14 research outputs found
Consequences of Oil and Food Price Shocks on the Ecuadorian Economy
Get PDFIn this study, I investigated the short run impact on macroeconomics variables in Ecuador, economic growth and inflation specifically, due to world oil price and global food price shocks, considered these last two, as external variables. The model used to explain the dynamic of variables was the structural vector autoregression (SVAR), with annual data from 1980 to 2015. I concluded that oil price shocks affect positively to economic growth in Ecuador during two consecutive years, and then it returns to its natural state gradually. No enough statistically significant evidence was found, to conclude the global food index affect economic growth or inflation in Ecuador. Inflation neither showed significant response to oil price shocks. Considering the small sample in this study, due to unavailability of domestic economic data, the model resulted stable, and it is in line with arguments from other authors. Oil price shocks are a very important variable to keep watching, as Ecuador still depends on it, any government macroeconomic policy should be focus to it.
Keywords: Oil price, Food price, SVAR, FIR, FEVD, Ecuador.
JEL Classifications: C32, 040, F2
Oil Price and Real GDP Growth of Ecuador: A Vector Autoregressive Approach
Get PDFAbstract. Ecuador is an oil exporter country but it is also an importer of oil derivatives products, in this research the relationship between the world average price of oil and the GDP per capital of Ecuador is studied, taking annual data of both from 1980 to 2015 and using the methodology of Vector Autoregressive (VAR), it is concluded according to the Impulse Response Function that a positive shock on the price of oil affects positively the GDP growth of Ecuador for 2 unit times and then returns to its natural state later. This must be explained because Ecuador is a net exporter of oil, the VAR model showed itself stable, in addition it was demonstrated that there is a causal relationship of GDP to the Price according to methodology of Toda-Yamamoto.Keywords. Average Oil price, GDP, VAR, Ecuador.JEL. C32, 040, F20
Reseña: Stefanie Große (2008). Lebensbrüche als Chance? Lern- und Bildungsprozesse im Umgang mit kritischen Lebensereignissen [¿Eventos críticos de la vida como oportunidades? Educación y procesos de aprendizaje al afrontar eventos críticos de vida]
No full textDie Arbeit von Stefanie GROßE beschäftigt sich mit der subjektiven Bedeutung kritischer Lebensereignisse in Biografien junger Frauen. Konsequenzen bezüglich beruflicher und privater Lebensplanung sowie mögliche – durch die Verarbeitung der Erfahrungen ausgelöste – Lern- und Bildungsprozesse sollen herausgearbeitet werden. Die Arbeit steht im Kontext erziehungswissenschaftlicher Biografieforschung. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit psychologischen und erziehungswissenschaftlichen Theorien und modernisierungstheoretischen Ansätzen ist der Darstellung von drei detaillierten Fallporträts vorangestellt. In der Analyse verdichten sich drei Umgangsstrategien mit kritischen Lebensereignissen, die jeweils unterschiedliche Potenziale für Lern- und Bildungsprozesse freisetzen.
URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs110276Stefanie GROßE's work addresses the subjective importance of critical life events in the biographies of young women. She examines the ramifications of critical life experiences on the design of professional and private lives, as well as on educational and learning processes triggered by the critical experience. The book is set in the context of educational science and biographical research. A discussion of psychological and educational theories as well as modernization theory approaches is followed by the presentation of three detailed case studies. In the analysis, the author identifies three strategies for dealing with critical life events, each activating different potentials of educational and learning processes. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs110276El trabajo de Stefanie GROßE aborda la importancia subjetiva de los eventos críticos de vida en biografías de mujeres jóvenes. Ella examina las ramificaciones de las experiencias de vida críticas en el diseño de la vida profesional y privada, así como en los procesos educativos y de aprendizaje provocados por experiencias críticas. El libro se desarrolla en el contexto de las ciencias de la educación y la investigación biográfica. Luego de la presentación de tres estudios de caso detallados, se presenta una discusión de las teorías psicológicas y educativas, así como de enfoques de la teoría de la modernización. En el análisis, el autor identifica tres estrategias para hacer frente a eventos críticos de la vida, cada una activando diferentes potenciales de procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje.
URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs11027
Metacirolana helenae Paiva & Souza–Filho 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Metacirolana helenae</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 1–5)</p> <p> <i>Material examined</i></p> <p> <i>Holotype.</i> Male, 1.6 mm (dissected and drawn), REVIZEE III #72, 02.117°S, 38.384°W 6 August 1998, 100.3 m, dredge, NOc Antares coll., MOUFPE 14958.</p> <p> <i>Paratypes.</i> 3 males, 1 females, REVIZEE I, #113, 03.200°S, 37.667°W, 8 September 1995, 98.5 m, N. Oc. Antares coll., MOUFPE 14845. 2 male, 1 female, REVIZEE III #72, 2.117°S, 38.384°W, 8 June 1998, 100.3 m, dredge, NOc Antares coll., MOUFPE 14840. 23 males, 13 females, 2 mancae, REVIZEE IV, #109, 1.733°S, 37.100°W, 11 October 2000, 47 m, dredge, NOc Antares coll., MOUFPE 14847.</p> <p> <i>Type locality.</i> Brazil, oceanic banks of the North Chain, REVIZEE III #72 <b>(02.117°S, 38.384°W)</b>.</p> <p> <i>Etymology.</i> Named in honour of Helena Pessoa Fidelis, beloved older daughter of the second author.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis.</i> Body about 2.5 × longer than wide, male pereion 1.8 × longer than pleon and female pereion 2.8 × length of pleon. Antenna 1 reaching pereonite 1 in the female and pereonite 2 in the male; peduncle article 1 shorter than article 2; article 2 with a tuft of five long setae in the posterodistal angle. Antenna 2 reaching pereonite 4 in the female and pereonite 6 in the male. Frontal lamina triangular, with very narrow basis widening distally. Pleonite 5 posterior margin broadly trilobate. Pleopod 2 male appendix almost straight with rounded tip, exceeding the apex of the endopod. Pleopods 3–5 with biarticulate exopod; endopod subequal to the exopod. Uropod exopod with a medial U-shaped excavation ending in an acute process. Pleotelson apex rounded and serrated without plumose setae.</p> <p> <i>Description.