1,720,981 research outputs found
Adaptation of community and households to climate - related disaster : the case of storm surge and flooding experience in Ormoc and Cabalian Bay, Philippines
Full text linkThe study examines disaster response to Typhoon Uring in Ormoc City in Leyte, Philippines (1991). Vulnerability regression estimates for flooding showed that households’ vulnerability to flooding increased with house size and decreased with access to grant and credit facilities. Results also suggest that households with higher educational attainment and annual income tended to be less vulnerable to the risks from storm surge/sea level rise. Many households did not understand that sea level rise is a permanent or irreversible process. Similarly, local governments’ efforts appear to have concentrated on disaster relief rather than on long-term strategic planning and pro-active measures
What motivates farmers? : tree growing and land use decisions in the grasslands of Claveria, Philippines
Full text linkThis report investigates which land use system would provide the most economic and environmental benefits to farmers of upland grassland areas in the Philippines. It analyses a number of different land use systems and focuses on the benefits that tree-based systems can bring. It also investigates the main reasons why farmers are reluctant to change from their current unsustainable cropping regimes. It finds that it would make economic and environmental sense for farmers to convert a large percentage of their farms over to tree planting. It also finds that, although this would help halt the current slide into low productivity and environmental ruin, many farmers are reluctant to make the move because of the economic risks involved. In light of this, the report suggest several policies to give farmers the assistance they need to make an environmentally-informed choice about which land use system to adopt
The Relationship Between Social Capital and Farm Household Consumption Expenditure in Conflict-Vulnerable Areas of Mindanao
Full text linkThe improvement of farm income generating capacity via social capital enhancement is a common goal in many community-based rural development projects. Yet, there are extremely limited studies empirically linking economic benefits and social capital, especially at the level of individual farm households. This paper aims to estimate empirically this relationship using farm household consumption expenditure as a proxy for farm income in the case of conflict-vulnerable areas in Mindanao, Philippines. Social capital enhancement is thought to be especially relevant in such areas, and the results in this paper engender more confidence in such an approach. A reduced-form model was estimated using ordinary least squares method and household survey data of 185 respondents. The model results indicate positive correlation between household social capital and farm household consumption expenditure. Specifically at the current level of consumption expenditure in the study households, social capital was found to have an economic value of PhP 481 per household per month, or 14% of current household consumption expenditure. This finding supports the idea of promoting social capital as a component of livelihood improvement strategies for conflict areas in Mindanao, especially strategies with knowledge transfer orientation like agricultural extension
Multifaceted Assessment of Agricultural Extension in Conflict Affected Areas of Mindanao, Philippines
No full textAgricultural extension in conflict affected areas has received limited research attention. Yet agricultural extension undertaken within a group–based facilitation framework can have many benefits via livelihood improvement, human and social capital development. In this paper, an extension model adapted for conflict affected areas is briefly described and then assessed from multiple viewpoints – physical, economic, lifestyle, social capital and environmental. This was done in two case study sites in conflict affected areas of Mindanao, Philippines. Major positive physical, economic and lifestyle changes were revealed at both case study sites, as were changes in knowledge, attitude, skills, and aspirations and social capital. Some positive environmental aspects were also noted. Income and savings were up 64 and 108 percent respectively, with those income changes being reflected in additional expenditures on basic items such as food clothing and education. Knowledge, attitudes skills and aspirations (which can be regarded as intermediate steps towards livelihood improvement) all increased substantially. Various social capital indicators were judged to have improved. From an environmental perspective, there were decreases in charcoal production and slash and burn activity. Tree planting and soil fertility increased. Most of these assessment parameters, but especially social capital with its implication for trust and human interaction, are relevant to peace building. With the passage of the Bangsamoro Organic Law, there is expected to be a strong increase within the Philippines and internationally in funding the promotion of agricultural livelihood activities in Mindanao. The multifaced assessment of benefits is somewhat unique and the resulting quantification of the benefits demonstrates that additional funding and more diverse applications could be warranted
Tree growing objectives of smallholder farmers in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philippines
