196,393 research outputs found
Revealing the history of sheep domestication using retrovirus integrations
No full textThe domestication of livestock represented a crucial step in human history. By using endogenous retroviruses as genetic markers, we found that sheep differentiated on the basis of their "retrotype" and morphological traits dispersed across Eurasia and Africa via separate migratory episodes. Relicts of the first migrations include the Mouflon, as well as breeds previously recognized as "primitive" on the basis of their morphology, such as the Orkney, Soay, and the Nordic short-tailed sheep now confined to the periphery of northwest Europe. A later migratory episode, involving sheep with improved production traits, shaped the great majority of present-day breeds. The ability to differentiate genetically primitive sheep from more modern breeds provides valuable insights into the history of sheep domestication
Lung adenocarcinoma originates from retrovirus infection of proliferating type 2 pneumocytes during pulmonary post-natal development or tissue repair
No full textJaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is a unique oncogenic virus with distinctive biological properties. JSRV is the only virus causing a naturally occurring lung cancer (ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, OPA) and possessing a major structural protein that functions as a dominant oncoprotein. Lung cancer is the major cause of death among cancer patients. OPA can be an extremely useful animal model in order to identify the cells originating lung adenocarcinoma and to study the early events of pulmonary carcinogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that lung adenocarcinoma in sheep originates from infection and transformation of proliferating type 2 pneumocytes (termed here lung alveolar proliferating cells, LAPCs). We excluded that OPA originates from a bronchioalveolar stem cell, or from mature post-mitotic type 2 pneumocytes or from either proliferating or non-proliferating Clara cells. We show that young animals possess abundant LAPCs and are highly susceptible to JSRV infection and transformation. On the contrary, healthy adult sheep, which are normally resistant to experimental OPA induction, exhibit a relatively low number of LAPCs and are resistant to JSRV infection of the respiratory epithelium. Importantly, induction of lung injury increased dramatically the number of LAPCs in adult sheep and rendered these animals fully susceptible to JSRV infection and transformation. Furthermore, we show that JSRV preferentially infects actively dividing cell in vitro. Overall, our study provides unique insights into pulmonary biology and carcinogenesis and suggests that JSRV and its host have reached an evolutionary equilibrium in which productive infection (and transformation) can occur only in cells that are scarce for most of the lifespan of the sheep. Our data also indicate that, at least in this model, inflammation can predispose to retroviral infection and cancer
Requirements for veterinary research and the recruitment of veterinary surgeons into research
No full textVeterinary science plays a crucial role in society and it is important that veterinarians are involved. However, there are concerns about a growing gap in the quality of veterinary science compared with other biomedical sciences, and about falling recruitment of veterinarians into research. Andrea Nolan and Massimo Palmarini, on behalf of the RCVS Research Subcommittee, discuss these concerns and the steps being taken to encourage more veterinary graduates into a career in research
nächster halt! nuova linea. L’architettura dei connettori di trasporto e spazi pubblici per Berlino
No full textIl volume espone gli esiti del seminario di ricerca progettuale internazionale Berlin City West. Da Ernst- Reuter-Platz ad An der Urania, organizzato dalla Scuola di Dottorato dell’Università Iuav di Venezia, Dottorato in Architettura, città e design, curriculum Composizione architettonica, con il Deutscher Werkbund Berlin.
“nächster halt! new line. The architecture of the transport connectors and public spaces for Berlin".
Maurizio Meriggi, Luca Monica, Riccarda Cantarelli, Piercarlo Palmarini with Luca Bergamaschi, Rilind Cocaj
If in Berlin private vehicle traffic is decreasing and the lanes for this purpose can be reduced, then the street must be rethought, its space redesigned, to be encouraged in a virtuous process, thus increasing public transport and improving urban quality.
The first Connector determines the interchange node integrated into the life of the University Campus (between the Zoo Station, the Landwehrkanal and the Ernst-Reuter-Platz), while the second Connector generates a long overlapping platform along the commercial strip of the Tauentzienstraße-Wittenbergplatz
Barisano da Trani e le sue porte in bronzo.
No full textSigned: I.M. Palmarini."Estratto da l'Arte, anno I, fasc. I-II (1898)"Caption title.Mode of access: Internet
Mind Your Keys? A Security Evaluation of Java Keystores
No full textCryptography is complex and variegate and requires to combine different algorithms and mechanisms in nontrivial ways. This complexity is often source of vulnerabilities. Secure key management is one of the most critical aspects, since leaking a cryptographic key vanishes any advantage of using cryptography. In this paper we analyze Java keystores, the standard way to manage and securely store keys in Java applications. We consider seven keystore implementations from Oracle JDK and Bouncy Castle, a widespread cryptographic library. We describe, in detail, how the various keystores enforce confidentiality and integrity of the stored keys through passwordbased cryptography and we show that many of the implementations do not adhere to state-of-the-art cryptographic standards. We investigate the resistance to offline attacks and we show that, for non-compliant keystores, brute-forcing can be up to three orders of magnitude faster with respect to the most compliant keystore. Additionally, when an attacker can tamper with the keystore file, some implementations are vulnerable to denial of service attacks or, in the worst case, arbitrary code execution. Finally we discuss the fixes implemented by Oracle and Bouncy Castle developers following our responsible disclosure
Ground-glass opacity: Interpretation of high resolution CT findings
No full textGround-glass opacity (GGO) is a common finding on high resolution CT, characterized by areas of hazy increased attenuation of the lung with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins; it is not to be confused with consolidation, in which bronchovascular structures are obscured. It correlates with several pathogenic processes, such as like partial filling of air spaces, inflammatory or fibrotic interstitial thickening, increased capillary blood volume. Infiltrative GGO can representing either interstitial or alveolar processes. GGO is a nonspecific finding; however, the correlation with any of the associated CT findings (nodular lesions, consolidation, septal thickening, fibrosis, vessels or airway calibre alterations, air trapping), and clinical data is helpful in narrowing the range of diagnostic possibilities, or even in suggesting a specific diagnosis. GGO can indicate a potentially treatable disease, help guide the type and location of biopsy and evaluate the effectiveness of therapy. This review discusses the types of lung disease associated with GGO, and the differential diagnosis between GGO caused by infiltrative processes and the mosaic patterns of lung attenuation caused by primary vascular diseases or airway abnormalities. This distinction can be made by evaluating the vessel calibre and air trapping on expiratory scans
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