</i> Based on holotype male (1.6 mm) MOUFPE 14958. Body smooth, 2.3 × longer than wide; pereion 1.8 × longer than pleon. Head interocular and submarginal grooves absent. Pereonite 1 without grooves or ventral carina. Pleonite 1 partially hidden by pereonite 7. Pleonite 2 to 5 with a subacute posterolateral margin. Pleonite 5 bearing three weakly developed longitudinal processes.</p> <p>Antenna 1 peduncle article 2 with a tuft of five long plumose setae on posterodistal angle, one very long and reaching more than half of the flagellum; flagellum longer than peduncle; article 1 shortened, 1/4 of the length of article 2; article 2 elongated, being longer than peduncle article 3. Antenna 2 peduncle article 4 with two plumose setae; article 5 longer than previous articles. Mandible with 3-dentate incisor process; palp article 2 longer than article 1 (2.3 ×), article 3 falcate with setae along inner margin. Maxilla 1 endopod with three robust and plumose setae, exopod with seven robust setae. Maxilla 2 medial plate with four simple setae; lateral plate with three simple setae. Maxilliped inner plate with three distal setae; palp article 2 larger and wider than articles 3 and 4 together.</p> <p>Pereopod 1 basis narrow, distally enlarged, anterior margin not produced; ischium triangular; merus anterior margin slightly produced over carpus, anterodistal angle without setae, posterior margin with four robust setae; carpus short and triangular, with two simple setae; propodus 1.5 × longer than wide, palm slightly curved, with three blunt processes, first two bearing one robust pectinate seta, distal one bearing a simple robust seta near to dactylus insertion; dactylus long with seven subdistal setae. Pereopod 2 basis narrow; ischium triangular, anterior margin not produced; merus anterodistal margin with three simple setae; carpus short, with three simple setae in the posterodistal angle; propodus 2 × longer than broad, palm slightly curved, two marginal blunt processes, bearing one robust pectinate seta, with a simple robust seta near the dactylus insertion; dactylus long with a subdistal seta. Pereopod 3 similar to pereopod 2. Pareopods 4–7 slender, similar in form. Pereopod 7 longer than the others; basis 3 × longer than wide; ischium, merus, carpus and propodus with few robust setae.</p> <p>Penile papilla absent. Pleopod 1 peduncle with three robust setae and a plumose seta on inner margin. Pleopod 2 peduncle with four plumose setae on inner margin; appendix masculine straight with rounded tip, exceeding the apex of endopod. Pleopod 3 peduncle with three robust setae and one plumose seta on inner margin; exopod biarticulate; endopod subequal to exopod. Uropod peduncle with strongly produced and subacute distal angle bearing 2 long setae; endopod wide, 1.3 × longer than exopod, with subacute distal margin; exopod lanceolate, with acute distal margin. Pleotelson subtriangular, wider than long, without grooves or dorsal carinae, distal margin serrate and broadly rounded.</p> <p> <i>Female (sexually dimorphic characters only)</i></p> <p>Body 2.6 × longer than wide, pereion 2.8 × length of pleon. Antenna 1 reaching pereonite 1; antenna 2 reaching pereonite 4.</p> <p> <i>Distribution.</i> Brazil, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco, oceanic banks of the North Chain, depth of 47– 100 m.</p> <p> <i>Remarks.</i> <i>Metacirolana helenae</i> sp. nov. belongs to the <i>Metacirolana</i> ̍ <i>serrata</i> group̾ by virtue of its ̍smooth body surfaces, lack of dorsal carinae and abundant chromatophores̾. Within this group, the new species is most similar to <i>M. agaricicola</i> Kensley, 1984, from Belize, in the general shape of the body and in having the posterior margin of pleonite 5 broadly trilobate. However, the new species can be differentiated from <i>M. agaricicola</i> by the following characters (characters of <i>M. agaricicola</i> in parentheses): male antenna 1 with callynophore (vs lacking callynophore), female antenna 2 reaching pereonite 4 (vs peronite 2); endopod of uropod with a medial U-shaped excavation ending in an acute process on outer margin (vs lacking excavation); pleotelson distally convex (vs triangular). Additionally, Müller (1991) pointed out that <i>M. agaricicola</i> has few denticles on the posterior margins of female pereonites 4–7 and pleonites 1–5, which were missed on the original description. These denticles are absent in <i>M. helenae</i> sp. nov.</p> <p> <i>Metacirolana helenae</i> sp. nov. can also be easily differentiated from <i>M. riobaldoi</i>, also known from Brazilian waters, in lacking denticles on the posterodorsal margin of the pereion and pleon segments. A comparison of morphological characters among the <i>Metacirolana serrata</i> group recorded from the Atlantic Ocean is given in Table 2.</p>Published as part of <i>Paiva, Ricardo J. C. & Souza – Filho, Jesser F., 2023, Two new species of Metacirolana Kussakin, 1979 (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Brazilian waters, pp. 142-158 in Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4)</i> on pages 143-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2162457, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7684413">http://zenodo.org/record/7684413</a>
Agronegocio Conchero (Anadara tuberculosa): Aspectos socioeconómicos, Archipiélago de Jambelí
Get PDFEn este artículo, se presenta un estudio acerca de la parte socioeconómica del agronegocio en el sector conchero de la comuna Costa Rica, con el objetivo de diagnosticar la situación social y económica de los recolectores de concha prieta (Anadara tuberculosa). En este trabajo, se realizó una encuesta a 44 recolectores de la asociación de concheros Costa Rica, validando el instrumento con un Alpha de Cronbach de 0,87. Los resultados indican que existen gran participación del género femenino dedicado a la recolección del recurso conchero y que la mayoría de edad por participación de género esta entre 32-44 años, también hemos evidenciado que más de la mitad de las personas encuestadas no cuenta con algunos servicios básicos y de salud. El promedio de unidades de conchas prieta recolectadas por persona fue de 16.923 conchas al año, los costos e ingresos fueron de 2.200 anuales, respectivamente. Se aplicó una prueba Chi cuadrado obteniendo un p-valor 0,003 menor al alfa predefinido 0,05, según el cual se rechaza la hipótesis nula. Por esta razón, denotamos que existen indicios de una relación de dependencia entre las variables necesidad y oportunidad de emprender. La actividad del recurso conchero si genera utilidades para los comuneros
Agronegocio Conchero (Anadara tuberculosa): Aspectos socioeconómicos, Archipiélago de Jambelí
