158 research outputs found
A gazetteer and summary of French pottery imported into Scotland c. 1150 to c. 1650 a ceramic contribution to Scotland's economic history Ceramic Resource Disc 3
No full textThe proposal for a series of published inventories, by countries, of all the imported medieval and post medieval pottery recovered from excavations and field walking in Scotland, was advanced on the final day of the Medieval Pottery Research Group’s conference held in Edinburgh in May 2001. Taking on the roll of creating a gazetteer and catalogue of French pottery in Scotland, it was the authors aim to build on the pioneering work of John Hurst and other medieval ceramicists and in the process make a contribution to the ongoing research on identifiable medieval and post-medieval ceramics traded around the North and Irish Sea
A literature review of economic evaluations for a neglected tropical disease : human African trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness")
No full textHuman African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a disease caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense. It is transmitted to humans via the tsetse fly. Approximately 70 million people worldwide were at risk of infection in 1995, and approximately 20,000 people across Africa are infected with HAT. The objective of this review was to identify existing economic evaluations in order to summarise cost-effective interventions to reduce, control, or eliminate the burden of HAT. The studies included in the review were compared and critically appraised in order to determine if there were existing standardised methods that could be used for economic evaluation of HAT interventions or if innovative methodological approaches are warranted. A search strategy was developed using keywords and was implemented in January 2014 in several databases. The search returned a total of 2,283 articles. After two levels of screening, a total of seven economic evaluations were included and underwent critical appraisal using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Methodology Checklist 6: Economic Evaluations. Results from the existing studies focused on the cost-effectiveness of interventions for the control and reduction of disease transmission. Modelling was a common method to forecast long-term results, and publications focused on interventions by category, such as case detection, diagnostics, drug treatments, and vector control. Most interventions were considered cost-effective based on the thresholds described; however, the current treatment, nifurtomix-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT), has not been evaluated for cost-effectiveness, and considerations for cost-effective strategies for elimination have yet to be completed. Overall, the current evidence highlights the main components that play a role in control; however, economic evaluations of HAT elimination strategies are needed to assist national decision makers, stakeholder and key funders. These analyses would be of use, as HAT is currently being prioritized as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) to reach elimination by 2020
Prospects for the natural distribution of crop wild-relatives with limited adaptability: The case of the wild pea Pisum fulvum
No full textPlant breeders and conservationists depend on knowledge about the genetic variation of their species of interest. Pisum fulvum, a wild relative of domesticated pea, has attracted attention as a genetic resource for crop improvement, yet little information about its diversity in the wild has been published hitherto. We sampled 15 populations of P. fulvum from Israeli natural habitats and conducted genotyping by sequencing to analyse their genetic diversity and adaptive state. We also attempted to evaluate the species past demography and the prospects of its future reaction to environmental changes. The results suggest that genetic diversity of P. fulvum is low to medium and is distributed between well diverged populations. Surprisingly, with 56 % in the total population, the selfing rate was found to be significantly lower than expected from a species that is commonly assumed to be a predominant selfer. We found a strong genetic bottleneck during the last glacial period and only limited patterns of isolation by distance and environment, which explained 13 % - 18 % of the genetic variation. Despite the weak signatures of genome-wide IBE, 1354 markers were significantly correlated with environmental factors, 1233 of which were located within known genes with a nonsynonymous to synonymous ratio of 0.382. Species distribution modelling depicted an ongoing fragmentation and decreased habitable area over the next 80 years under two different socio-economic pathways. Our results suggest that complex interactions of substantial drift and selection shaped the genome of P. fulvum. Climate change is likely to cause further erosion of genetic diversity in P. fulvum. Systematic ex-situ conservation may be advisable to safeguard genetic variability for future utilization of this species.Funding provided by: Israel Science FoundationCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003977Award Number: 307/17VCF files description
File
Description
Pfulvum_raw.vcf.gz
raw vcf file from Elshire, where I extracted the fulvum samples, but did not apply any filters
Pfulvum.vcf
Filtered Pfulvum.raw.vcf as follow: Biallelic SNPs with minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥ 0.01, minimum depth ≥ 3, minimum mean depth across samples ≥ 5, minimum genotype quality ≥ 25, and genotype calls ≥ 40%.
Applied by runnig: vcftools --gzvcf ../data/Pfulvum_raw.vcf.gz --remove-indels --min-alleles 2 --max-alleles 2 --maf 0.01 --max-missing 0.6 --minGQ 25 --min-meanDP 5 --minDP 3 --recode
Pfulvum.imputed.vcf
Imputed version of Pfulvum.vcf.
