico Brasileiro constitucionalizado em 1988 no que diz respeito aos seus princípios
Constraints of Power: The Constitutional Opinions of Judges Scalia, Bork, Posner, Easterbrook and Winter
No full textThis article completes a two-part series studying the constitutional jurisprudence of Judges Antonin Scalia, Richard Posner, Robert Bork, Frank Easterbrook, and Ralph Winter Jr., five conservative academics appointed by President Reagan to the United States Court of Appeals. Judge Scalia has recently been appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States. In a previous article, published in the last issue of the University of Miami Law Review, I evaluated these five jurists\u27 constitutional scholarship by contrasting their views with those of Edmund Burke, the originator of political conservative theory. That article tested Burke\u27s wariness of political abstractions and his hatred of tyranny against those five jurists\u27 theoretical works, and concluded that, of the five men\u27s philosophies, Posner\u27s commitment to wealth maximization and Bork\u27s positivism were the most dangerous forms of constitutional jurisprudence. Easterbrook\u27s commitment to law and economics was not as relentless. Neither Winter no Scalia has ever presented a grand theory of constitutional law
Micronutrient malnutrition and wasting in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis with and without HIV co-infection in Malawi.
No full textBACKGROUND: Wasting and micronutrient malnutrition have not been well characterized in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. We hypothesized that micronutrient malnutrition is associated with wasting and higher plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study involving 579 HIV-positive and 222 HIV-negative adults with pulmonary tuberculosis in Zomba, Malawi, anthropometry, plasma HIV load and plasma micronutrient concentrations (retinol, alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids, zinc, and selenium) were measured. The risk of micronutrient deficiencies was examined at different severity levels of wasting. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI), plasma retinol, carotenoid and selenium concentrations significantly decreased by increasing tertile of plasma HIV load. There were no significant differences in plasma micronutrient concentrations between HIV-negative individuals and HIV-positive individuals who were in the lowest tertile of plasma HIV load. Plasma vitamin A concentrations <0.70 micromol/L occurred in 61%, and zinc and selenium deficiency occurred in 85% and 87% respectively. Wasting, defined as BMI<18.5 was present in 59% of study participants and was independently associated with a higher risk of low carotenoids, and vitamin A and selenium deficiency. Severe wasting, defined as BMI<16.0 showed the strongest associations with deficiencies in vitamin A, selenium and plasma carotenoids. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that wasting and higher HIV load in pulmonary tuberculosis are associated with micronutrient malnutrition
Eficiência na administração pública brasileira: uma proposta de aplicação pelo estudo crítico da análise econômica do direito
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em DireitoA Análise Econômica do Direito corresponde à teoria jurídica nascida nos Estado Unidos da América, que tem como fundamento a interpretação do Direito a partir de conceitos e da lógica da Economia. Segundo a hermenêutica proposta pela AED, o individualismo metodológico, os custos de transação e a eficiência são conceitos centrais a partir dos quais o Direito é compreendido. A eficiência, na concepção economicista, está intimamente ligada à escassez de recursos e à verificação do trade off operado nas suas alocações. Considerando-se a inserção no ordenamento constitucional brasileiro da eficiência através da chamada Reforma Administrativa de 1995, a previsão constitucional deste princípio demanda a definição de seu conteúdo. Especificamente, o presente estudo buscou verificar se a Análise Econômica do Direito serve a informar o conteúdo da eficiência prevista no caput do art. 37, da Constituição Federal. Embora haja diferentes vertentes sob o manto da Análise Econômica do Direito, optou-se por adotar a teoria desenvolvida por Richard Posner como representante dos fundamentos da corrente, em razão de seu protagonismo à frente dessa doutrina. Posner pressupõe que o fundamento do Direito reside na maximização da riqueza, e que as normas jurídicas e os valores morais da sociedade devem ter como escopo a redução dos custos de transação e, assim, o aumento da riqueza social. Ainda que posteriormente marcada pelo pragmatismo, a teoria de Posner defende o abandono de vinculações teóricas, a fim de que o Direito seja compreendido como instrumento para o alcance da eficiência, a qual é compreendida como a finalidade de maximizar a riqueza social. Partiu-se