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Enjeux individuels et collectifs autour de l’évaluation des risques de cancer par l’oncogénétique prédictive
No full textIntroduction : L’oncogénétique prédictive offre des estimations de risques individuels visant à améliorer les moyens diagnostiques, les mesures préventives et potentiellement thérapeutiques auprès des personnes définies comme étant à risque en raison de leur patrimoine génétique. Malgré les bénéfices de la médecine prédictive, des voix critiques s’élèvent également, car l’utilisation de données génétiques personnelles pose un ensemble de questions sociales et éthiques, autour des motivations et conséquences de l’acquisition de ces informations mais aussi de leurs implications sur la vie des personnes et sur la société.
Méthodes : Cet article s’intéresse à la réception des développements en oncogénétique au sein de la société civile. Quatre forums citoyens réalisés dans le canton de Genève ont rassemblé 73 participant.es, âgé.es entre 18 et 78 ans, dont 46 femmes et 27 hommes issu.es de milieux sociaux contrastés.
Résultats : Les résultats sont organisés autour de quatre axes sous-tendant le modèle médico-technique de gestion des risques : la valeur des analyses statistiques ; le rôle attribué aux gènes ; la capacité à agir pour anticiper les événements indésirables ; l’importance de la responsabilité individuelle dans les arbitrages liés à la prise en charge de la santé.
Conclusions : Les résultats soulignent le soutien apporté à ce modèle, mais aussi les voix critiques mettant en avant les enjeux individuels et collectifs des développements de la médecine de précision
Exploring the construction of social capital within the student entrepreneurship sub-ecosystem
No full textAll-Visible Light-Switchable Thin-Film Transistor
No full textStimuli-responsive organic thin-film transistors (TFTs), such as light-switchable TFTs, are key components for multifunctional optoelectronics beyond Moore. However, the modulation of the light-switchable TFTs output developed so far requires the use of ultraviolet (UV) light, despite the latter triggers photooxidation and degradation of the molecular materials and hybrids thereof. Herein, an all-visible light-switchable TFT is reported whose current output can be reversibly interconverted between two different states by non-coherent and low-power (<1 mW cm−2) visible light. The light-sensitive material is assembled by blending CdS quantum dots (QDs) coated by photochromic diarylethene (DAE) molecules with a semiconducting p-type poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene)] (DPP-DTT). For the first time, triplet energy transfer (TET) at the organic-inorganic interface between photochromic molecules and QDs is exploited to drive light-switchable TFTs devices, enabling DAEs reversible photoisomerization when exposed to 405 nm and 515 nm visible light. Significantly, the conversion efficiency of DAEs via all-visible-light switching is comparable to that achieved under UV light irradiation, while the light switching fatigue resistance of the devices displayed a radical improvement. The work provides a new pathway to realize all-visible-light activated devices for future design of advanced digital optoelectronics in the context of next-generation data storage technologies and neuromorphic computing
How to Define Speciesism
No full textIn the animal ethics literature, speciesism is defined in all sorts of manners. It is construed as a behaviour or a philosophical view, as necessarily anthropocentric or possibly centred on other species, as involving the idea that species membership is morally significant or compatible with the rejection of that idea, as necessarily immoral or possibly ethically acceptable. Up to a point, this variety is unobjectionable. We are at liberty to stipulate the sense in which we use words. But this is true only within limits. Some definitions are good and some bad, depending on whether or not they meet certain conditions. In this contribution, I define speciesism as unequal treatment based on species and argue that this definition fares better than extant accounts insofar as it satisfies two desiderata: matching a good account of racism and making the concept of speciesism most useful
The role of flexibility in a strapped porphyrin hemoprotein model
No full textThe role played by the flexibility of the distal coordination site on the reduction of oxygen was investigated by rotating ring-disk electrode experiments for a bipyridine-strapped iron(III) porphyrin mimic of cytochrome c oxidase. Compared to a phenanthroline counterpart, the more flexible bipyridine strap improved by up to 15% the selectivity of the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water over the two-electron reduction in the presence of copper(I) coordinated to the distal bipyridine and N-methylimidazole bound at the proximal site. The more modest gain in overpotential observed for the bipyridine-strapped porphyrin than for the phenanthroline derivative was attributed to a difference in stability of the iron(III) porphyrins that affects reduction to iron(II) and oxygen binding. Overall, the rotational flexibility imparted by the bipyridine strap allows the ferric porphyrin to remain relatively flat, thus improving its electrocatalytic performance
Responsive Molecules for Organic Neuromorphic Devices: Harnessing Memory Diversification