Applied by running: java -jar ../../software/beagle/beagle.18May20.d20.jar gt=Pfulvum.vcf iterations=30 burnin=10 ap=true gp=true ne=50000 seed=170887 out=Pfulvum.imputed.nohead nthreads=6
Pfulvum.LDpruned.vcf
LD pruned (r^2>0.5) version of Pfulvum.vcf. the outcome of a script
Pfulvum.imputed.LDpruned.vcf
LD pruned (r^2>0.5) version of Pfulvum.imputed.vcf
UJI P OT E NSI E K S T RA K D AU N B E L I MB I NG WU L U H (Av e r r h o a b il imb i L in n ) T E RH AD A P JUML AH SEL F I B RO B L AS P A D A GING I VA T I K US WI S T AR J AN T AN P ASCA GING I VE KT OM I
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Erosional history of the Karkonosze Granite Massif – constraints from adjacent sedimentary basins and thermochronology
No full textThe long-term erosional history of the Karkonosze Granite Massif is revised and reconstructed using different sources of information, including the sedimentary record of adjacent basins, previously published low-temperature thermochronological data and geomorphic features. Although the evidence is still incomplete, this work has identified a number of intervals, of unequal duration, characterized by different denudation regimes and rates. Several major phases of rapid exhumation are inferred - in the Permian and the Early Triassic as seen in the sedimentary record, and in the Late Cretaceous as shown by both the thermochronological and sedimentary records. Neotectonic uplift of the Karkonosze Mts. in the late Cenozoic is not recorded in the thermochronological record and there is no evidence of any accelerated denudation close to the massif. Apatite fission track data show that >~3.6 km of rock must have been eroded since the Turonian, while the results of zircon (U-Th)/He analysis suggest that in places erosion of >~6 km of rock must have taken place. This picture differs from previous estimates of denudation which suggested that only 2-2.5 km has been eroded from the axial part of the Karkonosze dome since the exposure of granite batholith in the Permian
Uma análise das fraudes contábeis através da leitura de revistas internacionais de contabilidade
No full textTCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio Econômico, Curso de Ciências ContábeisEste trabalho foi formulado com o objetivo de analisar os artigos sobre fraudes contábeis, publicados durante os anos de 2000 a 2009, nas principais revistas internacionais de língua inglesa em contabilidade. Os artigos foram pesquisados no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, especificamente, nas revistas: Accounting, Organizations and Society (AOS), Contemporary Accounting Research (CAR), Journal of Accounting and Economics (JAE), Journal of Accounting Research (JAR), Review of Accounting Studies (RAS) e The Accounting Review (TAR). A estratégia metodológica utilizada para se alcançar o objetivo proposto consiste de uma pesquisa bibliométrica e a analise dos artigos publicados fundamentou-se nas abordagens de pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa. A pesquisa inicial realizada neste estudo encontrou 146 artigos publicados nas revistas internacionais que após a seleção com base nos critérios utilizados na pesquisa, restaram 24 artigos para análise. Concluiu-se neste estudo que a revista com o maior número de artigos publicados foi a TAR (11), que representou quase metade da amostra analisada. Quanto à análise dos artigos, a maioria trata de fraudes contábeis relacionados com auditoria. Assim, um tema muito abordado foi a SAS 99, brainstorming e outros temas relacionados à auditoria. A maioria utilizou métodos estatísticos para se atingir o objetivo. Por fim, observa-se que mesmo em outros países, onde a contabilidade se encontra mais avançada e já ocorreram diversos casos de fraudes divulgados, ainda existem poucas publicações sobre o tem
ME D IA PE MBE L A JAR AN BUKU IN TE RAKTIF PE NG E NAL AN RE SISTO R UN TUK MA TA PE L AJ AR AN TEKN IK L ISTR IKD I SMK MUD A PA TR IA KA LASAN
No full textME D IA PE MBE L A JAR AN BUKU IN TE RAKTIF PE NG E NAL AN RE SISTO R UN TUK MA TA PE L AJ AR AN TEKN IK L ISTR IK
D I SMK MUD A PA TR IA KA LASAN
ABSTR AK
O le h : Ron i Im adud d in N IM: 085 02 24102 7
P enelit i an i ni bert ujuan unt uk meng et ahui d esai n, unjuk k erja, serta t i ng kat k el ay ak an dari M ed ia P embel aj aran Buku Int erak t if P eng enal an Resist or Unt uk M at a P el ajaran T ek nik L i st rik Di SM K M ud a P at ria K alasan .