No full textEn este artículo, se presenta un estudio acerca de la parte socioeconómica del agronegocio en el sector conchero de la comuna Costa Rica, con el objetivo de diagnosticar la situación social y económica de los recolectores de concha prieta (Anadara tuberculosa). En este trabajo, se realizó una encuesta a 44 recolectores de la asociación de concheros Costa Rica, validando el instrumento con un Alpha de Cronbach de 0,87. Los resultados indican que existen gran participación del género femenino dedicado a la recolección del recurso conchero y que la mayoría de edad por participación de género esta entre 32-44 años, también hemos evidenciado que más de la mitad de las personas encuestadas no cuenta con algunos servicios básicos y de salud. El promedio de unidades de conchas prieta recolectadas por persona fue de 16.923 conchas al año, los costos e ingresos fueron de 2.200 anuales, respectivamente. Se aplicó una prueba Chi cuadrado obteniendo un p-valor 0,003 menor al alfa predefinido 0,05, según el cual se rechaza la hipótesis nula. Por esta razón, denotamos que existen indicios de una relación de dependencia entre las variables necesidad y oportunidad de emprender. La actividad del recurso conchero si genera utilidades para los comuneros
Metacirolana manuelae Paiva & Souza–Filho 2023, sp. nov.
No full textMetacirolana manuelae sp. nov. (Figures 6–10) Material examined Holotype. Female, REVIZEE III #40, 4.084°S, 37.417°W, 15 May 1998, 50 m, dredge, NOc Antares coll., MOUFPE 14959. Paratypes. 1 male, REVIZEE III #40, 04.084°S, 37.417°W, 15 May 1998, 50 m, dredge, NOc Antares coll., MOUFPE 14843. 1 male, BPOT I #13 A, 04.790°̎S, 36.386°W, 22 November 2003, 47.1 m, N. OC. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14755. 6 males, 10 females, BPOT I #23 C, 04.617°S, 36.600°W, 23 November 2003, 21.8 m, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14782. 1 male, BPOT I #30 B, 04.783°S, 36.650°W, 15 December 2003, 18.8 m, N. OC. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14776. 1 male, 1 female, BPOT II #34, 4.701S, 36.748°W, 20 May 2003, 24.3 m, dredge, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14827. 2 males, 7 females, BPOT II #30, 04.791°S, 36.656°W, 20 May 2003, 18.8 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14826. 3 males, 7 females, 4 mancae, BPOT II #14 AM, 04.790°S, 36.386°W, 22 November 2003, 47.1 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14796. 3 males, 8 females, BPOT II #6, 04.881°S, 36.297°W, 21 November 2003, 17.1 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14789. 1 male, BPOT II #06 AM, 04.790°S, 36.386°W, 21 November 2003, 17.1 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14788. 1 females, 1 manca, BPOT II #34 AM, 04.701°S, 36.297°W, 24 November 2003, 24.3 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14790. 1 male, BPOT II #14 AM, 04.790°S, 36.386°W, 22 November 2003, 47.1 m van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14793. 2 females, BPOT II #12, 04.881°S, 36.386°W, 22 November 2003, 13.7 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14794. 1 male, BPOT IV #34, 04.701°S, 36.386°W, 29 May 2004, 24.3 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14806. 1 female, BPOT IV #30, 04.791°S, 36.656°W, 28 May 2004, 18.8 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14799. 14 males, 18 females, BPOT IV #23, 04.790°S, 36.566°W, 27 May 2004, 21.8 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14800. 2 mancae, BPOT IV #23, 04.790°S, 36.566°W, 27 May 2004, 21.8 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14809. 2 females, BPOT IV #13, 04.790°S, 36.386°W, 26 May 2004, 47.1 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14807. 5 males, 8 females, 2 mancae, BPOT IV #14, 04.881°S, 36.476°W, 27 May 2004, 47.1 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14811. 2 males, BPOT IV #31, 04.701°S, 36.657°W, 28 May 2004, 38.5 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14818. 1 male, BPOT IV #12, 04.881°S, 36.386°W, 26 May 2004, 13.7 m van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14823. 1 female ovada, BPOT IV #14, 04.881°S, 36.476°W, 27 May 2004, 47.1 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14805. 1 manca, BPOT IV #6, 04.881°S, 36.297°W, 26 May 2004, 17.1 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14821. 2 male, 4 females, BPOT IV #30, 04.791°S, 36.656°W, 28 May 2004, 18.8 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14816. 2 females, BPOT IV #34, 04.701°S, 36.748°W, 29 May 2004, 24.3 m, van veen, N. Oc. Astro Garoupa coll., MOUFPE 14812. 1 female, REVIZEE III # 77A, 01.628°S, 38.166°W, 7 June 1998, 56 m, dredge, NOc Antares coll., MOUFPE 14841. 1 female, REVIZEE IV #165, 08.135°S, 34.635°W, 1 December 2000, dredge, NOc Antares coll., MOUFPE 14838. a Only the male is known. Type locality. Brazil, Ceará State, REVIZEE III #40, 4.084°S, 37.417°W. Etymology. Named after Manuela Pessoa Fidelis, beloved younger daughter of the second author. Diagnosis. Body about 2.5 × longer than wide, male pereion 1.6 × length of pleon. Antenna 1 reaching pereonite 1 in the female and pereonite 2 in the male; peduncle article 1 shorter than article 2; article 2 with a tuft of five long setae in the posterodistal angle. Antenna 2 reaching pereonite 5 in the female and pereonite 6 in the male. Pereopod 6 carpus with a distal tuft of long plumose setae. Pleonite 5 posterior margin smooth. Pleopod 2 male appendix almost straight with rounded tip, exceeding the apex of the endopod. Pleopods 4–5 with biarticulate exopod; endopod subequal to the exopod. Uropod exopod with a medial U-shaped excavation ending in an acute process. Pleotelson apex rounded and serrated, with plumose setae. Description Holotype. Female, 2.55 mm, MOUFPE 14959. Body about 2.5 × longer than wide; without ornamentation. Head interocular sulcus absent. Pereonite 1 without grooves or ventral carina. Pleonite 1 partially hidden by pereonite 7. Pleonite 2–5 posterolateral angle subacute. Pleonite 5 without dorsal ornamentation. Antenna 1 reaching 1/3 of pereonite 1; peduncle, article 2 larger than articles 1 and 3, anterodistal angle with a simple seta and a long plumose seta; posterodistal angle with a very long plumose seta, reaching 1/2 of flagellum; article 3, anterodistal angle with a tuft of plumose setae; flagellum longer than peduncle; article 1 1/4 length of article 2; article 2 elongated, larger than article 3 of the peduncle. Antenna 2 reaching pereonite 4. Frontal lamina triangular, with a very narrow basis widening distally. Mandible 3-dentate incisor process; lacinia mobilis present; palp article 2 longer than article 1; article 2 3 × length of article 1, article 3 falciform with plumose setae on inner margin. Maxilla 1, endopod with three plumose robust setae;exopod with eight robust setae. Maxilla 2 medial plate with four simple setae; lateral plate with three simple setae. Maxilliped endite with a marginal robust seta and three distal setae, palp article 2 longer and wider than articles 3 and 4 together. Pereopod 1 basis