4,248 research outputs found
Pioneers of Library Movement in Pakistan
No full textThe paper aims to describe in brief the contribution of seven leaders of Pakistan librarianship, viz. K.B. Khalifa M. Asadullah, Prof. Dr. Abdul Moid, Dr. Abdus Subuh Qasimi, Muhammad Shafi, Fazal Elahi, Khawaja Nur Elahi and S. V. Hussain. The early library developments are given for better understanding of the role of these leaders
A critical analysis of Christian responses to Islamic claims about the work of the Prophet Muhammad, ‘the Messenger of God’.
No full textThe aims of this study are to analyse critically the different Christian responses to the Islamic understanding of the work of Muhammad. Chapter one consists a short introduction leading to an appraisal of Muhammad which incorporates historical, hagiographal and Quranic source material, and in the light of relevant Christian and Muslim scholarship. The second chapter presents a summary critical analysis of Muhammad in Christian theological perspective, from 661 A.D. to modern times. Chapter three presents a critique of Christian responses to the Muslim allegations that the text of the Bible has been infected with corruption; and that Muhammad's advent and status are foretold in the unadulterated' scriptures, and in the Gospel of Barnabas. Chapter four examines the theological significance of the work of Muhammad for Christians. Thus, Jesus and Muhammad are critically assessed and contrasted in order to ascertain the importance, for Christians, of the Muslim claims in respect of Muhammad as ’the messenger of God’. Chapter five provides a critical evaluation of the various Christian responses to Muhammad. It is argued that many of the said responses have been entangled in myths and misperceptions which have severely distorted the true account of Muhammad's work. Consequently, many Christians have failed to appreciate the divine legitimacy of Muhammad's call to prophethood. Further, it is argued that Christians should accept that Muhammad is a genuine prophet, and the messenger of God. However, Muhammad's use of the power-structure in order to maintain Islam is in sharp contrast to Jesus’ decision to face the consequences of his ministry passively through faith in God. Accordingly, orthodox Christian belief in the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus provides another dimension to prophethood, where the messenger and the message become one, an identification which finds no parallel in Islam, and which, in the nature of the case, cannot find a parallel
Metode dan corak Tafsir Faidh Ar-Rahman karya Muhammad Shaleh Ibn Umar As-Samarani (1820 – 1903 M)
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap dan mengkaji bentuk (pendekatan), metode dan corak penafsiran Muhammad Shaleh Darat dalam Tafsir Faidh al-Rahman fi Tarjamah Tafsir Kalam Malik ad-Dayyan dan untuk mengetahui dan menemukan kelebihan dan kekurangan yang terdapat dalam Tafsir Faidh al-Rahman serta mencari sebab-sebab yang melatar-belakangi penulisan Tafsir Faidh al-Rahman tersebut oleh Muhammad Shaleh Darat.
Ada beberapa alasan mengapa penulis mengangkat Tafsir Faidh al-Rahman fi Tarjamah Tafsir Kalam Malik ad-Dayyan dan metode dan corak penafsiran Muhammad Shaleh Darat. Alasan Pertama, Kitab tafsir Faidh al-Rahman fi Tarjamah Kalam Malik ad-Dayyan dalam uraiannya menggunakan corak al-Isyari. Alasan kedua ialah, Muhammad Shaleh Darat dalam menafsirkan ayat-ayat al-Qur’an menggunakan huruf pegon agar bisa dipahami oleh masyarakat pada saat itu. Alasan Ketiga ialah, Dalam sejarah pesantren, Muhammad Shaleh Darat disebut sebagai “Delegator Pesantren”. Karena dia tidak pernah ikut membesarkan pesantren orang tuanya, sebagaimana mafhumnya anak kiai, dia justru lebih memilih berdikari untuk memajukan pesantren orang lain dan membuat pesantren sendiri,
Kajian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (Library research) yang sasarannya adalah metode dan corak penafsiran Muhammad Shaleh Darat dalam Tafsir Faidh al-Rahman fi Tarjamah Tafsir Kalam Malik ad-Dayyan.