P enelit i an i ni merupak an p enelit i an Re se ar ch a n d Deve lopmen t. Obj ek p enelit ian ad al ah M ed ia P emb elaj aran Buk u Int erak t if Peng enal an Resist or Unt uk M at a P el ajar an Tek nik L i st ri k . T ahap p eng emb ang an p rod uk melip ut i 1 ) . Analisis, 2 ) . Desai n, 3 ) . Imp l ementasi, 4 ) . Peng ujian, 5 ) . Valid asi, dan 6 ) . Uji cob a
p emak aian. M et od e y ang d ig unakan dal am p eng umpul an d at a melip ut i : 1 ) P eng ujian d an P engamat an unj uk k erja, 2 ) . Ang k et p enelit i an. Ad ap un v alid asi med ia p emb elaj aran melib atk an dua ahli materi p emb el aj aran d an d ua ahli med ia p emb el ajaran dan uji cob a p emak ai an d il akuk an oleh 20 siswa.
Hasil p enelit i an menunj uk k an bahwa unjuk k erja M ed ia p emb elaj aran b uk u i nterakt if p eng enal an r esist or unt uk mat a p el aj aran t ek nik l ist rik di SMK M ud a p at ria Kal asan i ni sud ah sesuai d eng an t uj uanny a sebagai med ia p emb el aj aran p eng enal an resist or. t erd iri d ari b ag i an samp ul b uku, hal aman p ert ama berisik an p eng ert i an resist or secara um um, halaman kedua b erisi p eng ert i an r esist or secara t eori d an p eng enal an fung si ny a, hal aman k et iga b erisi t ent ang macam resist or d an b ahan pemb uat nya, hal aman k eempat b erisi t ent ang nil ai resist ansi resistor dan p emb acaan g el ang warna d an hal aman k elima b e risi rang kai an resistor secara seri d an p aralel . Hasil v alid asi isi ol eh ahli mat eri p emb el aj aran memperoleh t i ng kat v alid it as d eng an p ersent ase 89, 71% d eng an k at egori sangat l ay ak , v alid asi k o nst ruk o leh ahli m ed ia p embel aj aran memp erol eh ti ng kat v alid it as d engan p ersent ase 77, 18% d eng an k at eg ori sang at l ay ak. Sed angk an d al am uji p emakai an oleh siswa d i SMK M ud a P at ria K al asan mend apat kan vali ditas seb esar 81, 81% d eng an k at eg ori sang at lay ak .
Kat a kunci : M ed ia P embel aj aran, Buk u Int erakt i f, P eng enalan r esist o
PENGEMB ANG AN ME DIA PEMB E LAJA RAN INTER A KTIF BE RBAS IS AN DR OID MATA PE L AJ ARAN TEK NIK E LEKTRONIK A DASAR KE LA S X PROGRAM STUDI KE A HLI AN E LE KT RO NIKA I ND US TR I DI SMK
No full textPENGEMB ANG AN ME DIA PEMB E LAJA RAN INTER A KTIF BE RBAS IS AN DR OID MATA PE L AJ ARAN TEK NIK E LEKTRONIK A DASAR KE LA S X PROGRAM STUDI
KE A HLI AN E LE KT RO NIKA I ND US TR I DI SMK
Oleh : Muhammad Amr i Yah ya
NIM. 11501 2410 36 ABSTRA K
Pene litian i ni bertuju an untuk: (1) menge t ahui f u n gsion a litas media pembe laj ar a n int eraktif ma ta pe laj a r an Tekni k El ektronika Da sar ber basis android; (2) me ngetahui k elaya kan media pe mbe la jaran in t e raktif mata pe laj a r an Tekn ik E le kt ron ika Das ar be rba s is an dr o id; ( 3 ) u n juk k e rja med ia pe mbe lajaran interakt if mata pelaj aran t e knik elek t ronika dasar pada res olusi dan s is t em ope ras i androi d yang be rbeda
Pene litian ini merupak a n jenis penelit ian R& D de ngan mode l penge mba n gan wate r fa ll. Pe nelitian d ila kukan d i SM K Muha mma d iyah P ra mb ana n denga n subyek penelit ia n s i swa pro gram keah lia n E le kt ron ika Indus tri. Tahap p engu j ian k elaya k an produk d ilak u k an den ga n val id as i pr oduk ole h ahl i , uji alpha oleh pe ngguna pert ama (gu ru) d an u j i be ta ole h p e n ggu n a a k h ir ( s is w a) . Te k n ik p e n g u m pdat a di la k uka n denga n observasi, w awanc ar a, dan ang k et . Tekni k a n alis is dat a dilakuka n de nga n a na lisis de s kr ipt if. Ha s il pe nelitian in i ad al a h : (1) u j i fu ngsionalitas me dia pe mb elaja ran inte rka ti f berbasis an droid y ang t e pat pad a mata pelajar a n Tekn ik E lekt ron ika Da sa r mel iputi k emu dahan n a vi gasi , perfo rma a p likas i, dan k emud aha n o peras iona l; (2) ke la yakan me d ia pe mbelajaran b erbasis an d roid p ada mata pe la jaran Tekn ik Ele kt ron ik a Dasar, berd as arkan pen ila ian o le h a hli medi a menda p atkan rerat a skor t ot a l 5 7,5 at au m asuk da la m kat egor i “s a n gat lay ak ”, pen i l a ian oleh ah l i materi menda patka n rerata sko r t otal 39 at au masuk dala m k at egori “laya k” , penila ian ole h guru me ndapat kan re rata s kor t otal 56 atau m asuk dalam k at egori “laya k ”, d an pe n ila ia n o l eh s iswa d ipe role h rer ata skor t otal 6 1,24 at au mas u k dalam kat e gori “sangat l ayak” (3 ) unj u k kerja di la kuk a n pa da perangk at androi d menggunak an s m artphone den gan berbagai ma cam s iste m oper asi, resolus i/uku ran la yar , d an u kuran ram. A plikas i dapat be rjala n dengan baik dan tidak ditem u kan ero r .