narrow; ischium distally enlarged, anterior margin produced over merus; merus anterior and posterior margin slightly produced over carpus, anterodistal margin without setae, posterior margin with three robust setae; carpus short and triangular, with a robust seta and a single long seta; propodus 1.5 × longer than broad, palm with two robust pectinated setae and three setae near the dactylus insertion; dactylus robust without subdistal seta. Pereopod 2 basis narrow; ischium distally enlarged, anterior margin not produced over merus; merus anterodistal margin with three slender setae; short carpal, with 14 robust setae in the posterodistal angle; 3 × longer than broad, palm with two strong marginal setae and two robust setae close to the dactylus insertion; dactylus with a thin subdistal seta. Pereopod 3 similar in form to pereopod 2. Pereopods 4–7 robust, similar in form and increasing gradually in length; basis than 3 × longer than wide or more; ischium, merus, carpal and propodus with robust setae. Pereopod 6 carpus with a distal tuft of very long plumose setae. Pereopod 7 longer than the others. Pleopod 1 peduncle with four robust setae and a plumose seta on the inner margin. Pleopod 2 peduncle with four robust setae and a plumose seta at the inner margin, pleopod and exopod uniarticulate. Pleopod 3 peduncle with three robust setae and a plumose seta at the inner margin; endopod uniarticulate, subequal to exopod, with plumose setae; exopod biarticulate. Pleopod 4 peduncle with three robust setae and a plumose seta at inner margin; exopod biarticulate. Pleopod 5 peduncle with three robust setae and a plumose seta on inner margin; endopod subequal to exopod and with plumose setae; exopod biarticulate. Uropod peduncle distal internal angle strongly produced and subacute with 2–6 plumose setae; lanceolate endopod, with subacute distal margin; 1.8 × wider than exopod, with short Ushaped medial notch on outer margin, bearing a long plumose seta and three long facial setae; exopod lanceolate, with subacute distal margin. Pleotelson subtriangular, as long as broad, without ridges or dorsal carinae, apex rounded and serrated with plumose setae. Male (sexually dimorphic characters only) Body 2.7 × longer than wide, pereion 1.2 × length of pleon. Antenna 1 reaching pereonite 1; antenna 2 reaching pereonite 3. Distribution. Brazil, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, oceanic banks of the North Chain, 50–56 m depth. Remarks. Metacirolana manuelae sp. nov. also belongs to the Metacirolana ̍ serrata group̾ and it is similar to Metacirolana menziensi Kensley, 1984, from Belize, in the absence of any dorsal ornamentation throughout the body and in the shape of the pleotelson. The new species described herein (distinguishing characters of M. menziensi in brackets), however, has a very long sensory seta in article 2 of the peduncle of antenna 1 (vs absent), endopod of the uropod with small U-shaped medial notch at the outer margin, containing a long plumose seta and three long facial setae (vs absent) and pleopods 4–5 exopod biarticulate (vs pleopods 3–5). Metacirolana manuelae sp. nov. is also similar to M. helenae sp. nov. in the format of the endopod of the uropod, but the former has pleonite 1 smooth, the apex of the pleotelson is more rounded and the antennae are shorter. See also Table 2. Key to Metacirolana from the Atlantic Ocean 1a. Eyes absent............................................................................................................................................ 2 2b. Eyes present........................................................................................................................................... 3 2a Antenna 2 very long, reaching pleonite 3, pereion 1.4 × x longer than pleon;.......................................................................................................... Metacirolana mayana (Bowman, 1987) 2b. Antenna 2 not very long, reaching pereonite 3; pereion 3.6 × x longer than pleon........................................................................................................ Metacirolana caeca (Hansen, 1916) 3a. Posterior margin of pleonite 5 broadly trilobate.................................................................... 4 3b. Posterior margin of pleonite 5 not broadly trilobate............................................................ 6 4a. Male antenna 2 reaching pereonite 2, uropod endopod with a medial U-shaped excavation ending in an acute process.............................. Metacirolana helenae sp. nov. 4b. Male antenna 2 reaching pereonite 4; uropod endopod lacking excavation on outer margin...................................................................................................................................................... 5 5a. Pleotelson distally triangular, uropod rami strongly dentate............................................................................................................................................. Metacirolana agaricicola Kensley, 1984 5b. Pleotelson distally triangular convex, uropod rami weakly dentate........................................................................................................................................... Metacirolana agujae Müller, 1991 6a. Body without dorsal spines............................................................................................................. 7 6b. Body with dorsal spines.................................................................................................................... 8 7a. Antenna 1 article 2 of peduncle with a very long seta, reaching half length of flagellum; pleopods 4–5 exopod biarticulate; uropod endopod with an U-shaped excavation ending in an acute process.......................... Metacirolana manuelae sp. nov. 7b. Antenna 1 article 2 of peduncle lacking a very long seta; pleopods 3–5 exopod biarticulate, uropod endopod without U-shaped excavation ending in an acute process.............................................................................. Metacirolana menziesi Kensley, 1984 8a. Pleotelson tapering to truncate posterior margin......................... Metacirolana halia Kensley, 1984 8b. Pleotelson tapering to triangular posterior margin............................................................................................................... Metacirolana riobaldoi (Lemos de Castro and Brasil Lima, 1976)Published as part of Paiva, Ricardo J. C. & Souza – Filho, Jesser F., 2023, Two new species of Metacirolana Kussakin, 1979 (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Brazilian waters, pp. 142-158 in Journal of Natural History 57 (1 - 4) on pages 148-157, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2162457, http://zenodo.org/record/768441
Dolicholana ivanyae Paiva & Souza-Filho 2023, spec. nov.
