7 research outputs found
Analysis of Urnfield Period Bronze Droplets Formed during Casting
No full textThe Late Bronze Age copper mining site “Gasteil Cu I” (ca 1050–850 BC) is located in the district of Neunkirchen, Lower Austria. Since 2010 five excavation campaigns took place and many artifacts as well as corroded metallic droplets were discovered. Two of these droplets were investigated by metallography.
At the droplet ́s surface tin was measured, indicating that these droplets are formed during bronze casting. The small droplet is severely corroded but in its core the original bronze alloy is still present. The analysis showed about 10 wt.% Sn. The microstructure is characterized by a Cu-Sn solid solution and a Cu-Sn intermetallic phase. Additionally small amounts of Cu2S were observed in the metallic core. The corroded rim contains oxides and hydroxides of Cu and Sn and other impurities like Ca, P, Si, S and Fe. Analyzing the corrosion products, Sn concentrations up to 40 wt.% were measured. This enrichment can be explained by a simultaneous formation of insoluble SnO2 and Cu ions, which were transported to the surface.
Surprisingly, the other large droplet has a corroded core and metallic phases are remaining at the rim. The microstructures of the corrosion products reflect the original casting microstructures of the bronze.</jats:p
Untersuchungen an Bronzekleinteilen aus dem hallstattzeitlichen Gräberfeld von Mitterkirchen in Oberösterreich
No full textIn der Umgebung von Mitterkirchen in Oberösterreich wurde ein, bereits teilweise zerstörtes, hallstattzeitliches Hügelgräberfeld archäologisch untersucht. Die Gräber werden der Zeitstufe Hallstatt C zugerechnet, was dem 7. Jh.v.Chr entspricht [1, 2]. Die bedeutendsten Funde sind die Knöpfe eines Prunkmantels sowie drei Wagenbestattungen [3].
Für werkstoffkundliche Untersuchungen standen 2 Dreieckskopfnägel (Figur 1a bis c) und 2 Lamellenbuckel (Figur 1d bis f) zur Verfügung. Je ein Stück wurde für metallographische Untersuchungen verwendet. RFA Messungen an den Schliffen zeigten bereits, dass es sich um Sn-Bronzen handelt, wobei der hohe Sn-Gehalt von etwa 24 Gew.% auf Korrosionsprodukte zurückzuführen ist [4]. Lokale REM-EDX Messungen im nicht korrodierten Metall ergaben für den Nagel etwa 15 Gew.% Sn und für den Buckel etwa 13 Gew.% Sn [5].
Beim Nagel sind die Gussstruktur und die eutektoide Phase Cu₄₁Sn₁₁ deutlich zu erkennen. Auffällig ist hier, dass sich in manchen Bereichen der Oberfläche eine Cu₄₁Sn₁₁ –Schicht ausgebildet hat (Figur 1c).
Das Gefüge des Lamellenbuckels ist hingegen rekristallisiert und es tritt kaum Cu₄₁Sn₁₁ aus.
Referenzen
[1] M. Pertlwieser, Kultur der frühen Eisenzeit von Hallstatt bis Mitterkirchen, Katalog des OÖ Landesmuseums Linz, 1987, 55-70.
[2] J. Leskovar, R. Schumann, Studien zur Kulturgeschichte von Oberösterreich, 53, 2023.
[3] R. Schumann, J. Leskovar, M. Marschler, Menschen – Dinge – Orte, Aktuelle Forschungen des Instituts für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie der Universität Hamburg, 2018, 133-140.
[4] R. Haubner, S. Strobl, P. Trebsche, Materials Science Forum 891, 2017, 41-48.