Kata Kun ci: An dro id , Me dia pe mbela jar an inter akt if, Tekn ik e le kt ronika dasa r
vi
Short Communication Analysis, Toxicity and Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants in Groundwater from Contaminated Land
No full textThe toxicity of whole, saturate, and aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures from flare pit and crude oil sources were evaluated using Lumbricus terrestris. Body burden analysis was used to analyze the intrinsic toxicity of the six hydrocarbon mixtures. The major fractions of the whole mixtures, the saturate, and aromatic fractions had different intrinsic toxicities; the aromatics were more toxic than the saturates. The toxicity of the saturate and aromatic fractions also differed between the mixtures. The flare saturate mixture was more toxic than the crude saturate mixture, while the crude aromatic mixture was more toxic than the flare aromatic mixture. The most dramatic difference in toxicity of the two sources was between the flare whole and crude whole mixtures. The crude whole mixture was very toxic; the toxicity of this mixture reflected the toxicity of the crude aromatic fraction. However, the flare whole mixture was not toxic, due to a lack of partitioning from the whole mixture into the lipid membrane of the exposed worms. This lack of partitioning appears to be related to the relatively high concentrations of asphaltenes and polar compounds in the flare pit whole mixture. KEY WORDS: hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon mixtures, toxicity, saturates, aromatics, asphaltenes, polars, bioavailability, fractionation, Lumbricus terrestris, body burden, lethal body burden, narcosis, crude oil, flare pits DOMAINS: soil systems, ecosystems and communities, organisms, toxicology, environmental chemistry, environmental toxicology, bioremediation and bioavailability, environmental management and policy, waste management policy 1419 Cook et al.: Hydrocarbon Toxicity TheScientificWorld (2002) 2, 1418-1425 INTRODUCTION Site assessment involving petroleum contamination typically involves the use of a generic soil guideline that establishes a soil hydrocarbon limit based on a composite analysis, such as total petroleum hydrocarbons. Generic limits for hydrocarbon contamination are meant to protect human and environmental heath EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Hydrocarbons (oil and grease) were extracted from a flare pit soil using dichloromethane (DCM) Soxhlet extraction. Flare pits are earthen pits used to contain liquid wastes and produced water from the processing of natural gas and crude oil, as well as for flaring produced gas The oil and grease extract from the flare pit soil and the whole topped crude oil mixture were separated into maltene and asphaltene fractions by a pentane precipitation method adapted from Whittaker et al. Six contaminated soils were made using the whole flare (oil and grease extract), whole topped crude, flare saturate, crude saturate, flare aromatic, and crude aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures. Each contaminated soil was made by adding the hydrocarbon mixture to artificial soil (70% sand, 20% kaolinite clay, 10% peat by weight) to a final concentration of 30% hydrocarbons (by weight). Toxicological analysis of the contaminated soils was performed using a 28-day earthworm mortality test using Lumbricus terrestris. L. terrestris were purchased from Carolina Biological Supply (Burlington, NC), placed in commercially available bedding (Magic Worm Ranch), and fed commercially available food (Magic Worm Food). The earthworms were stored at 5°C prior to use in the toxicity tests, and all toxicity tests were performed at 5°C. All earthworms were depurated for 48 h prior to the start of the toxicity experiments. The test soil (50 g) was placed in a 250-ml glass jar, and the soil was wetted to field capacity with distilled, deionised water. Four worms were placed in each jar. The toxicity of the six hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and control artificial soil were tested in triplicate. The worms exposed to artificial soil were used as controls for both the toxicity tests and BB analysis. Skin tissue of all earthworms that died during the test, and the live worms remaining 1420 Cook et al.: Hydrocarbon Toxicity TheScientificWorld (2002) 2, 1418-1425 after the 28-day exposure period were analysed for hydrocarbon BB. Skin tissue samples were extracted by grinding