Sumber data penelitian ini bersumber dari dua data; primer dan sekunder, sumber primernya adalah. Tafsir Faidh al-Rahman fi Tarjamah Tafsir Kalam Malik ad-Dayyan, Sedangkan sumber sekunder yang digunakan adalah buku-buku yang terkait dengan Muhammad Shaleh Darat dan ilmu-ilmu yang terkait dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu khususnya Ilmu Tafsir. Metode Pengumpulan Data adalah dengan menggunakan metode dokumentasi, penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif berupa penelitian kepustakaan. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini akan disesuaikan dengan objek permasalahan yang dikaji. Sebagaimana tersebut di atas, objek penelitian yang dikaji dalam tulisan ini, berupa pemikiran maka objek penelitian tersebut dianalisis dengan mengunakan analisis deskriptif yang meliputi dua jenis pendekatan. Pendekatan analisis isi (content analysis) dan Pendekatan Sosio-Historis.
Dalam Tafsir Faidh al-Rahman fi Tarjamah Tafsir Kalam Malik ad-Dayyan, Muhammad Shaleh Darat mengambil berbagai penjelasan yang bersumber dari para mufassir terdahulu. Muhammad Shaleh Darat menggunakan metode ijmali dalam menafsirkan ayat-ayat al-Qur’an. Dan corak yang digunakan Muhammad Shaleh Darat dalam menafsirkan Al-Qur’an adalah corak fiqih dan corak tasawuf
Muḥammad II al-Mahdī
No full textMuhammad II: Abu l-Walīd Muhammad b. Hisam b. ‘Abd al-Yabbar b. ‘Abd al-Rahman, al-Mahdi. Córdoba, m. s. X – Córdoba, 23.VII.1010. Cuarto califa omeya de Córdoba
Capitalizing on self-supervision and pre-trained models in computer vision
No full textThis thesis addresses the overarching challenge of advancing computer vision tasks under the constraints of limited labeled data and the imperative to capitalize on pre-existing knowledge encoded in pre-trained models. By exploring three distinct computer vision tasks - classification, regression, and segmentation - this work presents diverse frameworks aimed at transcending the conventional boundaries imposed by data scarcity and task-specific methodologies. The first focus lies on Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) in visual recognition, a critical endeavor in bridging disparate visual domains for robust real-world performance. Existing approaches in UDA typically necessitate manual adaptation to specific backbone architectures, hindering adaptability over time as methods become outdated with evolving architectures. To circumvent this limitation, this thesis proposes a novel approach termed Adversarial Branch Architecture Search for UDA (ABAS). ABAS addresses the lack of target labels by employing a data-driven ensemble approach for model selection and explores auxiliary adversarial branches to drive domain alignment. Extensive validation on standard visual recognition datasets demonstrates ABAS's efficacy in enhancing modern UDA techniques, robustly yielding superior performances across diverse domains. In the realm of regression tasks, the thesis delves into collaborative human pose forecasting, an understudied domain with the potential for improved performance through exploiting the correlated motion patterns of interacting individuals. By revisiting prevalent single-person practices and tailoring them to the collaborative setting, significant advancements are achieved. Notably, the integration of frequency input representations, space-time separable interaction encodings, and fully-learnable interaction adjacencies into a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) framework showcases promising results. Furthermore, a novel initialization procedure for spatial interaction parameters enhances both performance and stability, culminating in a substantial performance boost over state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets. Lastly, the thesis tackles semantic segmentation in autonomous driving scenarios, leveraging the unique capabilities of event cameras for low-latency operation in challenging lighting conditions. We introduce OVOSE, the first open-vocabulary semantic segmentation approach explicitly tailored for event-based data. OVOSE leverages knowledge distillation from pre-trained image-based models and synthetic event data to enhance segmentation performance. Additionally, we propose a novel dissimilarity network to recalibrate mask loss, mitigating the effects of sub-optimal reconstructions and enabling precise fine-tuning of the segmentation model. Through this novel approach, OVOSE demonstrates superior performance in dynamic environments, outperforming existing conventional image-based models and state-of-the-art methods in unsupervised domain adaptation for event-based semantic segmentation. In summary, this thesis presents a holistic approach to computer vision tasks, unifying disparate methodologies under the common goal of leveraging pre-trained models and limited labels to achieve superior performance across diverse domains. By addressing specific challenges within classification, regression, and segmentation tasks, the proposed frameworks contributes towards advancing the frontier of computer vision in real-world applications
Conversion of African Americans to Islam : a sociological analysis of the Nation of Islam and associated groups
No full text'Conversion of African Americans to Islam: A Sociological Analysis of the Nation of
Islam Associated groups' is an empirical study of the religious experience of people
who had/have distinctive features in terms of race, ethnicity and historical experience.
