195 research outputs found
Potencialidade de uso de fontes alternativas de água para fins não potáveis em uma unidade residencial
Full text linkDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pos-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental.O uso racional da água compreende o controle de desperdícios e uma re-educação de hábitos e costumes. Esta re-educação está associada ao uso de fontes alternativas como, por exemplo, os efluentes tratados gerados na própria residência e a captação de águas pluviais, em substituição a água potável para fins que não seja o consumo humano. O uso de águas de chuva tem um longo histórico no mundo inteiro sendo utilizada para irrigação e mais recentemente, para promover descargas sanitárias e lavagem de roupas. Porém a sua captação esta associada a um regime de chuvas. Já a água cinza, proveniente das unidades hidro-sanitárias, menos a bacia sanitária, é caracterizada pelo seu regime regular de fornecimento. Dentro desta perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a potencialidade do reúso de água cinza misturada com água de chuva em uma residência unifamiliar. O projeto foi idealizado para uma unidade unifamiliar com 05 habitantes. A residência de estudo localiza-se no bairro Ratones, na cidade de Florianópolis/SC. As águas cinzas são compostas pelas águas geradas no lavatório, chuveiro e do tanque de lavar roupas. A água de chuva é proveniente de uma área de superfície de captação de 35m2. Para a quantificação da água cinza, foram instalados hidrômetros nas tubulações de alimentação de cada unidade hidro-sanitária. A chuva atmosférica foi quantificada através de um pluviômetro instalado na residência em estudo. A seqüência de tratamento da água cinza compreende uma caixa receptora das águas advindas das unidades hidráulico-sanitárias, um filtro de pedra, caixa de passagem para desinfecção com pastilhas de cloro e reservatório de água de reúso que posteriormente é misturada com a água de chuva no tanque de mistura. A água de chuva proveniente do telhado de cerâmica segue para as calhas, as quais possuem uma grade na parte superior do tubo de queda (PVC DN 100) para reter materiais grosseiros (folhas e galhos), e na seqüência vai para o reservatório de descarte da primeira água. O tratamento desta água coletada dá-se através de um filtro de areia sendo posteriormente armazenada na cisterna. A mistura das águas é bombeada para um reservatório superior e então utilizada. O monitoramento quanti-qualitativo das águas deu-se, durante um período de 12 meses, através da hidrometria e de coletas pontuais seguido de análises físico-químicas e bacteriológicas. A partir da medição do consumo de água por unidade sanitária, identificou-se uma demanda média de 57,7 L/dia para a bacia sanitária, 91,0 L/dia para o lavatório e chuveiro, 71,8 L/dia para o tanque de lavar roupas e 51,3 L/dia para a pia de cozinha. A partir dos dados de índice pluviométricos obtidos, obteve-se um valor médio 143,8 L/dia. Os resultados obtidos na caracterização da água cinza apresentaram uma grande amplitude dos valores obtidos. Na caracterização da água de chuva, o parâmetro E. Coli apresentou um valor médio de 13,6 NMP/100 ml na água de descarte e reduziu para uma concentração média de 4,5 NMP/100 ml pós filtro de areia. Observou-se também, que a água de chuva possui uma qualidade superior à água cinza, apresentando uma potencialidade de sua utilização na lavagem de roupas, pois os valores de dureza detectados conferem a essa uma característica de água não dura. A oferta das fontes alternativas de água supera a demanda para o reúso na descarga de bacia sanitária, apresentando potencialidades para o emprego em outros usos não potáveis, tais como, a rega de jardim e lavagem de veículos. Os moradores da residência na qual o estudo foi desenvolvido relatam uma satisfação com a qualidade visual da água empregada no reúso. The effective use of water is related to its wastefulness and a change in the population habits. This change concerns the use of alternative sources of water, as well as treated effluents from traditional households and the rainwater harvesting, substituting the use of potable water for another porpoise. The use of rainwater has been popular worldwide, being used mostly in irrigation systems and, recently it as been used for toilet flushing and laundry purposes. However, its harvesting is associated with the rein precipitation. The greywater, originated from the toilets, shower and washing sink/machines is characterized by its regular supply. Taking these aspects into account, the present study aims to evaluate the reuse potential of greywater and rainwater in combination from traditional households. The project was developed in a household with 05 family members. The household is located in the Ratones neighborhood, Florianópolis/SC. The greywater is composed by the water that comes from the hand basin, shower and washing sink/machine. The rainwater is provenient from a harvesting surface area of 35m2. Two hydrometers were installed in the feeding pipes from each sanitary equipment to estimate the greywater amount. The atmospheric rain was quantified with a pluviometer installed in the household. The sequence of the greywater treatment is composed by a receiving box that stores the water from the sanitary equipments, one rock filter, a tank for disinfection with chlorine tabs and reservoir with reused water that is mixed with rainwater in the mixed tank. The rainwater that comes from the ceramic roof goes to the gutters with a screen that retains all the coarse material (leaves and branches) and in sequence the water goes to a discharge reservoir. The treatment of this water is made with a sand filter, which is stored in the cistern afterwards. The combination of greywater and rainwater is pumped to a superior reservoir to be used. