7 research outputs found
Torborg Nedreaas’ short story collection Bak skapet står øksen (1945) and newpaper articles from the aftermath of the Second World War
No full textI min masteroppgave undersøker jeg novellesamlingen Bak skapet står øksen (1945) av forfatteren Torborg Nedreaas. Mitt prosjekt vil bidra til økt forståelse av Nedreaas’ forfatterskap. Min tese er at novellesamlingen bidrar til å gi et nyansert bilde av tyskerjentenes situasjon i okkupasjonstiden. Jeg fremhever de unike mulighetene som ligger i novellesjangeren, og undersøker spesifikt hva de syv tyskerjentenovellene til Nedreaas formidler. De aktuelle novellene er «Stikk imot østavind», «Ellen», «Jeg skal ha revansje», «Mannen», «Kvinnlinger I», «Kvinnlinger II» og «Achtung, gnädiges Fräulein». Jeg benytter meg av novelleteorier av blant andre Asbjørn Aarseth, Lars Arild og Jørgen Haugan, samt Frank O`Connor. Utover dette har jeg undersøkt et bredt politisk og geografisk spekter med avisinnlegg som omtaler tyskerjentene publisert mellom mai 1945 og februar 1946, som en stikkprøve til samtidens syn på den stigmatiserte gruppen mennesker tyskerjentene representerte. Mine funn viser at de syv tyskerjentenovellene formidler mer barmhjertige innsikter enn de skribenter i avisene tar til orde for, til den impliserte leseren (jf. Booth). I sum formidler tyskerjentenovellene at tyskerjenter ikke kan dømmes likt og kjapt – uten å ta hensyn til de store individuelle forskjellene. Deretter oppfordrer den impliserte forfatter til refleksjon om seksualitet i krigstid. Nedreaas utløser refleksjon hos leseren ved å elegant kritisere den impliserte leserens forstålsesfellesskap som antakelig er fiendtlig innstilt til tyskerjentene. Jeg viser hvordan novellesjangeren er særlig godt egnet til å oppnå bedre forståelse for tyskerjentene som fenomen. Dermed blir leseren aktivert på en annen måte, enn passive avisinnlegg klarer. Novellesjangeren, her med Bak skapet står øksen som eksempel, skaper forståelse, refleksjon, innsikt og selverkjennelse, konkret gjennom novelletrekk som Arild og Haugans uhørte begivenhet, konflikt mellom to verdener og O'Connors sympati med en undertrykket befolkningsgruppe. Nedreaas var i ensomt selskap da hun i 1945 ga tyskerjentene flere ansikter og stemmer – slik skildrer hun de mange menneskelige sidene ved en nærmest umenneskeliggjort gruppe kvinner.This master thesis examines Bak skapet står øksen (1945), written by the Norwegian author Torborg Nedreaas. The project provides a greater understanding of Nedreaas’ authorship, in addition to a thorough analysis of the seven short stories about “tyskerjenter” (also referred to as “German drabs”). I argue that these short stories provide a nuanced understanding of Norwegian women’s situation during the war. I determine different possibilities within the short story genre and examine what Nedreaas’ seven short stories communicate. The short stories I analyse are «Stikk imot østavind», «Ellen», «Jeg skal ha revansje», «Mannen», «Kvinnlinger I», «Kvinnlinger II» and «Achtung, gnädiges Fräulein». I use short story theories developed by Asbjørn Aarseth, Lars Arild and Jørgen Haugan, as well as Frank O`Connor. Additionally, I have researched a broad-spectrum of politically and geographically different Norwegian newspapers, concerning “tyskerjenter”, published between May 1945 and February 1946, as a sample of the public’s view on the stigmatized group in this period. My research indicates that Nedreaas’ seven short stories have different impact on the implied reader (cf. Booth). To summarise, they demonstrate that no person can be judged jointly, their individuality must play a part. Additionally, the author encourages reflection on sexuality during war times. Nedreaas’ trigger the reader’s reflection by criticising the implied readers understanding, who are mostly hostile towards “tyskerjentene”. I reveal how the short story genre is specifically well suited to raise better understanding of “tyskerjentene” as a phenomenon. In contrast to other genres, the short story genre traditionally has room for interpretation, due to the frequent writing between the lines. This activates the reader in a different way than passive newspaper articles are able to. The short story genre, and Bak skapet står øksen specifically, creates understanding, reflection, insight and self-knowledge, through Goethe’s “unprecedented event”, conflict between two worlds and O'Connors’ sympathy for a submerged population group. Nedreaas recognised already in 1945 the dehumanised group of women labelled “tyskerjentene”. She gave them faces and voices like no other writer in a time filled with hatred.Mastergradsoppgave i nordisk språk og litteraturMAHF-NORDMAHF-LÆNONOLISP35
The Dark Side of the Boom: The Peculiar Dilemma of Modern False Claims Act Litigation