The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how African Americans' (AAs) conversion
experience in general, and the Nation of Islam associated groups' conversion in
particular, differ from the studies of recruitment and conversion in the sociology of
religion and New Religion Movements (NRMs). More specifically, their recruitment
and conversion experiences to Islam diverge from those who converted to mainstream
Islam. The study investigates how AAs' historical experience, soci-economic
difficulties and the racism they encountered shaped and influenced their religious
understanding.
Research methods involved participant observations, a survey questionnaire, interviews,
conversations, personal communications and correspondence. To collect ethnographic
data eleven months field research was conducted mainly in the Chicago area and on two
short visits to Detroit, and three years continued communications with Muslim officials
and academics in the area. During the field research and afterwards through personal
communication 181 survey questionnaire responses were received, and 23 Muslim
officials, academics and ordinary Muslims were interviewed through semi-structured,
unstructured interviews, conversation and correspondence.
The thesis begins with a brief history of Islam and Muslims in general and the African
American Muslims (AAMs) in particular. More emphasis is given on the historical
development of the Nation of Islam (NOl). Then in Chapter III, discussions of schisms
in the history of the NOT are examined from sociological perspectives of social and
religious movements. In Chapter IV I aimed to formulate my own perspective to
analyse and study the conversion experiences of AAMs to Islam. I used a multivariate
approach, considering selectively widely held conversion and recruitment theories in the
sociology of the religion. I consider in Chapter V the predisposing conditions for AAMs
that influence their decision-making to join in the NOT, for example, political and
nationalistic sentiments and socio-economic deprivations. In Chapter VI I have applied
different terms to describe their religious experiences, such as conversion, alteration and
reversion. I have analysed further their encounters with the NOT, the methods of
recruitment they used and their major motives for joining the NOT and converting to
Tslam. In the concluding chapters (Chapter VII VTTT) I describe the different responses
of AAMS to Islam following the death of Elijah Muhammad. It is found out that the
Islamic appeal has polarised. While Farakhan's NOT appeared to continue the tradition
and style of the old NOI with the emphasis on nationalistic and socio-economic factors,
Tmam W. D. Mohammed's community turned more to the religious and spiritual aspects
of Tslam. These different approaches led to a polarisation of the appeal of Tslam to
AAMS.
This thesis contributes to knowledge in four key areas; the sociology of religion and
religious movements, the sociology of social and nationalistic movements, religious and
Islamic studies
CORAK PEMIKIRAN KALAM KITAB ‘ATHIYAH RAHMAN (Sebuah Telaah Atas Pemikiran Syekh Muhammad Azhary bin Abdullah al-Palembani)
No full textKontribusi agama Islam yang terpenting adalah sistem keimanan yang menegaskan bahwa Tuhan adalah asal usul dan tujuan hidup manusia, temasuk peradaban dan ilmu pengetahuannya. Sedangkan ilmu yang membahas tentang konsep ketuhanan dalam pemikiran Islam adalah ilmu kalam. Kajian pemikiran kalam memusatkan pada upaya mendefinisikan posisi manusia dalam kaitannya dengan Tuhan sebagai pencipta. Oleh sebab itu, pemikiran kalam akan membicarakan manusia, dalam kaitan dengan kebebasan dan keterikatannya, sumber pengetahuannya serta persepsinya tentang iman, dan membicarakan Tuhan, dalam kaitan dengan kekuasaan dan kehendak mutlak-Nya, keadilan serta perbuatan dan sifat-sifat-Nya.
Salah satu ulama Palembang yang hidup di penghujung akhir abad ke 18 Syekh Muhammad Azhary bin Abdullah bin Ahmad (1811-1874 M). Beliau termasuk ulama produktif yang menghasilkan banyak karya fenomenal. Salah satu karyanya adalah kitab ‘Athiyah al-Rahman yang selesai ditulis pada tahun 1259/1843 M dan kemudian dicetak untuk pertama kali pada tahun 1304/1887 M di percetakan Al-Mayriyah Al-Kinah, Makkah. Kitab ‘Athiyah al-Rahman adalah kitab yang berisi tentang penjelasan konsep iman dalam islam. Bahkan kitab tafsirnya ‘Athiyah al-Rahman yang berbahasa Melayu Palembang cukup akrab dengan kebanyakan masyarakat Sumsel sampai saat ini.