No full text<i>Dolicholana ivanyae</i> spec. nov. <p>(Figs 1–6)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> <i>Holotype</i>: male, 15 mm, (dissected and drawn, 8 slides), Revizee Sul, station # 6743, Box Corer, 23°55’40”S, 42°47’60”W, 508 m, 15 February 1998, MNRJ 20208.</p> <p> <i>Paratypes</i>: 1 manca (8 mm, drawn, pereopod 7 present not full developed), Santos Basin, S „o Paulo, Brazil, Station BS-N-07, 137G266, 26º03’26.15”S, 45º42’28.88”W, 24 May 2002, 440 m, MZUSP 25641. 1 manca (7 mm, lacking pereopod 7), Revizee Central, station # 6752, Box Corer, 15°49’58.8”S 38°35’27.6”W, 250 m, 16 February 1998, MNRJ 20207.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Brazil, 23°55’40”S, 42°47’60”W.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Named after Ivanya Vieira da Silva Paiva, wife of the first author.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Head interocular furrow present, submarginal furrow absent, dorsal furrow complete. Eyes separated by about 50% head width, strongly pigmented. Frontal lamina 1.5 times as long as wide, linguiform, anterior margin rounded, visible in dorsal view and reaching antenna 1 article 2. Pereopod 7 different from pereopod 6 in shape and ornamentation, densely setose, basis, ischium and merus anterior and posterior margins with very long plumose setae. Pleonite 1 not visible in dorsal view. Pleonite 3 posteroventral angle subacute and entire. Pleopods 3–5 endopod lacking marginal setae. Pleopod 5 exopod with complete suture. Pleotelson longer than wide, apex broadly rounded, distal margin with plumose setae, lacking RS.</p> <p> <b>Description of male holotype.</b> <i>Body</i> 3.1 times as long as greatest width, dorsal surface smooth, widest at pereonite 5, lateral margins slightly convex. Rostral point absent, frontal margin truncate. <i>Eyes</i> separated by about 50% head width, eye colour black. <i>Pereonite 1</i> and <i>coxae 2–3</i> each with posteroventral angle rounded; coxae 2–7 with entire oblique carina; pereonites 5–7 posterior margins smooth. <i>Pleon</i> with pleonite 1 almost concealed by pereonite 7; pleonites 2–5 posterior margin smooth; pleonite 2 posterolateral angles forming subacute point, not posteriorly produced; pleonite 3 posterolateral margins acute and not extending to pleonite 5 posterior margin; pleonite 4 posterolateral margin rounded extended beyond pleonite 5 posterior margin; pleonite 5 with posterolateral angles overlapped by pleonite 4 lateral margins. <i>Pleotelson</i> shorter than anterior width (0.87 times), without longitudinal carina, without dense patch of setae; lateral margins convex, smooth; posterior margin broadly rounded, with plumose setae.</p> <p> <i>Antenna 1</i> peduncle articles 1 and 2 distinct and articulated; article 2 0.80 times as long as article 1; article 3 and 4 0.60 times as long as articles 1 and 2 length combined; article 3 almost as long as wide; flagellum moderately widened medially, with 12 articles, extending beyond to eye posterior margin. <i>Antenna 2</i> peduncle article 4 1.5 times as long as wide, almost as long as article 3, with 3 short simple setae (distal); article 5 1.2 times as long as article 4, 2.4 times as long as wide, anterodistal angle with cluster of 3 short simple seta; flagellum with 22 articles, extending to pereonite 2.</p> <p> <i>Frontal lamina</i> long and linguiform, ventral surface entirely flat, 1.5 times longer than greatest width, lateral margins slightly convex, anterior margin rounded, visible in dorsal and reaching antenna 1 article 2. <i>Mandible</i> molar process anterior margin with 20 flat teeth; with proximal cluster of long simple setae; right mandible spine row composed of 8 spines; palp article 2 with 20 distolateral setae, article 3 with 13 slender setae. <i>Maxillula</i> mesial lobe with 3 large CPS RS and 1 short large CPS RS; lateral lobe with 11 RS. <i>Maxilla</i> lateral lobe with 5 long simple setae; middle lobe with 11 long simple setae; mesial lobe with 11 distal pappose setae. <i>Maxilliped</i> palp article 1 mesial margin without setae, lateral margin distally with 5 long CPS; article 2 mesial margin with 11 slender setae, lateral margin with 2 long and plumose setae; article 3 mesial margin with 14 slender setae, lateral margin with 6 long CPS and 2 slender setae; article 4 mesial margin with 14 slender setae and 4 pappose setae, lateral margin with 3 long CPS; article 5 distal margin to mesial margin with 15 slender setae and 6 pappose setae, lateral margin with 2 long and plumose setae; endite with 5 long CPS and 2 coupling setae.</p> <p> <i>Pereopod 1</i> basis 2 times as long as greatest width, superior margin with 8 short plumose setae, superior distal angle with lacking cluster of setae, inferior margin with 6 long and slender setae, inferior distal angle with a cluster of 8 slender setae; ischium 0.8 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 9 simple setae and 2 RS, inferior distal margin without setae, superior margin with a middle and long CPS, superior distal margin produced over merus and with a cluster of long and slender setae, mesial margin with a cluster of long and slender setae; merus inferior margin with a row of 13 simple setae, superior distal angle produced and reaching 2/3 of carpus, superior margin with a row simple and RS; carpus inferior margin lacking setae, inferior distal angle with 2 RS; propodus 2.5 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 6 simple setae and 4 RS, inferior distal margin with 1 RS and 6 simple setae, superior distal margin with 4 short setae; dactylus 0.7 times as long as propodus. <i>Pereopod 2</i> ischium inferior margin with 12 long simple setae, inferior distal margin without setae, superior distal margin produced