1,721,006 research outputs found
Préférences individuelles et calcul de la taxe optimale
No full textIndividual preferences and calculation of optimal tax
In a closed economy the optimal pollution tax is equal to the marginal social cost caused by the pollution ; that is the lesson of the theory of externalities. The main obstacle for the calculation of this tax has long been the evaluation of the marginal cost based on individual preferences. Today valuation methods such as the travel cost method, the hedonic priee method, and the contingent valuation method allow us to approximate the environmental damage, whether it corresponds to a use value or a non-use value of the environmental good. But numerous problems remain, especially with regard to the transferability of values and the estimation of effects on morbidity or mortality. We illus trate these difficulties with study currently in progress the evaluation of the external costs of electricity production in FrancePréférences individuelles et calcul de la taxe optimale
En économie fermée, la taxe optimale doit être égale au dommage marginal social causé par l'activité polluante : c'est ce que nous enseigne la théorie des effets externes. Le principal obstacle au calcul de la taxe a longtemps été l'évaluation du dommage marginal basé sur la prise en compte des préférences individuelles. Aujourd'hui, les méthodes d'évaluation (méthode des coûts de déplacement, méthode des prix hédonistes, méthode d'évaluation contingente) permettent d'approximer ce dommage, qu'il corresponde à une valeur d'usage ou de non-usage des actifs naturels. Mais de nombreux problèmes subsistent encore notamment au niveau du transfert des valeurs, et de l'estimation des coûts liés à l'évaluation des effets sur la morbidité et sur la mortalité. C'est ce que nous montrons à travers un exemple : l'estimation du coût externe de l'énergie en France.Desaigues Brigitte, Rabl Ari, Zagamé Paul. Préférences individuelles et calcul de la taxe optimale. In: Revue économique, volume 45, n°3, 1994. pp. 917-930
Analysis of air pollution mortality in terms of life expectancy changes: relation between time series, intervention, and cohort studies
No full textAbstract Background Information on life expectancy change is of great concern for policy makers, as evidenced by the discussions of the so-called "harvesting" issue (i.e. the question being, how large a loss each death corresponds to in the mortality results of time series studies). Methods Whereas most epidemiological studies of air pollution mortality have been formulated in terms of mortality risk, this paper shows that a formulation in terms of life expectancy change is mathematically equivalent, but offers several advantages: it automatically takes into account the constraint that everybody dies exactly once, regardless of pollution; it provides a unified framework for time series, intervention studies and cohort studies; and in time series and intervention studies, it yields the life expectancy change directly as a time integral of the observed mortality rate. Results Results are presented for life expectancy change in time series studies. Determination of the corresponding total number of attributable deaths (as opposed to the number of observed deaths) is shown to be problematic. The time variation of mortality after a change in exposure is shown to depend on the processes by which the body can repair air pollution damage, in particular on their time constants. Hypothetical results are presented for repair models that are plausible in view of the available intervention studies of air pollution and of smoking cessation. If these repair models can also be assumed for acute effects, the results of cohort studies are compatible with those of time series. Conclusion The proposed life expectancy framework provides information on the life expectancy change in time series studies, and it clarifies the relation between the results of time series, intervention, and cohort studies.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Os fundamentos político-econômicos de opções nacionais na mudança climática
Get PDFTCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio Econômico, Curso de Economia.O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar a temática da mudança climática num contexto de relações institucionais internacionais e economia, com ênfase ao posicionamento do Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se uma analise histórica do surgimento da preocupação ambiental em meio aos economistas, no âmbito das escolas de pensamento. Posteriormente foi analisado o arcabouço institucional construído ao redor de tal preocupação ambiental, com destaque à ciência da mudança do clima. Fez-se ainda, uma pesquisa baseada em modernos modelos econômicos de modo a avaliar os custos diretos e indiretos decorrentes da mudança climática, bem como a exposição dos dados de um contundente relatório econômico a respeito da ciência do clima, o relatório Stern. Por fim, traz-se a tona o caso brasileiro, traçando um panorama histórico e jurídico dos programas adotados, explorando o Plano Nacional sobre a Mudança do Clima, e verificando os desafios a sua implementação
- …