Oleh karenanya, penelitian ini ingin mengetahui, pertama, bagaimana pemikiran dan gagasan kalam Syeikh Muhammad Azhari bin Abdullah Al-Palimbani dalam Kitab ‘Athiyah Al-Rahman. Kedua, Bagaimana corak pemikiran kalam Syeikh Muhammad Azhari bin Abdullah Al-Palimbani.
Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan, pertama, Syekh Muhammad Azhary bin Abdullah bin Ahmad adalah sosok ulama yang memberantas kebodohan umat dengan cara mengajarkan ilmu-ilmu keislaman terutama mengungkap isi kandungan al-Qur’an dan Hadits.
Kedua, kitab ‘Athiyah al-Rahman mengajarkan bahwa seseorang dapat meyakini eksistensi Allah melalui hasil ciptaan-Nya. Meskipun Dzat Allah itu ghaib, tidak dapat disaksikan pancaindera, akan tetapi eksistensi Allah dapat dirasakan dalam hati seseoran. Ketiga, kesadaran iman kepada para Rasul Allah itulah yang menjadikan seorang muslim menjadi muslim yang kaffah (sempurna).
Keempat, Kitab-Kitab yang diturunkan Allah, termasuk Al-Qur’an berfungsi sebagai sebagai kitab petunjuk (hudan) yang dapat menuntun umat manusia ke jalan yang benar. Selain itu, ia juga berfungsi sebagai pemberi penjelasan (tibyân) terhadap segala sesuatu dan pembeda (furqân) antara kebenaran dan kebatilan. Karena itu, upaya menghadirkan pesan-pesan al-Qur’an merupakan proses yang tidak pernah berakhir selama manusia hadir di muka bumi.
Berdasarkan uraian di atas, tesis ini sangat baik untuk dibaca oleh kalangan generasi penerus maupun generasi sekarang yang ingin mengetahui sejauhmana kiprah Syekh Muhammad Azhary bin Abdullah bin Ahmad sebagai seorang ulama Sumatera Selatan yang berjuang melalui pemikirannya untuk mendakwahkan ajaran Islam
Comparative thought Ian A Fazlur Rahman and M. Syafii Amtonio about Bunga Bank
No full textThe study, titled "Comparative thought Ian A Fazlur Rahman and M. Syafii Amtonio about Bunga Bank," aims to describe the figure\u27s thinking about the bank\u27s interest. According to A Fazlur Rahman looked to allow interest of the bank and did not equate with RIBA, and according to Muhammad Syafi\u27i Antonio looked at the bank interest of something unclean and equally legal with RIBA, that is equally haram. This type of research is a library research, which is research that makes the literature as the main source (data). The nature of this research is A comparative-comparatively describing the thought of A. Fazlur Rahman and Muhammad Syafi\u27i Antonio systematically and as objectively as possible. The equation is not found in this study because the scholarly study was different. The difference is, A Fazlur Rahman does not agree if bank interest includes RIBA. Thus, it does not reject the elimination of bank interest in Pakistan on the grounds of economic development, although it includes the peace. To justify the bank\u27s interest (RIBA) although it is not a threat of unrest and exploitative, different. While Muhammad Syafi\u27i Antonio argued that bank interest as something unlawful because bank interest is a principal loan burden to be paid at maturity, even if the effort or project suffered losses. So the borrower feels burdened with the increase in interest of the bank
Modern Arabic literary biography : a study of character portrayal in the works of Egyptian biographers of the first half of the twentieth century, with special reference to literary biography
No full textIn Chapter one, I presented a comparative definition of the meaning of Sirah (PI.Siyar), Tarjamah (Pl. Tarajim), Manaqib, Tabaqat and Maghazi as they were understood in antiquity. I also showed how the meaning of Sirah in modern times has only narrowly developed. Although the method of biographical writing continuously developed in Europe, it hardly progressed in Modem Arabic Literature. The only exception was seen in the writings by the pioneers of enlightenment in Egypt at the beginning of the twentieth century. This change of direction relied on borrowing European methodology in biographical writing.