de uma hipótese positiva, segundo a qual a Análise Econômica do Direito detém condições de melhor informar o conteúdo da eficiência, e assim pode auxiliar a atividade administrativa do Estado, vez que considera e tenta solucionar o problema da escassez de recursos ante a ilimitada necessidade de provimentos estatais. Porém a hipótese proposta não se coaduna com o conteúdo da Constituição Federal. O texto constitucional elegeu como diretrizes os valores sociais, e como conteúdo primevo os direitos fundamentais. A vinculação da Constituição a estes direitos fundamentais obstaculiza a adoção da eficiência como a entende a Análise Econômica do Direito, traduzida na teoria de Richard Posner.The Economic Analysis of Law represents the legal theory born in the United States of America, which is based on the interpretation of Law from economic concepts. According to interpretation proposed this theory, methodological individualism, transaction costs and efficiency are central concepts in the comprehension of Law. Efficiency, in a economic conception, is closely linked to lack of resources and trade off operated in their allocations. From the prevision of efficiency in Brazilian Constitution by the so called Administrative Reform of 1995, this principle required the definition of its content. Specifically, this study tried to determine whether the Economic Analysis of Law serves to inform the content of the efficiency as mentioned in article 37 of the Federal Constitution. Although there are different schools of Economic Analysis of Law, we decided to adopt the theory of Richard Posner because of his position as a leader of this doctrine. Posner assumes that the foundation of Law is wealth maximization, and that legal rules and moral values of society should scope to reduce transaction costs and increase social wealth. Although later marked by pragmatism, Posner's theory advocates the abandonment of theoretical linkages, in order to understand Law as a tool for achieving efficiency, also known as wealth maximization. We started from a positive hypothesis, whereby the Economic Analysis of Law holds a position to better inform the contents of efficiency, and thus can help the administrative activity of the State, as it considers and tries to solve the problem of scarcity of resources upon the necessity of providing unlimited needs. But the proposed hypothesis does not match the Constitutional values. The Constitution elected as guidelines social values, and as prime content the fundamental rights. The binding of the Constitution to these fundamental rights prevents the adoption of efficiency as said by the Economic Analysis of Law, or by Richard Posner's theory
Shifting attention in viewer- and object-based reference frames after unilateral brain injury
No full textThe aims of the present study were to investigate the respective roles that object- and viewer-based reference frames play in reorienting visual attention, and to assess their influence after unilateral brain injury. To do so, we studied 16 right hemisphere injured (RHI) and 13 left hemisphere injured (LHI) patients. We used a cueing design that manipulates the location of cues and targets relative to a display comprised of two rectangles (i.e., objects). Unlike previous studies with patients, we presented all cues at midline rather than in the left or right visual fields. Thus, in the critical conditions in which targets were presented laterally, reorienting of attention was always from a midline cue. Performance was measured for lateralized target detection as a function of viewer-based (contra- and ipsilesional sides) and object-based (requiring reorienting within or between objects) reference frames. As expected, contralesional detection was slower than ipsilesional detection for the patients. More importantly, objects influenced target detection differently in the contralesional and ipsilesional fields. Contralesionally, reorienting to a target within the cued object took longer than reorienting to a target in the same location but in the uncued object. This finding is consistent with object-based neglect. Ipsilesionally, the means were in the opposite direction. Furthermore, no significant difference was found in object-based influences between the patient groups (RHI vs. LHI). These findings are discussed in the context of reference frames used in reorienting attention for target detection
Perdas sociais e praticas monopolisticas : a industria de cimento no Brasil
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Socio-Economico.Identifica as perdas no setor cimento da economia brasileira, decorrentes das práticas monopolísticas. São utilizados os conceitos apresentados por Harberger, Leibenstein, Posner e outros. As perdas sociais são calculadas de acordo com as premissas do triângulo do bem-estar, da ineficiência-X e da prática do rent-seeking
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