411 research outputs found
The evolution of R&D networking in the biotec industries
No full textThe evolution of R&D networking in the biotec industries / A. Pyka, P. Saviotti. - In: International journal of entrepreneurship and innovation management. 5. 2005. S. 49-6
Preface
Get PDFWstęp do książki "Regionalisation in Europe : the state of affairs" pod red. G. Libor, R. Pyka, D. Nowalska-Kapuści
Introduction
Get PDFWstęp do książki "Regionalisation in Europe : the state of affairs" pod red. G. Libor, R. Pyka, D. Nowalska-Kapuścik
Na rozdrożach współczesnej demokracji w kontekście partycypacji obywatelskiej młodzieży
Get PDFConsiderations included in the article by Robert Pyka concern tensions between a national country losing influence and still developing logic of the government of the globalised world. The crux of the matter is notions such as Pierr Rosanvalon’s “counter‑democracy”. The author asks about a contemporary sense of representative democracy, pointing to the contracting role of the country in the light of growing expectations of the citizens. Showing dangers coming from a global market, the sense of being lost in an abruptly changing reality, as well as alienation and the lack of understanding of actions of selected government representatives threaten with the arrival of post‑democracy in which the citizens stop treating a democratic system seriously and, in consequence, leave it. Critical considerations are confirmed by the author who quotes the studies pointing to the fall of election frequency among teenagers and a small engagement of the members of party organizations. An increase in a neutral or a negative attitude to institutionalized forms of representative democracy is accompanied by simultaneous searching for direct and more effective forms of political participation. In the end of the article Pyka admits that “democratic movements” are right believing that they will motivate the citizens to efficient actions shaping a new and better democracy in the 21st century
Avoiding evolutionary inefficiencies in innovation networks
Get PDFInnovation policy is in need for a rational which allows the design and evaluation of policy instruments. In economic policy traditionally the focus is on market failures and efficiency measures are used to decide whether policy should intervene and which instrument should be applied. In innovation policy this rational cannot meaningfully be applied because of the uncertain and open character of innovation processes. Uncertainty is not a market failure and cannot be repaired. Inevitably policy makers are subject to failure and their goals are to be considered as much more modest compared to the achievement of a social optimum. Instead of optimal innovation, the avoidance of evolutionary inefficiencies becomes the centrepiece of innovation policy making. Superimposed to the several sources of evolutionary inefficiencies are socalled network inefficiencies. Because of the widespread organisation of innovation in innovation networks, the network structures and dynamics give useful hints for innovation policy, where and when to intervene. --innovation policy,innovation networks,uncertainty,exploration and exploitation,evolutionary inefficiencies,policy rational
Innovation Networks in the Biotechnology-Based Sectors
Get PDFTechnological progress in the biological sciences is now advancing across such a wide range and at such a pace, that, irrespective of size, no firm can hope to keep up in all the different areas. Participating in innovation networks, bundling of competencies and capabilities, therefore, offers an alternative to extremely expensive go-it-alone strategies, whether carried out by acquisition and mergers or by isolated R&D. This imbalance between the rate of growth of the biotechnology knowledge base and the capability of individual firms to access it can explain the persistence of cooperative R&D in the biotechnology-based sectors at the end of the 90s. Such imbalance is not due any more only to the lack of absorptive capacity of existing firms, because the large pharmaceutical firms have meanwhile developed considerable competencies in that field. This previous competence-gap was considered to be the reason for cooperative behaviour in the early phases of these industries in the end of the 70s and early 80s. To the extent that this was considered to be the only knowledge gap innovation networks were considered as a temporary phenomenon, which could not persist beyond the period required by large firms to catch up with the new technology. We are then proposing that a new role, that of explorers scanning parts of the knowledge space that LDFs (Large Diversified Firms) are capable of exploring but unwilling to commit themselves in an irreversible way, can be played by DBFs (Dedicated Biotechnology Firms) in innovation networks. Our simulation approach attempts to represent the emergence of these two roles as endogenous changes in the motivation for participating in innovation networks, allowing them to become an important and long-lasting organizational device for industrial R&D. Drawing on a history friendly modeling approach the decisive mechanisms responsible for the emergence of innovation networks in these industries are figured out and compared to real developments.entrepreneurship, human capital, venture capital, social networks, evolutionary economics, swarms of innovations
Air temperature in Wroclaw in the years 1971-1980 and its changes since 1851
No full textThe last decade distinguished itself in Wroclaw by considerable positive anomalies of air temperature in the cool season and by negative anomalies in the warm part of the year. The author gives some explanations for these anomalies and analyses them in the background of the temperature change since 1851.La température de l'air à Wroclaw dans les années 1971-80 et ses variations depuis 1851
La dernière décade a été caractérisée à Wroclaw par des températures nettement supérieures à la moyenne en saison froide et inférieures à celle-ci en saison chaude. L' auteur présente les raisons de ces anomalies et les replace dans le cadre des variations thermiques enregistrées depuis 1851.Pyka Jerzy L. Air temperature in Wroclaw in the years 1971-1980 and its changes since 1851. In: Hommes et Terres du Nord, 1983/3. Climatologie. pp. 39-44
Innovation and demand in industry dynamics: R&D, new products and profits
No full textThe links between three interconnected elements of the Schumpeterian sources of economic change are explored, conceptually and empirically, and related to the role played by demand factors. First, we examine the commitment of industries to invest profits in cumulative R&D efforts; second, the ability of industries’ R&D to introduce to new products in markets; third, the impact of new products on entrepreneurial profits. We consider the nature and variety of innovative efforts-distinguishing in particular between strategies of technological and cost competiveness-and we introduce the role of demand in pulling technological change and supporting profits. We develop a simultaneous three-equation model and we test it at industry level-for 38 manufacturing and service sectors- on six European countries over two time periods from 1994 to 2006. The results show that the model effectively accounts for the dynamics of European industries and highlights the interconnections between the different factors contributing to growth
A taxonomy of innovation networks
Get PDFIn this discussion paper we develop a theory-based typology of innovation networks with a special focus on public-private collaboration. This taxonomy is theoretically based on the concept of life cycles which is transferred to the context of innovation networks as well as on the mode of network formation which can occur either spontaneous or planned. The taxonomy distinguishes six different types of networks and incorporates two plausible alternative developments that eventually lead to a similar network structure of the two types of networks. From this, important conclusions and recommendations for network actors and policy makers are drawn. --
R&D and knowledge dynamics in university-industry relationships in biotech and pharmaceuticals: An agent-based model
Get PDFIn the last two decades, University-Industry Relationships have played an outstanding role in shaping innovation activities in Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals. Despite the growing importance and the considerable scope of these relationships, there still is an intensive and open debate on their short and long term effects on the research system in life sciences. So far, the extensive literature on this topic has not been able to provide a widely accepted answer. This work introduces a new way to analyse University-Industry Relationships (UIRs) which makes use of an agent-based simulation model. With the help of simulation experiments and the comparison of different scenario results, new insights on the effects of these relationships on the innovativeness of the research system can be gained. In particular, focusing on knowledge interactions among heterogeneous actors, we show that: (i) universities tend to shift from a basic to an applied research orientation as a consequence of relationships with industry, (ii) universities' innovative capabilities benefit from industry financial resources but not so much from cognitive resources of the companies, (iii) biotech companies' innovative capabilities largely benefit from the knowledge interaction with universities and (iv) adequate policies in terms of public basic research funding can contrast the negative effects of UIRs on university research orientation. --University-Industry Relationships,Knowledge Dynamics,University Patenting,Technology Transfer,Agent-Based Modelling
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