with DCM; the DCM extracts were cleaned up using silica gel cartridges. The extracts were analysed by GC-FID (HP6890 GC-FID with a HP6890 series Automatic Sampler). HP-5MS low bleed columns, 30 m × 0.25 mm, with a 0.25 mm silicone-coated fused-silica capillary column were used. Solvent-extractable hydrocarbons were quantitated by GC-FID for each carbon number from C12 to C31. This carbon range includes the carbon range for the hydrocarbons exposed to the earthworms, but excludes the range of C31+, which contains large peaks of unidentified, unresolved earthworm tissue extracts in control and experimental samples. Surrogate recovery (p-Terphenyld 14 ) of individual samples was used to correct for sample loss during analysis. Samples with surrogate recoveries outside 99% warning limits were considered corrupted and excluded from the analysis. Because the DCM extract of the skin tissue sample contains all of the organic solvent-soluble components of the worm, the DCM extract weight is equivalent to the lipid weight of the sample earthworm. All body burdens (BBs) are therefore reported as mg/kg DCM extract weight (mg/kg ex wt), which is equivalent to the lipid-normalised earthworm BB. Mean LBB and sublethal BB of live worms were determined for all worms in each treatment group. BB values of live worms and dead worms from the same exposure treatment were kept separate for statistical comparison. Control-corrected LBBs and BBs were determined by subtracting the mean BB of the control worms; control correction was only performed for group averages. The control-corrected LBB and BB can be assumed to exclude any solvent-extractable tissue from the worm tissue itself and to, therefore, represent the mean amount of petroleum hydrocarbon present in the lipid membrane for each exposure treatment. The influence of hydrocarbon exposure on BB concentrations was determined by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a = 0.05 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Carbon number profiles and fractional analysis of the flare and whole mixtures are shown in The flare whole soil and crude saturate soils were nontoxic to earthworms; flare saturate soil was slightly toxic (see The average (control-corrected) LBBs of the earthworms exposed to the hydrocarbon mixtures are shown in ANOVA analysis found no significant differences in the BBs between the earthworms exposed to the flare whole soil and the control earthworms, which were not exposed to hydrocarbons (p > 0.05). This result indicated that the partitioning of hydrocarbons from the flare soil into the tissue of the exposed earthworms was very low; not enough hydrocarbon was present at the membrane level to cause narcosis. ANOVA analysis was performed to determine if the LBBs for the other hydrocarbon exposure groups earthworms differed (see 1421 Cook et al.: Hydrocarbon Toxicity TheScientificWorld (2002) 2, 1418-1425 FIGURE 1. Carbon number distribution for flare and crude mixtures. Comparisons Between Fractions The LBBs of the flare saturate and aromatic fraction exposed worms were not significantly different, indicating that these hydrocarbon fractions did not have different intrinsic toxicities. Since the flare whole exposed worms did not have significantly higher BB than the control, no ANOVA comparisons were made between the whole, saturate, and aromatic exposed worms. However, aromatic and saturate exposed worms had BBs higher than the whole exposed worms, since the BBs for these exposures were higher than the controls. The BBs of the aromatic and saturate exposed worms were also lethal; whereas the flare whole exposed worm BBs were not. These results indicate that there are toxic hydrocarbons present in the whole mixture, but the partitioning of these compounds is somehow reduced when the whole mixture is exposed to the worms. The high sublethal BBs of the worms exposed to the crude saturate fraction indicate that the intrinsic toxicity of the crude saturate fraction was lower than the intrinsic toxicity of the crude aromatic fraction. The crude whole LBB was significantly higher than the LBB of the aromatic exposed worms. Given the nontoxicity of the crude saturate fraction, it is likely that the total BB of the whole mixture exposed earthworms was higher than that of the aromatic exposed worms due to the presence of saturated hydrocarbons as well as aromatic hydrocarbons, but only the aromatic fraction likely has a toxic effect in the whole exposed