over merus and with a cluster of long and slender setae, mesial margin with a cluster of long and slender setae; merus inferior margin with 2 stout RS and 6 acute RS, set as single row, inferior distal margin with 2 RS, superior distal angle produced and reaching 2/3 of carpus, superior margin with a row of both long and simple and 7 stout RS, mesial margin with a row of 4 stout RS and 13 simple and long setae; carpus inferior margin with 3 stout RS, inferior distal margin with 3 long acute RS and 4 simple seta; propodus 2.2 as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 long RS and 4 simple setae, inferior distal margin with 1 short RS and 3 simple setae; dactylus 0.8 times as long as propodus. <i>Pereopod 3</i> similar to pereopod 2. <i>Pereopods 4–6</i> similar to each other. <i>Pereopod 7</i> both inferior and superior margins densely setose (plumose setae); basis slightly ovate, 2.2 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis, 1.7 times as long as wide, widened distally; merus 0.5 times as long as ischium, 1.8 times as long as wide; carpus 0.5 times as long as ischium, 2.6 times as long as wide; propodus 0.5 times as long as ischium, 4.6 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 1 RS; dactylus 0.7 times as long as propodus. <i>Penes</i> distinct flat rounded lobes, separated by 15% of sternal width.</p> <p> <i>Pleopod 1</i> exopod 1.3 times as long as wide, lateral margin slightly convex, distally broadly rounded with strongly oblique medial margin, mesial margin strongly convex, with PMS from distal two-third, with ~90 PMS; endopod 1.4 times as long as wide, distally narrowly rounded, with PMS from distal one-third, mesial margin with PMS from distal one-third, endopod with ~20 PMS; peduncle 0.45 times as wide as long, mesial margin with 7 coupling setae. <i>Pleopod 2</i> exopod with ~90 PMS, endopod with ~21 PMS; appendix masculina inserted medially, with parallel margins, as long as endopod, distally subacute. Pleopod 3 exopod with ~100 PMS, endopod without PMS. Pleopod 4 exopod with ~75 PMS, endopod without PMS. Pleopod 5 exopod biarticulate, with ~55 PMS from distal two-third, endopod without PMS. Pleopods 2–5 endopod distal margin subacute.</p> <p> <i>Uropod</i> peduncle ventrolateral margin with 1 long RS, 1 short RS and 2 PMS, lateral margin with medial 4 short acute RS and 2 PMS, posterior lobe 0.80 times as long as endopod; rami extending beyond pleotelson, lateral, distal and mesial margin lined with long PMS. Endopod apically truncate; lateral margin straight, without prominent excision; mesial margin straight. Exopod not extending to end of endopod, 3.3 times as long as greatest width, apically rounded; lateral and mesial margin straight.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and S„o Paulo (Brazil), 250–508 m depth (Fig. 7).</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> Two smaller individuals, mancae with 7 mm (MNRJ 20207) and juvenile with 8 mm (MZUSP 25641) have pleonite 1 not covered by pereonite 7, while in adult male holotype (15 mm, MNRJ 20208) the pereonite 7 hidden almost completely the pleonite 1. This character was not observed in other species of <i>Dolicholana,</i> which may be due to differing ontogenetic development of the species.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Dolicholana ivanyae</i> <b>spec. nov.</b> is similar to <i>D. brucei</i>, recently described from Brazil (the Potiguar Basin off Rio Grande do Norte), and <i>D. elongata</i>, from the Pacific Ocean, in having a long frontal lamina that is visible in the dorsal view between the antennae, and the broadly rounded distal margin of the pleotelson. <i>Dolicholana ivanyae</i> <b>spec. nov.</b> can nevertheless be differentiated from <i>D. brucei</i> due to the frontal lamina surpassing article 2 of the peduncle of antenna 1 (<i>vs.</i> slightly surpassing peduncle 1) and visible dorsally between the antennae (<i>vs.</i> not visible dorsally), eyes separated by about 50% of the width of the head (<i>vs.</i> 18%), head with truncated anterior margin (<i>vs.</i> rounded), dorsal groove present (<i>vs.</i> absent), pereopod 7, densely setose, anterior and posterior margins of the basi-ischium and merus with very long plumose setae (<i>vs.</i> short plumose setae), uniarticulate endopods of pleopods 3 and 4 (<i>vs.</i> biarticulate), and distal margin pleotelson with no RS (<i>vs.</i> distal margin with two RS).</p> <p> <i>Dolicholana ivanyae</i> <b>spec. nov.</b> differs from <i>D. elongata</i> based on the following combination of characters: head with truncated (<i>vs.</i> slightly concave) anterior margin, dorsal groove present (<i>vs.</i> absent), frontal lamina very elongated surpassing article 2 of the peduncle of antenna 1 (<i>vs.</i> slightly surpassing article 1), pereopod 7 basis anterior and posterior margins densely setose with very long setae (<i>vs.</i> short setae), endopods of pleopods 3 and 4 uniarticulated (<i>vs.</i> biarticulate), pleotelson with distal margin lacking RS (<i>vs.</i> two RS), epimera 3 and 4 with a subacute (<i>vs.</i> rounded) posteroventral angle. A comparison of selected morphological parameters for all the species of the genus <i>Dolicholana</i>, including the new species, is provided in Table 1.</p>Published as part of <i>Paiva, Ricardo J. C. & Souza-Filho, Jesser F., 2023, Three new species of the family Cirolanidae Dana, 1852 (Isopoda, Cymothoida) from the shallow Brazilian bathyal, pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 5319 (1)</i> on pages 3-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5319.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8181996">http://zenodo.org/record/8181996</a>
Politolana cleoniceae Paiva & Souza-Filho 2023, spec. nov.