No full textThis study aimed to capture the underlying motives of smallholders for planting trees in their farms. Specifically, it aimed to identify the farm and household characteristics that might explain the underlying tree growing objectives of smallholder farmers, and draw policy implications for enhancing tree growing among farmers. The study was conducted in Claveria, northern Mindanao, Philippines. It made use of 192 farmer-respondents who practiced tree based farming systems with corn being the dominant crop. Empirical evidence from the principal component analysis indicated that smallholder\u27 farm forestry is an investment with multi-objectives, primarily focusing on monetary and other economic objectives. The first component represent employment, economic security and asset motives, security in old age, speculative motive, etc. The second component interpreted to represent recreation and aesthetic objective was characterized by non-timber use of tree growing such as outdoor recreation, solitude and meditation, aesthetic value, and improved heathy residential environment. The variables relating to the objectives of restoring farm fertility and productivity , erosion control measure, nature protection, and making the environment cooler represented the third component, as environmental protection and restoration objective. Tree planting for monetary and economic objectives was significantly and positively influenced by farm distance from barangay center and inversely related to gender and education of household heads, household size, total annual cash income, and average farm distance from the nearest road. Similar variable were associated with recreation and aesthetic objectives of tree planting except on civil status. Environmental and restoration motive was negatively associated with farming experience of households. However, it was uniquely related to the age of household heads and knowledge level regarding tree-based systems. This finding has significant implications on agricultural technology adoption in general, and tree farming in particular
Financial Analysis of an Agricultural Extension Initiative in a Conflict-Vulnerable Area of Mindanao
Full text linkAn economic assessment of a pilot agricultural extension initiative relating to vegetable growing in a conflict-vulnerable area of Zamboanga Sibugay, Mindanao was undertaken. There are minimal micro or macro level studies in the literature attempting to measure the economic returns to agricultural extension. Those studies have typically suffered from an attribution problem in relation to the separation of extension costs and benefits from other influencing factors. In conflict vulnerable areas such as reported here, agricultural extension is generally limited or absent. In this example, the application of the extension initiative was the only change affecting farmers’ practices, so the study is somewhat unique in being able to isolate the extension effect. The analysis indicates that the present value of benefits from the extension initiative is 1.6 million pesos while the present value of costs is 1.1 million pesos, with a net benefit of 570 thousand pesos. The benefit cost ratio is 1.54 and the internal rate of return is 34%. These various measures are all significantly positive and lend credibility to the idea that agricultural extension applied to conflict-vulnerable areas can represent an acceptable return on money invested. The research can also be seen as a component of a broader ‘action research’ agenda whereby initial research outcomes are evaluated before progressing to the next step of wider implementation/adaptation
Tree growing objectives of smallholder farmers in Claveria, northern Mindanao, Philippines
No full textThis study aimed to capture the underlying motives of smallholders for planting trees in their farms. Specifically, it aimed to identify the farm and household characteristics that might explain the underlying tree growing objectives of smallholder farmers, and draw policy implications for enhancing tree growing among farmers. The study was conducted in Claveria, northern Mindanao, Philippines. It made use of 192 farmer-respondents who practiced tree based farming systems with corn being the dominant crop. Empirical evidence from the principal component analysis indicated that smallholders\u27 farm forestry is an investment with multi-objectives, primarily focusing on monetary and other economic objectives. The first component represents employment, economic security and asset motive of tree growing was related to labor income and selfemployment, increase income from timber sales, asset motives, security in old age, speculative motive, etc. The second component interpreted to represent recreation and aesthetic objective was characterized by non-timber use of tree growing such as outdoor recreation, solitude and meditation, aesthetic value, and improved healthy residential environment. The variables relating to the objectives of restoring farm fertility and productivity, erosion control measure, nature protection, and making the environment cooler represented the third component, as environmental protection and restoration objective. Tree planting for monetary and economic objectives was significantly and positively influenced by farm distance from barangay center and inversely related to gender and education of household heads, household size, total annual cash income, and average farm distance from the nearest road. Similar variables were associated with recreation and aesthetic objectives of tree planting except on civil status. Environmental and restoration motive was negatively associated with farming experience of households. However, it was uniquely related to the age of household heads and knowledge level regarding tree-based systems. This finding has significant implications on agricultural technology adoption in general, and tree farming in particular
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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