earthworms. Comparisons Between Sources The average LBB of the flare aromatic exposed worms was significantly higher than that of the crude aromatic exposed worms, indicating that the crude aromatic fraction is more intrinsically toxic than the flare aromatic fraction. The total BBs of the crude and flare saturate exposed earthworms were not significantly different. However, since the crude saturated BBs were sublethal, and the flare saturate BBs were lethal, it is apparent that the flare saturate fraction is more intrinsically toxic than the crude saturate fraction. The difference in toxicity between the saturate fractions may be explained by biological transformation, which has been shown to increase toxicity of hydrocarbon components The reduced partitioning of the flare whole mixture compared to the crude whole mixture cannot be explained by differences in saturate and aromatic fraction toxicity. The saturate and aromatic fractions of the flare and crude whole mixtures are bioavailable when exposed alone. The aromatic fractions from both mixtures have similar intrinsic toxicities, and the flare saturate fraction appears to be more intrinsically toxic than the crude saturate fraction. Therefore, if the saturate and aromatic fractions are primarily responsible for the whole mixture toxicity, the toxicity of the flare whole mixture should be expected to be higher than that of the crude whole mixture. Dilution of the toxic compounds due to the presence of a mixture alone cannot be responsible for the observed reduced partitioning. It is therefore likely that the presence of the other compounds present in the flare whole mixture, and not in the crude whole mixture, reduces the cellular exposure of the toxic saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons to the worm. It has been shown that the presence of high concentrations of asphaltenes and polars (resins) can cause reduced degradation of otherwise bioavailable compounds in crude oil mixtures CONCLUSIONS The results of the toxicity tests of all of the crude and flare whole and fraction hydrocarbon exposures were consistent with the theory of hydrocarbon narcosis. However, intrinsic toxicity differences are apparent between the aromatic and saturate fractions of both the crude and flare pit hydrocarbon mixtures. The aromatic fractions were more intrinsically toxic than the saturate fractions, requiring a lower BB to cause a lethal effect. The flare saturate fraction was more intrinsically toxic than the crude saturate fraction, possibly due to biotransformation of the constituent compounds. Ecotoxicological effects of hydrocarbon mixtures at contaminated sites will therefore be a product not only of the factors which influence the bioavailability and amount of hydrocarbons available for partitioning, but also of the intrinsic toxicity and relative amounts of the saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons in the mixture. 1424 Cook et al.: Hydrocarbon Toxicity TheScientificWorld (2002) 2, 1418-1425 The flare and crude whole mixtures exhibited much different toxicological effects. The crude whole mixture was very toxic, and consistent with the toxicity of the crude aromatic fraction. However, the flare whole mixture contaminated soil was much less toxic than would be expected, given the observed toxicity of the flare saturate and aromatic fractions. The effective toxicity of the flare whole fraction was greatly inhibited, apparently by high abundances of asphaltenes and polars in the mixture, which interfered with the partitioning of toxic hydrocarbons into the lipid membrane. Since these compounds are produced by biotransformation of hydrocarbons, it is logical to assume that the relative abundance of these degradation resistant hydrocarbons will only increase with time at a flare pit site. Therefore, even without bioremediation treatment, it is unlikely that environmental and toxicological impact of the hydrocarbons at the flare pit site will increase over time. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Martiodendron elatum var. occidentale R. C. Koeppen