No full text<i>Politolana cleoniceae</i> spec. nov. <p>(Figs 13–17)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> <i>Holotype</i>: female, 45.5 mm, (dissected and drawn, dissected appendages in alcohol 75%), Pernambuco, Continental Shelf, baited bottom traps, 8°30’07.5”S, 34°41’37.7”W, 307 m, 06 October 2015, MOUFPE 15530.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Brazil, 8°30’07.5”S, 34°41’37.7”W.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Named in honour of Cleonice Peres de Carvalho, mother of first author.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Head interocular furrow present, submarginal sulcus present, incomplete dorsal groove. Antenna 1 not reaching pereonite 1. Antenna 2 reaching pereonite 1 posterior margin. Pereopods 1–4 basis without plumose marginal setae. Pereopod 7 merus with anterodistal angle rounded and very expanded. Pleonite 1 visible. Pleotelson as long as wide, smooth, apex truncated with a subacute medial process, distal margin with plumose setae, or with 2 RS.</p> <p> <b>Description of female holotype.</b> <i>Body</i> 2.8 times as long as greatest width, dorsal surfaces smooth, widest at pereonite 6, lateral margins slightly convex. Rostral point absent, frontal margin rounded. <i>Eyes</i> separated by about 80% head width, eye colour white. <i>Pereonite 1</i> and coxae 2–3 each with posteroventral angle rounded; coxae 4–7 with entire oblique carina; pereonites 5–7 posterior margins smooth. <i>Pleon</i> with pleonite 1 not concealed by pereonite 7, pleonites 2–5 posterior margin smooth; pleonite 2 posterolateral angles forming subacute point, not posteriorly produced; pleonite 3 posterolateral margins not extending to pleonite 5 posterior margin, acute; pleonite 4 posterolateral margin acute extended beyond pleonite 5 posterior margin; pleonite 5 with posterolateral angles overlapped by pleonite 4 lateral margin. <i>Pleotelson</i> shorter than anterior width (0.74 times); without longitudinal carina; without dense patch of setae; lateral margins convex, smooth; posterior margin broadly rounded with a middle subacute process, with plumose setae, and a row of RS.</p> <p> <i>Antenna 1</i> peduncle articles 1 and 2 distinct, articulated, article 2 0.3 times as long as article 1, article 3 and 4 0.8 times as long as combined lengths of articles 1 and 2, article 3 1.3 times as long as wide; flagellum moderately inflated, with 20 articles, extending beyond eye midway. <i>Antenna 2</i> peduncle article 4 almost as long as wide, 1.45 times as long as article 3, with 6 short simple setae (distal); article 5 1.8 times as long as article 4, 2.8 times as long as wide, anterodistal angle with cluster of 3 short simple seta; flagellum with 31 articles, extending to pereonite 3.</p> <p> <i>Frontal lamina</i> 3.75 times longer than greatest width, lateral margins straight, slightly widening anteriorly, not visible in dorsal. <i>Mandible</i> molar process anterior margin with more than 20 flat teeth; without proximal cluster of long simple setae; right mandible spine row composed of 12 spines; palp article 2 with 17 distolateral setae, article 3 with 24 slender setae. <i>Maxillula</i> mesial lobe with 3 large CPS RS; lateral lobe with 10 RS. <i>Maxilla</i> lateral lobe with 2 long simple setae; middle lobe with 16 long simple setae; mesial lobe with 2 simple setae and 12 distal pappose setae. <i>Maxilliped</i> palp article 1 mesial margin without setae, lateral margin without setae; article 2 mesial margin with 6 slender setae, lateral margin with 9 simple setae; article 3 mesial margin with 10 slender setae, lateral margin with 19 slender setae; article 4 mesial margin with 9 slender setae, lateral margin with 12 simple setae; article 5 distal margin to mesial margin with 16 simple setae, lateral margin with 6 simple setae; endite with 5 long CPS and 2 coupling setae.</p> <p> <i>Pereopod 1</i> basis 3 times as long as greatest width, superior margin setose, superior distal angle without cluster of setae, inferior margin without setae, inferior distal angle with a cluster of 4 long and slender setae; ischium 1.5 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 12 simple setae, inferior distal margin without setae, superior margin with a middle cluster of 6 simple setae, superior distal margin not produced over merus and with a line of long and slender setae; merus inferior margin with a row of 6 simple setae, superior distal angle produced and reaching 1/2 of carpus, superior margin with a row of both simple and RS; carpus inferior margin with 4 setae, inferior distal angle without setae; propodus 4.1 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 9 simple setae and 2 RS, inferior distal margin with 1 RS and 3 simple setae, superior distal margin with 4 short setae; dactylus 0.5 times as long as propodus. <i>Pereopod 2</i> ischium inferior margin with 6 long simple setae, inferior distal margin with 6 simple setae, superior distal margin not produced over merus and with a cluster of long and slender setae, mesial margin with a cluster of long and slender setae; merus inferior margin with 1 stout RS, inferior distal margin with 2 RS, superior distal angle produced and reaching 1/4 of propodus, superior margin with a row of both long and simple; carpus inferior margin with 7 stout RS, inferior distal margin with 3 long acute RS; propodus 1.45 times as long as wide, inferior margin without setae, inferior distal margin with 1 short RS and 2 simple setae; dactylus 0.9 times as long as propodus. <i>Pereopod 3</i> similar to pereopod 2. <i>Pereopods 4–6</i> similar to each other. <i>Pereopod 7</i> basis inferior distal angle with a 7 long and plumose setae; superior margin and facial middle line densely setose (plumose setae); basis slightly ovate, 2 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.5 times as long as basis, 1.5 times as long as wide, widened distally; merus 0.6 times as long as ischium, 1.4 times as long as wide; carpus 0.8 times as long as ischium, 2.4 times as long as wide; propodus 1.2 times as long as ischium, 6 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 4 RS; dactylus 0.45 times as long as propodus.