[5] R. Haubner, F. Ertl, S. Strobl, Examinations of a Bronze Ingot Made of Fahlore, Practical Metallography 54, 2017, 107-117
Mashes to Mashes, Crust to Crust. Presenting a novel microstructural marker for malting in the archaeological record
No full textThe detection of direct archaeological remains of alcoholic beverages and their production is still a challenge to archaeological science, as most of the markers known up to now are either not durable or diagnostic enough to be used as secure proof. The current study addresses this question by experimental work reproducing the malting processes and subsequent charring of the resulting products under laboratory conditions in order to simulate their preservation (by charring) in archaeological contexts and to explore the preservation of microstructural alterations of the cereal grains. The experimentally germinated and charred grains showed clearly degraded (thinned) aleurone cell walls. The histological alterations of the cereal grains were observed and quantified using reflected light and scanning electron microscopy and supported using morphometric and statistical analyses. In order to verify the experimental observations of histological alterations, amorphous charred objects (ACO) containing cereal remains originating from five archaeological sites dating to the 4th millennium BCE were considered: two sites were archaeologically recognisable brewing installations from Predynastic Egypt, while the three broadly contemporary central European lakeshore settlements lack specific contexts for their cereal-based food remains. The aleurone cell wall thinning known from food technological research and observed in our own experimental material was indeed also recorded in the archaeological finds. The Egyptian materials derive from beer production with certainty, supported by ample contextual and artefactual data. The Neolithic lakeshore settlement finds currently represent the oldest traces of malting in central Europe, while a bowl-shaped bread-like object from Hornstaad-Hörnle possibly even points towards early beer production in central Europe. One major further implication of our study is that the cell wall breakdown in the grain’s aleurone layer can be used as a general marker for malting processes with relevance to a wide range of charred archaeological finds of cereal products.sponsorship: AGH, FA, HPS, MBA, SMV received funding from the European Research Council (ERC-CoG-2015, GA 682529) https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/202606/AGH, FA, NB received funding from the Cantonal Archaeology of Zurich http://www.are.zh.ch/internet/baudirektion/are/de/service/international.html EM received funding from the RBINS https://www.naturalsciences.be/HK received funding from BRAXAR GmbH http://web.archive.org/web/20181108112716/http://brewmaltster.de/HS received funding from the DFG (62215951) https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/62215951 KMC, LKM, MC received funding from the NCN (UMO-2014/13/B/HS3/04976) https://projekty.ncn.gov.pl/index.php?s=7908 LKM received funding from BIAX Consult https://www.biax.nl/MB received funding from the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Re-search (C), 16K03167) https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/kakenhiproject-16K03167/Additional remarks: Experimental approaches and their evaluation were funded by the European Re-search Council within the framework of the project `PLANTCULT': Identifying the Food Cultures of Ancient Europe, under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant Agreement No. 682529, Consolidator Grant 20162021, PI Soultana Maria Valamoti). Archaeobotanical analysis of the Hierakonpolis material was financially supported by the unit "Quaternary Environ-ments and Humans" of the Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels. Excavations at Hierakonpolis were undertaken under the auspices of the Hierakonpolis Expedition with funds provided by the Japan Society for Promotion of Science within the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) programme (proj. no. 16K03167). The analysed materials from Tell el-Farkha were excavated in the 2017 campaign which was funded by the National Science Centre Poland (NCN) as part of the project "Sociopolitical transformations in the Eastern Nile Delta at the transition between the 4th/3rd millennium BC" (grant UMO-2014/13/B/HS3/04976) and which was additionally sponsored by the Jagiellonian University in Krako ' w, the Archaeological Museum in Poznan, the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Ar-chaeology, the University of Warsaw,and the Patrimonium Foundation, Poznan. The material from Hornstaad -Ho rnle IA was unearthed during the 1983-1993 excavations which were funded by the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) within the framework of the DFG Schwerpunktprogramm,Siedlungsarcha ologische Untersuchungen im Alpenvorland" (PI: Dieter Planck). The finds from Sip-plingen-Osthafen were excavated within the scope of the project "Das `Sipplinger Dreieck` als Modell jung-und endneolithischer Siedlungs-und Wirtschaftsdynamik am Bodensee" which was also funded by the DFG (proj. no. 62215951, PI: Helmut Schlichtherle). Excavations at Zu rich ParkhausOpe ' ra were funded by the Cantonal Archaeology of Zu rich, the Office for Urbanism of the City of Zu rich, and the Federal Office for Culture (FOC) Switzerland, as were the archaeobotanical analyses of fragment ZHOPE 6949.1, carried out at the Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science (VIAS) at the University of Vienna in 2014. The State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Wu rttemberg and the Institute for Botany (210) of the University of Hohenheim funded the international workshop "Ancient beer: multidiscipli-nary approaches for its identification in the archaeological record" held at the University of Hohenheim in February 2019, during which the foundations for this paper were laid. The comparative find no. 252 from Haselbach was obtained from the project,Keltische Siedlungszentren in Osto sterreich" (PI: Peter Trebsche and Stephan Fichtl) funded by the Federal Government of Lower Austria. Funders BIAX Consult and Braxar GmbH provided support in the form of salaries for authors LKM and HK, respectively, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the `author contributions' section. Neither had the other funders a role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. (European Research Council (ERC-CoG-2015)|GA 682529, Cantonal Archaeology of Zurich, RBINS, BRAXAR GmbH, DFG|62215951, NCN|UMO-2014/13/B/HS3/04976, BIAX Consult, Japan Society for Promotion of Science|16K03167, European Re-search Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program|682529, European Re-search Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program|20162021, unit "Quaternary Environ-ments and Humans" of the Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels, Hierakonpolis Expedition, National Science Centre Poland (NCN) as part of the project "Sociopolitical transformations in the Eastern Nile Delta at the transition between the 4th/3rd millennium BC"|UMO-2014/13/B/HS3/04976, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Archaeological Museum in Poznan, Polish Centre of Mediterranean Ar-chaeology, University of Warsaw, Patrimonium Foundation, Poznan, DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), Office for Urbanism of the City of Zurich, Federal Office for Culture (FOC) Switzerland|ZHOPE 6949.1, State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Wurttemberg, Institute for Botany of the University of Hohenheim|210, Federal Government of Lower Austria, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research|16K03167)status: Publishe
The Early La Tène burial site at Pierre-de-Bresse “L’Aubépin“ (Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy, France) and evidence for atypical burial practices
No full textInternational audienc
The National-Socialist Mirage. The relationship between two Professors of Prehistory, Oswald Menghin and Julio Martínez Santa-Olalla (1935-1952)
No full textOswald Menghin, Catedrático de Prehistoria del
Hombre de la Universidad de Viena entre 1922-1945, fue
partidario de la unidad de Austria con Alemania y simpatizante
con ideas del NSDAP sobre la necesidad de
evitar una mezcla racial entre arios y judíos. Durante su
etapa como Catedrático-Residente en la Universidad de
Fouad en El Cairo entre 1930-1933, por contacto con
Hermann Junker, radicalizó sus puntos de vista y redactó
su libro Espíritu y sangre. Principios básicos de raza,
lengua, cultura y nación. Su etapa como Rector en el
curso 1935-1936 le catapultó a la política como miembro
del consejo directivo del partido fascista austriaco, Vaterländische
Front, entre 1936-1937 y su posterior nombramiento
como Ministro de Educación entre marzo y mayo
de 1938, justo después de la invasión de Hitler de Austria.