No full text<i>Martiodendron elatum</i> (Ducke) Gleason var. <i>occidentale</i> (Ducke) R.C. Koeppen. Brittonia 14(2): 207 (1962). <p> ≡ <i>Martiusia elata</i> Ducke var. <i>occidentalis</i> Ducke. Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 2: 40 (1935). ≡ <i>Martiusia elata</i> Ducke forma <i>occidentale</i> Ducke. Arquivos do instituto de Biologia Vegetal 2: 40 (1935).</p> <p> Type:— Brazil: Amazonas: rio Purus, super ostium fluminis Acre, silva riparia rarius innnundabilis, arbor magna radicibus tabularibus magnis, flos aureis, 11-III-1933. <i>Ducke, A</i>., <i>s.n</i>. RB24187. Barcode 00146817 (Lectotype here designated: RB!; Isolectotypes: S!; K!; U!; US!; WIS!; Y).</p> <p> <i>=</i> <i>Martiodendron macrocarpon</i> Gleason. Phytologia 1:142 (1935). Type:— Brazil: Amazonas: near mouth of Rio Embira (tributary of Rio Tarauaca), 7°30’S 70°15’W. Tree, 110 feet high, with yellow flowers, very hard wood, on varzea land. 26-VI-1933, <i>Krukoff, B.A.</i> 5015 NY00004509 (Lectotype here designated: NY!; Isolectotypes: A!; BRI!; CAS!; DS; F!; G; LE!; M!; MAD; MICH!; MO!; RB!; S!; U!; UC; US!) ≡ <i>Martiusia elata</i> Ducke forma <i>angustifolia</i> Ducke. Leguminosas da Amazônia Brasileira. 87 (1939).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> — <i>Martiodendron elatum</i> var. <i>occidentale</i> differs from <i>Martiodendron elatum</i> var. <i>elatum</i> for having (9–)11(–13) leaflets generally smaller and narrower, the terminal ones (6–)7–11(–13) × (1.4–)2–3.2(–4.8) cm, (2.5–)3–4.6 times longer than wide; a stable number of stamens, usually 5, rarely 4, almost always 0–1 staminode; fruits narrower, 4.6–6(–7) cm wide, (2.4–)2.7–3.8 times longer than wide, with both relatively straight (Figures 3 and 5).</p> <p> <b>Distribution and Habitat:</b> —The variety is found in the far north of Bolivia and the southern Brazilian Amazon, in the states of Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and southern and western Amazonas (Figure 15), as well as possibly in the far east of Peru close to the border with Brazil, inhabiting the basins of the Purus, Acre, Madeira, and Juruá Rivers, generally in upland forests, more rarely in floodplains and igapós.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> —The variety name comes from the Latin <i>occidentalis</i>, referring to the western distribution (Bolivia, Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and southern Amazonas) compared to the easternmost distribution of the type variety known at the time (southwest of Pará and southeast of Amazonas).</p> <p> <b>Nomenclatural Comments:</b> —In the protologue of the variety, Ducke, (1935) cited an holotype: <i>Ducke, A</i>., <i>s.n</i>. H.J.B.R. 24187 and Koeppen & Iltis (1962) cited RB 24187. However, like in <i>M. elatum</i>, this herbarium number is not a unique identifier of a single specimen, but an identifier of the gathering. Thus, we deemed it necessary to make a lectotypification to establish the duplicate in RB as the lectotype. <i>M. macrocarpon</i> has one single material cited by Gleason (1935), but the author did not indicate in which herbarium the material was deposited. Koeppen & Iltis (1962) also didn’t specially cite any herbarium, so a lectotypification was also necessary.</p> <p> <b>Taxonomic Comments:</b> —The continuous distribution and the small level of overlap for the diagnostic characters between this taxon and the typical form of the species led us to consider it as a variety, corroborating the ideas of Koeppen & Iltis (1962). Practically none of the characters proposed by Ducke (1922) in the description of <i>M. elatum</i> is stable and/or distinctive for this taxon, such as pyramidal inflorescences, smaller flowers, and sericeous fruits. The only characteristic of Ducke maintained here is that of larger fruits, so the definition of <i>M. elatum</i> closest to the one proposed here is that of Koeppen & Iltis (1962). In the description of <i>M. macrocarpon</i> (Gleason, 1935), which is maintained here as a synonym for <i>M. elatum</i> var. <i>occidentale</i>, as proposed by Koeppen & Iltis (1962), Gleason points out some differences that were also not corroborated in the present work, such as the impression of the veins on the abaxial face of the leaflets, more pubescent carpels or shape of the veins in fruits. We found that none of these characters can differentiate this taxon.