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of these wasters were monitoring within 12 months, trough hydrometric analysis, and sampling spots followed by physic, chemical and bacteriological analysis. Trough the water consumption estimation in each sanitary equipment, it was detected an average demand of 57,7 L/day for the toilet, 91,0 L/day for the hand basin and shower, 71,8 L/day for the washing machine/sink and 51,3 L/day for the kitchen sink. Considering the pluviometric data, it was observed an average value of 143,8 L/day. The obtained results from the greywater characterization presented a high variation. The rainwater presented an average value for E. Coli of 13,6 MPN/100 ml and it was reduced to 4,5 MPN/100 ml after sand filter. It can also noticed that the rainwater has a better quality when compared with the greywater, presenting a potential use for laundry purposes, due its higher hardness values. The utilization of alternative sources of water exceeds the demand for the reuse in flushing toilets, and it can be used for non-potable activities, as well as, garden watering and car washing. The household family members in study showed a good satisfaction with the visual quality of the reused water
Estudo de Caso: Variação da Vazão na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto do Município de Gravatal/SC
No full textThe precarious situation of Brazil's environmental sanitation, especially regarding collection, transportation and sewage treatment, requires attention, so that more research is focused on this issue. The sewage treatment is an indicator that is directly linked to public health, the life quality of citizens and water courses. The installation of a sewage treatment system provides the advance of a county, and it's design must be carried out with planning, so that the parameters and criteria adopted on the project can fit the county's reality. The infiltration rate significantly contributes to the composition of the flows of a sewage treatment system, consequently, it influences directly and significantly the design of the structures. Typically, for infiltration rates, values extracted from literature are used, which can vary from 0,05 to 1,00 l/s.km, since the values present high amplitude and do not correspond to the areas where the systems will be implanted, knowing the real value of the infiltration rates makes the design of these systems more accurate. This research presents a case study, which aims to relate the rainfall indexes to the flow variations at the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in the county of Gravatal/SC. In order to do so, the volumes of effluents treated in the STP were monitored, collected using an electromagnetic meter, also the monitoring of rainfall occurrences during the study period, by means of a rain gauge. The values obtained in this monitoring process were applied to the methodology of Metcalf and Eddy (1991) that relates the flow difference in dry and rainy days to the total extension of sewage collection networks, in order to find the values for the infiltration rates. In order to know the total extension of the network that collects and transports the effluents in the county, a field work was carried out where the entire network was mapped. The results allow the analysis of the influence of the infiltration waters in the sewage flows and present adequacy, as well as the infiltration rate in the system implanted in the county of Gravatal.A situação precária em que se encontram as condições de saneamento ambiental no Brasil, especialmente se tratando de coleta, transporte e tratamento de esgoto, exige atenção, para que mais pesquisas sejam voltadas para esse foco. O tratamento de esgotos é um indicador que está diretamente ligado à saúde pública, à qualidade de vida dos cidadãos e à dos cursos hídricos. A implantação de um sistema de tratamento de esgoto proporciona o avanço para um munícipio, e sua concepção deve ser realizada com planejamento para que os parâmetros e critérios adotados no projeto condigam com a realidade. A taxa de infiltração contribui expressivamente para a composição das vazões de um sistema de tratamento de esgotos, consequentemente influencia direta e significativamente no dimensionamento das estruturas. Normalmente são empregados, para taxas de infiltração, valores extraídos de literaturas que podem variar de 0,05 a 1,00 l/s.km, visto que os valores apresentam elevada amplitude e não correspondem às áreas onde serão implantados os sistemas, conhecer o real valor para contribuições de infiltração torna mais preciso o projeto desses sistemas. Essa pesquisa apresenta um estudo de caso que visa relacionar os índices