In chapter two, I reviewed the early attempts at writing biographies in the nineteenth century by Abd al Rahman al- Jabarti and Ali Mubarak. Although both were the first
pioneers in this respect, yet they followed the footpath of classical approach above all that of al-Maqarizi from whom -Ali Mubarak derived inspiration in his book Al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyyah.
In chapter three, I studied the twentieth century, starting with traditional biography writers who could not employ European methodologies and whose writings oscillated between biographical notes and biographical sketches; or whose texts were more of a literary study than a biography proper.
In chapters four to nine, I selected the most renowned, productive writers who best represented methodologies of biography writing. Perhaps certain writers have not
been mentioned in this period of study. This is not out of negligence but simply because their texts were totally out of reach, or their writings did not exhibit the
required literary criteria.
All methodologies representing the theory of biography writing in Egypt have been analysed in these chapters. All, in fact, form a digestion or assimilation of French,English and German schools. In Egypt, Taha Husayn is considered the chairman of the French school, al-Mazini and al-Aqqad of the English/German schools, al-Nuwaihi of the psychoanalytical/anatomical school and Sidqi who employed both. By contrast, al Iryan was the trailblazer of the distinguished biographical novel.
In these chapters, I tried to lay out the general outlines these writers have produced in the production of biographical texts, and how these attempts were a successful step on the road of presenting literary biographies characterized by high world standards.
Chapter ten may well seem traditional, but it is important to give a comparative outlook on the views of biography writers themselves when they study and analyse
the same character.
Among the characters studied ,I selected Bashsliar, Abu Nuwas, Ibn al-Run-i, al-Mutanabbi and al-Maarri. These are outstanding landmarks in the history of Arab verse and the subject of a multitude of studies as well. Modern biographers took these figures as a test field for the deployment and employment of biographical methodologies. I selected these examples to provide comparisons and explain how far these biographies were successful in producing a biography or a profile of those classical poets.
The conclusion and the bibliographical list arrived at the end of research.
I wish, however, to clarify one important point here. It seems that I could not fix the year 1950 as the temporal parameter of my research but took some textswhich were
published shortly beyond that point. The reason for this obvious extension was either to give additional useful details or simply because chapters of such texts had already
been published prior to that year and were known to the readership.
At times I would satisfy myself with analysing the part rather than the whole. This again was meant to eschew repetition or was due to the fact that the book in question
was not available
Pendidikan Islam Perspektif Fazlur Rahman
No full textFazlur Rahman terkenal sebagai tokoh neo-modernisme karena berusaha melakukan modernisasi pendidikan Islam dengan tidak melupakan warisan klasik umat Islam. Dia mengusulkan bahwa orientasi pendidikan Islam harus mengarah kepada kebutuhan di dunia dan akhirat. Dia juga tidak setuju dengan adanya dikotomi ilmu agama dan umum. Harus ada upaya integrasi antara ilmu agama dan umum, karena pada dasarnya ilmu itu utuh dan bersumber dari Allah SWT. Dia juga menyarankan agar ada upaya peningkatan kualitas pendidik Muslim, perhatian khusus terhadap peserta didik yang berbakat, dan pemenuhan sarana prasarana pendidikan yang memadai. Ide-ide Rahman mengenai pendidikan Islam termasuk dalam kategori kontekstual. Ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam mengemukakan ide-idenya, Rahman mendasarkannya pada pengalaman empirik dan pengamatan yang realistis. Oleh karena itu, tidaklah basi jika menerapkan ide-ide Rahman dalam konteks pendidikan Islam dewasa ini. Pisau analisis yang dipakai Rahman dalam mengkaji pendidikan Islam pada masanya, kiranya dapat dipakai sebagai pisau analisis dalam mengkaji pendidikan Islam kontemporer. Meski begitu, karena masa hidup Rahman berbeda dengan masa hidup umat Islam sekarang -dalam konteks sosial, maka perlu diberikan nilai kritis-transformatif bagi ide-ide Rahman sebelum diterapkan dalam konteks kekinian
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