</p> <p> The difference in axillary bud size between the two varieties of <i>M. elatum</i> described by Koeppen & Iltis (1962) seem to be highly variable and, therefore, not enough to distinguish any taxon, even if infraspecific. Koeppen & Iltis points out that the presence of two carpels per flower is reasonably common for variety <i>occidentale</i>. On the other hand, Silva <i>et al</i>. (2005) indicates that the variety <i>occidentale</i> would always have bicarpellary gynoecium, which was not observed here. No flower with two carpels was observed in this work, despite the large number of specimens and flowers analyzed, including all specimens cited in the two previous works. The variation in leaflet number and size and fruit width and shape seems consistent with Koeppen’s division, with more leaflets and longer fruits in variety <i>occidentale</i> and fewer leaflets and wider and generally more curved fruits in variety <i>elatum</i>.</p> <p> <b>Selected List of Additional Specimens Examined: (20 of 43 analyzed specimens):</b> — BOLIVIA: <b>Pando:</b> Federico Román, 09°41’S 65°24’W. 24-VII-2002, <i>Urrelo F</i>.633 (F; LPB); BRAZIL: <b>Acre:</b> Acrelândia: basin of rio Madeira, rio Abun ã, Porto Dias, 9°59’18”S 66° 46’40”W. Tree, 25 m × 48 cm, 17-V-2009, <i>Daly, D. C.</i> 13736 (RB; NY); Bujari: riozinho do Andirá, ramal do Espinhara, 9°42’31”S 68° 8’ 16”W. Árvore, 7 m, 7-IX-2013, <i>Costa, D. S</i>. 297 (RB); Rio Branco: Br-364, ramal Bujari, km8. Árvore, 20 m, 23-VI-1989, <i>Saraiva, R. S.</i> 22 (INPA); Sena Madureira: riozinho do Andirá, 9°43’45”S 68°8’53”W. Árvore, 35 m, 15-VI-1995, <i>Oliveira, A. R.S</i>. 631 (NY); Xapuri: Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes, 1°33’52”S 68° 18’11”W, terra firme. Árvore, 30 m × 60 cm, 3-VI-1999, <i>Ehringhaus, C.</i> 1026 (NY); <b>Amazonas</b>: Coari: Base de operaçıes geólogo Pedro de Moura, 4°57’57”S 65°5’56”W. Árvore, 20 m × DAP 35 cm, 14-VI-2009, <i>Melo, M. G. G.</i> 55 (INPA); Envira: near mouth of rio Embira, tributary of rio Tarauaca, 7°30’S 70°15’W. Tree, 110 feet high, 21-VI-1923, <i>Krukoff, B. A.</i> 4950 (F; K; NY; US); Humaitá: rio Madeira, 29-VI-1936, <i>Ducke, A. s.n</i>. RB35074 (RB); Tefé: rio Urucu, base da Petrobras, 4°0’S 65°0’W. Árvore, 30-III-2004, <i>Amaral, I. L.</i> 2814 (INPA); <b>Mato Grosso</b>: Aripuan ã, gleba Aripuan ã a 25 km da cidade em direç ã o sudoeste, 10°16’35”S 59° 36’ 30”W. Árvore, 6 m, 5-VII-1997, <i>Árbocz, G. F.</i> 4175 (ESA; RB); <b>Rondônia:</b> Itapu ã do Oeste, Flona do Jamari, Concess ã o AMATA. Árvore, 25 m, 23-III-2010, <i>Amoêdo, S. L</i>. 16 (INPA; RB; RON); Jaci Paraná: margem esquerda do rio Madeira, 9°33’31”S 64°53’27”W, 24-III-2010, <i>Pereira-Silva, G.</i> 15173 (CEN; INPA; RB); Ji Paraná: Gleba G, km20. Árvore, 30 m, 9-IV-1983, <i>Paulino Filho, H. F</i>. 98 (INPA); Machadinho do Oeste: Tabajara, rio Machado, 8°57’80”S 61° 56’14”W. Árvore, 15 m, 1-VI-2015, <i>Bigio, N. C</i>. 1684 (RB); Porto Velho: margem esquerda do rio Madeira, 9°23’20”S 64°50’49”W. Árvore, 23-VI-2010, <i>Pereira Silva, G</i>. 15470 (CEN; INPA; RB); Guajará Mirim. 28-IX-1996, <i>Araujo, J.</i> 2609-076-1996 (RON); Abun ã, próximo a antiga estrada de ferro Abun ã -Mutumparaná a 2 km de Abun ã, 9°40’S 65° 20’W. Árvore, 28 m × 65 cm, 19-IV-1987, <i>Cid Ferreira, C. A.</i> 8872 (INPA; NY); Presidente Médici: estrada para Alvorada, km 35. Árvore, 25 m × 60 cm, 23-IV-1983, <i>Paulino-Filho, H. F</i>. 158 (INPA); rio Jarú, Colocaç ã o Primavera, seringal 71. Árvore, 45-50 m, 1.71 m, 14-VI-1972, <i>Oliveira, E.</i> 5992 (IAN).</p> <p> <b>List With Summary Data of Additional Specimens Examined: (23 of 43 analyzed specimens):</b> — BRAZIL: <b>Acre</b>: <i>Pardo, M</i>. 85 (NY); <i>Lima, L.</i> 632 (NY); <i>Daly, D.C.</i> 8131 (INPA; NY); 9438 (NY); <i>Santos, J.U</i>. 164 (MG); <i>Figueiredo, C.</i> 762 (NY); <i>Krukoff, B</i>. 5401 (F; NY; RB); <b>Amazonas</b>: <i>Clóvis s.n</i>. INPA217423 (INPA); <i>Souza, L.A.G.</i> 30_10 (INPA); <i>Krukoff, B.A</i>. 6619 (RB); <b>Rondônia</b>: <i>Silva, M.G.</i> 6127 (INPA; MG); <i>Paulino Filho, H.F</i>. 51 (INPA); <i>Bigio, N.C.</i> 1815 (RB); <i>Silva, M.G.</i> 6080 (MG); <i>Pereira Silva, G</i>. 16329 (CEN; IAN; INPA; NY; RB); <i>Ulisses</i> 12980 (INPA); <i>Santos, A.A</i>. 3613 (CEN; IAN; INPA; NY); <i>Araújo, J.</i> 0809-082-1997 (RON); <i>Maciel, U.N</i>. 1600 (K; MG); <i>Vinha, E.</i>; 3101-156-1997 (RON); <i>Silva, M.G.</i> 6201 (INPA; MG; UEC); <i>Antônio, M.</i> 2407-136-2997 (RON); <i>Araújo, J.</i> 2807-135-1997 (RON)</p>Published as part of <i>Falcão, Marcus José De Azevedo, Torke, Benjamin M., Garcia, Gabriel Santos, Silva, Guilherme Sousa Da & Mansano, Vidal De Freitas, 2023, A Taxonomic Revision of the Neotropical Genus Martiodendron (Fabaceae: Dialioideae), pp. 11-56 in Phytotaxa 578 (1)</i> on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7517688">http://zenodo.org/record/7517688</a>
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