</p> <p> <i>Pereon-pleon articulation</i> tight, with pleonite 1 visible, not completely overlapped by pereonite 7. <i>Pleopod 1</i> exopod 1.7 times as long as wide, lateral margin convex, distally broadly rounded with distolateral notch, with PMS from entire lateral to distal one-third mesial margin, with ~60 PMS; endopod 1.5 times as long as wide, distally narrowly rounded, with PMS from distal one-third, mesial margin with PMS from distal one-third, endopod with ~40 PMS; peduncle 0.4 times as wide as long, mesial margin with 5 coupling setae. Pleopod 2 exopod with ~90 PMS, endopod with ~30 PMS. <i>Pleopod 3</i> exopod with incomplete suture, with ~100 PMS, endopod with ~20 PMS. <i>Pleopod 4</i> exopod with incomplete suture, with ~80 PMS, endopod with ~20 PMS. <i>Pleopod 5</i> exopod with incomplete suture, with ~35 PMS from distal two-third, endopod with 7 PMS distally. <i>Pleopods 2–5</i> endopod distal margin with rounded.</p> <p> <i>Uropod</i> peduncle ventrolateral margin with 7 PMS, posterior lobe 0.9 times as long as endopod; rami slightly shorter than pleotelson, lateral, distal and mesial margin lined with long PMS. Endopod apically acute; lateral margin convex, without prominent excision; mesial margin almost straight. Exopod not extending to end of endopod, 4.4 times as long as greatest width, apically acute; lateral and mesial margin straight, lateral margin with 6 RS.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Known only from the type locality, off Pernambuco state (Brazil), at 307 m depth (Fig. 7).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Politolana cleoniceae</i> <b>spec. nov.</b> is closest to <i>Politolana haneyi</i> Riseman & Brusca, 2002, especially considering features such as the close pereon–pleon articulation, in which pleonite 1 is visible, and is not overlapped completely by pereonite 7, with the pleon arched (in the dorsal–ventral view) in a uniform sequence with the pereon, and the endopod of the uropod being shorter than the exopod. However, the new species can be differentiated from <i>P. haneyi</i> by the following combination of characters (the characters of <i>P. haneyi</i> are shown within parentheses): antenna 2 does not reach the posterior margin of pereonite 1 (<i>vs</i>. reaches the anterior margin of pereonite 3), coxa 7 slender with a visible lateral oblique suture (<i>vs.</i> suture absent), basis of pereopods 1–4 with no stout CPS (<i>vs</i>. with 6-7 stout CPS), anterodistal angle of the menus of pereopod 7 rounded and very expanded (<i>vs.</i> straight, expanded discreetly), the endopod of the uropod with no cluster of long distal setae and distomedial margin excavated at an angle of approximately 90° (<i>vs.</i> clusters of long distal setae present and distomedial margin concave), internal basolateral angle of pleopod 5 with no lobe (<i>vs.</i> a long hook-shaped lobe near the peduncle), pleotelson with rounded distal margin bearing a medial distal spine with a robust seta on each side (<i>vs.</i> distal margin with no distal medial spine, but four robust distal setae).</p>Published as part of <i>Paiva, Ricardo J. C. & Souza-Filho, Jesser F., 2023, Three new species of the family Cirolanidae Dana, 1852 (Isopoda, Cymothoida) from the shallow Brazilian bathyal, pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 5319 (1)</i> on pages 19-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5319.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8181996">http://zenodo.org/record/8181996</a>
Rooted in all its story, more is meant than meets the ear : a study of the relational and revelational nature of George MacDonald's mythopoeic art
Get PDFScholars and storytellers alike have deemed George MacDonald a great mythopoeic writer, an exemplar of the art. Examination of this accolade by those who first applied it to him proves it profoundly theological: for them a mythopoeic tale was a relational medium through which transformation might occur, transcending boundaries of time and space. The implications challenge much contemporary critical study of MacDonald, for they demand that his literary life and his theological life cannot be divorced if either is to be adequately assessed. Yet they prove consistent with the critical methodology MacDonald himself models and promotes. Utilizing MacDonald’s relational methodology evinces his intentional facilitating of Mythopoesis. It also reveals how oversights have impeded critical readings both of MacDonald’s writing and of his character. It evokes a redressing of MacDonald’s relationship with his Scottish cultural, theological, and familial environment – of how his writing is a response that rises out of these, rather than, as has so often been asserted, a mere reaction against them. Consequently it becomes evident that key relationships, both literary and personal, have been neglected in MacDonald scholarship – relationships that confirm MacDonald’s convictions and inform his writing, and the examination of which restores his identity as a literature scholar. Of particular relational import in this reassessment is A.J. Scott, a Scottish visionary intentionally chosen by MacDonald to mentor him in a holistic Weltanschauung. Little has been written on Scott, yet not only was he MacDonald’s prime influence in adulthood, but he forged the literary vocation that became MacDonald’s own. Previously unexamined personal and textual engagement with John Ruskin enables entirely new readings of standard MacDonald texts, as does the textual engagement with Matthew Arnold and F.D. Maurice. These close readings, informed by the established context, demonstrate MacDonald’s emergence, practice, and intent as a mythopoeic writer