No full textIn the brain, both the recording and decaying of memory information following external stimulus spikes are fundamental learning rules that determine human behaviors. The former is essential to acquire new knowledge and update the database, while the latter filters noise and autorefresh cache data to reduce energy consumption. To execute these functions, the brain relies on different neuromorphic transmitters possessing various memory kinetics, which can be classified as nonvolatile and volatile memory. Inspired by the human brain, nonvolatile and volatile memory electronic devices have been employed to realize artificial neural networks and spiking neural networks, respectively, which have emerged as essential tools in machine learning. Molecular switches, capable of responding to electrical, optical, electrochemical, and magnetic stimuli, display a disruptive potential for emulating information storage in memory devices. This Review highlights recent developments on responsive molecules, their interfacing with low-dimensional nanostructures and nanomaterials, and their integration into electronic devices. By capitalizing on these concepts, a unique account of neurotransmitter-transfer electronic devices based on responsive molecules with ad hoc memory kinetics is provided. Finally, future directions, challenges, and opportunities are discussed on the use of these devices to engineer more complex logic operations and computing functions at the hardware level
Relevance and Timing of Implant‐Driven Rehabilitation in Central Giant Cell Granuloma Cases—A Scoping Review
No full textObjectives: Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a rare benign tumor. Extended aggressive lesions require large resections, which can lead to bone defects and tooth loss. Rehabilitative treatment is necessary to restore good aesthetics and function. However, the protocol for implant treatment post-CGCG is still unclear. The objective of this scoping review is to shed light on the rehabilitation protocol for CGCG sites by outlining the relevance and timing of implant surgery and prosthetic rehabilitation.
Materials and methods: The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses statement and searched databases for data published between 1999 and 2023. The scoping review aimed to answer the question: "In patients with a diagnosed and treated CGCG, able to receive an implant, does the CGCG tumor recur before or after implant surgery"? Only articles that described cases where patients with a diagnosed CGCG received an implant in a site previously affected by CGCG were included.
Results: The review describes seven case reports and one case series that discuss implantology-driven restoration after CGCG exeresis in humans. The patients, aged between 7 and 80 years, underwent surgical removal of CGCG and received implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation. A total of 34 implants were placed between 4 and 60 months after the tumor-resection surgery. No recurring lesions were observed during the follow-up period, which ranged between 2 and 12 years.
Conclusions: Based on the limited evidence available, it appears that implant placement after CGCG removal is safe after a minimum of 4 months of healing. However, further research is necessary to confirm this conclusion.
Keywords: central giant cell granuloma; implant; implant supported protheses; scoping review
Ours Is a Speciesist World, Really
No full textTo date, much of the speciesism debate has centered on an ethical question: Can speciesism be justified, or is it immoral, as the analogy with racism suggests? Another question has received less attention: How prevalent is speciesism? Animal ethicists have largely assumed that speciesism is pervasive in our societies. After all, almost everyone routinely treats animals in ways they would never treat fellow humans. This widespread assumption is now being challenged. Some philosophers are beginning to question whether speciesism is an accurate diagnosis for our conduct. This paper defends the orthodox view against such critiques. It refutes three challenges to the existence of speciesism—one posed by Travis Timmerman, another by Shelly Kagan, and a third inspired by Stijn Bruers. Some of these arguments rely on a flawed understanding of speciesism; all generate implausible empirical predictions
Plasmon Mediated Photocatalysis: Engineering Interfaces for Effective Hot Carrier Utilization
No full textPlasmonic metal/semiconductor hetero-nanostructures have attracted tremendous research interests in optoelectronic devices, photocatalysis and photothermal therapy, and related fields. Among various mechanisms of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) induced enhancements, the mechanism of LSPR-induced hot carrier injection has emerged as a particularly powerful and efficient process for modulating charge dynamics, especially in photocatalysis. The efficiency of these hot carrier injections relies on robust metal–semiconductor interfaces, with performance heavily influenced by the composition, crystallinity, and atomic structure of the multi-interfaces involved. This letter explores the mechanisms of LSPR-induced hot carrier injection, highlighting recent advances with emphasis on multi-interfacial engineering to optimize charge dynamics and utilization. These interface-regulated hot carrier processes, combined with enhanced photocatalytic performance, provide new opportunities for further advanced photocatalysis and a wide range of photoelectric conversion applications