Siendo Ministro, solicitó su ingreso en el NSDAP, que
no se aceptó hasta junio de 1940, por su pertenencia
previa a organizaciones católicas secretas.
Menghin entró en contacto con Martínez Santa-Olalla,
después de la celebración del Jubileo del Instituto de
Morfología Cultural de Frankfurt en junio y julio de
1938. A raíz de una estancia de investigación de Almagro
Basch en Alemania y Austria en enero y febrero de 1942,
y la posterior visita a Barcelona de Menghin en junio de
1942, optó por distanciarse de Martínez Santa-Olalla, no
visitando Madrid, cortando la relación epistolar e informando
negativamente sobre él a las SS-Ahnenerbe.
Prisionero en dos campos de concentración norteamericanos
entre mayo de 1945 y febrero de 1947, Menghin
huyó a la Argentina en 1948, viajando poco después su
mujer y su hija. En Argentina fue apoyado por José Imbelloni,
director del Museo Etnográfico de la Universidad
de Buenos Aires desde 1947, que lo contrató como investigador
sin docencia. También recibió el apoyo de Martínez Santa-Olalla a través del Embajador de España,
José María de Areilza, y del profesor de historia en la
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz.
Menghin no pudo impartir docencia hasta 1953 y
solo consolidó su puesto una vez su proceso penal fue
cancelado en diciembre de 1956, obteniendo en 1957,
con 69 años, el puesto de Profesor Interino de Prehistoria
de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata y en 1958, la
Cátedra de Prehistoria General y del Viejo Mundo en la
Universidad de Buenos Aires, donde se jubiló en 1968,
con 80 añosOswald Menghin, Professor of Prehistoric Man at the
University of Vienna from 1922-45, supported the unity
of Austria with Germany, and a sympathizer about the
NSDAP ideas on the need to avoid racial mixing between
Aryans and Jews. During his time as Professor at the
University of Fouad in Cairo from 1930-33 he came into
contact with Hermann Junker. This radicalized Menghin’s
views and, as a result, he wrote his book, Spirit and
Blood. The Basic Principles of Race, Language, Culture
and Nation. His time as Rector of the University of Viena
from 1936 to 1937 catapulted him into politics: he was
a board member of the Austrian fascist party, Vaterländische
Front from 1936 to 1937 and was appointed Minister
of Education between March and May 1938, just
after Hitler’s invasion of Austria. As Minister, he applied
for membership in the NSDAP, but because his prior
membership in secret Catholic organizations, it was not
accepted until June 1940.
Menghin was in contact with Martinez Santa-Olalla,
after the celebration of the Jubilee of the Institute for
Cultural Morphology at Frankfurt in June and July 1938.
After Almagro Basch’s research period in Germany and
Austria in January and February 1942 and his own visit
to Barcelona in June 1942, however, Menghin chose to
distance from Martinez Santa-Olalla, not visiting Madrid,
cutting the epistolary relationship and reporting
negatively about him to the SS-Ahnenerbe After being imprisoned in two American concentration
camps between May 1945 and February 1947,
Menghin fled to Argentina in 1948, followed shortly afterwards
by his wife and daughter. In Argentina Menghin
was supported by Jose Imbelloni, director of the Ethnographic
Museum at the University of Buenos Aires
since 1947, who hired him as a researcher without teaching.
He also received support from Martinez Santa-Olalla
through the Spanish Ambassador, Jose Maria de Areilza,
and from the Professor of History at the University of
Buenos Aires, Claudio Sanchez-Albornoz. Menghin was
not permitted to give lectures until 1953, and only consolidated
his position when his criminal trial was cancelled
in December 1956. In 1957 at the age of 69, he
obtained the position of Acting Professor of Prehistory at
the National University of La Plata. In 1958, Menghin
was appointed Professor in General and Old World Prehistory
at the University of Buenos Aires, where he retired
in 1968, aged 8