pluviométricos às variações de vazão na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) no município de Gravatal/SC. Para tanto, fez-se o monitoramento dos volumes de efluentes tratados na ETE, efetivado através de um medidor eletromagnético, além do acompanhamento das precipitações que ocorreram no período estudado, por meio de um pluviômetro. Os valores obtidos nesse monitoramento foram aplicados à metodologia de Metcalf e Eddy (1991) que relaciona a diferença de vazão em dias secos e chuvosos à extensão total de rede coletora de esgotos, com a finalidade de encontrar os valores para contribuição de infiltração. Para conhecer a extensão total de rede que coleta e transporta os efluentes no município, realizou-se um trabalho de campo onde foi mapeada toda rede. Os resultados encontrados possibilitam a análise da influência das águas de infiltração nas vazões de esgoto e apresentam adequação, quanto à taxa de infiltração no sistema implantado no município de Gravatal
The Effect of Induced Optimism on Situational Pain Catastrophizing
Full text linkBackground: There is broad evidence that optimism is associated with less pain, while pain catastrophizing leads to increased pain. The aim of this study was to examine whether experimentally induced optimism can reduce situational pain catastrophizing and whether this relation is moderated by dispositional optimism and/or dispositional pain catastrophizing.Methods: Situational pain catastrophizing during two thermal stimulations was measured in 40 healthy participants with the Situational Catastrophizing Questionnaire (SCQ). Between the two stimulations, the Best Possible Self (BPS) imagery and writing task was performed to induce situational optimism in the experimental group while the control group wrote about their typical day. Questionnaires were administered to assess dispositional optimism [Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R)] and dispositional pain catastrophizing [Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)].Results: There was a significant interaction between the optimism induction and trait pain catastrophizing: the association of trait pain catastrophizing with state pain catastrophizing was weakened after the optimism induction. No overall effect of induced optimism on situational pain catastrophizing and no significant moderating influence of trait optimism were found.Conclusion: The state optimism induction apparently counteracted the manifestation of dispositional pain catastrophizing as situational pain catastrophizing. This implies that high trait pain catastrophizers may have especially benefitted from the optimism induction, which is in line with resilience models stressing the buffering role of optimism.</p
Fear of cancer recurrence, optimism and trait resilience predict emotional and physical functioning in breast cancer survivors
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Comment on ‘Differences in somatic perception in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome with and without fibromyalgia’ L. Chang et al., PAIN 84 (2000) 297–307
No full textPain, please: An investigation of sampling bias in pain research
Full text linkExperimental pain research frequently relies on the recruitment of volunteers. However, because experimental pain research often involves unpleasant and painful sensations, it may be especially susceptible to sampling bias. That is, volunteers in experimental pain research might differ from nonvolunteers on several relevant variables that could affect the generalizability and external validity of the research. We conducted 2 studies to investigate potential sampling bias in experimental pain research. In study 1 we assessed participants' (N = 275; age = 17-30 years) perceived likelihood of participating in pain research. Pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, illness and injury sensitivity, depression, anxiety, sensation-seeking, gender identity, body appreciation, and social desirability were also assessed as potential predictors of the likelihood to participate. In study 2, participants (N = 87; Age = 18-31 years) could sign up for 2 nearly identical studies, with only one involving painful sensations. Thirty-six participants signed up for the pain study and 51 participants signed up for the no pain study. Study 1 showed that lower levels of fear of pain, higher levels of sensation-seeking, and older age predicted the perceived likelihood of participating in pain research. Study 2 showed significantly higher levels of sensation-seeking in participants who signed up for the pain study compared with those who signed up for the no-pain study. The implications of these findings for future research, as well as the clinical conclusions on the basis of experimental pain research, are discussed. Perspective: Intention to participate in experimental pain research was associated with less fear of pain, higher sensation-seeking, and older age. Actual participation in experimental pain research was associated with higher sensation-seeking. This potential sampling bias in studies involving painful stimuli could limit external validity and generalizability of pain research. (C) 2018 by the American Pain Societ
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