No full textSpurred by treble damages, substantial penalties, and lucrative relator awards, litigation under federal and state False Claims Act (“FCA”) statutes has exploded in recent years. Much of that explosion stems from aggressive and creative legal theories that challenge controversial industry practices or even well-known loopholes or waste in government policy. Evidence from governmental entities can be critically important in litigating these FCA claims. Unique aspects of False Claims Act actions, however, can aggravate the risk of losing this important evidence, leaving the parties, judges, and juries without the evidentiary record necessary to equitably adjudicate these disputes. Defendants can face the risk of treble damages, substantial penalties, or worse without the opportunity to build their defense before evidence is destroyed. Calling on his first-hand experience litigating FCA cases, the author highlights the risk of government spoliation in FCA cases and provides recommendations for courts and counsel to address this escalating problem
Open destinies : modern American women and the short story cycle
No full textThis thesis examines the juncture between the short story cycle form and gender politics. It explores how twentieth-century women from the United States have been using the form to represent and question gender identity. The introduction outlines commentaries on the story cycle and considers definitions of the form. It includes case studies of earlier twentieth-century cycles by American women: cycles such as Mary McCarthy's The Company She Keeps that have been passed over by critics of the form.
Chapter One presents Eudora Welty's The Golden Apples as a cycle paradigm, examining conventions such as the form's metafictional dimension and its preoccupation with communal identity. Chapter Two argues that Grace Paley's scattered Faith narratives set a standard for more dispersed versions of the form. Chapter Three considers how Joyce Carol Oates uses the sequential cycle to represent gender identity as a social construct. Chapters Four and Five examine the macrocosmic cycles of Gloria Naylor and Louise Erdrich and consider changes in their form and gender politics. The final 'composite' chapters explore postmodern versions of the form such as Susan Minot's Monkeys. The prose works of Sandra Cisneros stretch across the story cycle continuum, whilst Toni Morrison's Paradise is universally regarded as a novel. Readings of contemporary cycles by Melissa Bank, Elissa Schappell and Emily Carter demonstrate that American women are re-invigorating the form to facilitate the plural identity of the postmodern heroine
The V471A polymorphism in autophagy-related gene ATG7 modifies age at onset specifically in Italian Huntington disease patients
No full textThe cause of Huntington disease (HD) is a polyglutamine repeat expansion of more than 36 units in the huntingtin protein, which is inversely correlated with the age at onset of the disease. However, additional genetic factors are believed to modify the course and the age at onset of HD. Recently, we identified the V471A polymorphism in the autophagy-related gene ATG7, a key component of the autophagy pathway that plays an important role in HD pathogenesis, to be associated with the age at onset in a large group of European Huntington disease patients. To confirm this association in a second independent patient cohort, we analysed the ATG7 V471A polymorphism in additional 1,464 European HD patients of the "REGISTRY" cohort from the European Huntington Disease Network (EHDN). In the entire REGISTRY cohort we could not confirm a modifying effect of the ATG7 V471A polymorphism. However, analysing a modifying effect of ATG7 in these REGISTRY patients and in patients of our previous HD cohort according to their ethnic origin, we identified a significant effect of the ATG7 V471A polymorphism on the HD age at onset only in the Italian population (327 patients). In these Italian patients, the polymorphism is associated with a 6-years earlier disease onset and thus seems to have an aggravating effect. We could specify the role of ATG7 as a genetic modifier for HD particularly in the Italian population. This result affirms the modifying influence of the autophagic pathway on the course of HD, but also suggests population-specific modifying mechanisms in HD pathogenesis
Suicidal ideation in a European Huntington's disease population.
No full textBACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate increased prevalences of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and completed suicide in Huntington's disease (HD) compared with the general population. This study investigates correlates and predictors of suicidal ideation in HD. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 2106 HD mutation carriers, all participating in the REGISTRY study of the European Huntington's Disease Network. Of the 1937 participants without suicidal ideation at baseline, 945 had one or more follow-up measurements. Participants were assessed for suicidal ideation by the behavioural subscale of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Correlates of suicidal ideation were analyzed using logistic regression analysis and predictors were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: At baseline, 169 (8.0%) mutation carriers endorsed suicidal ideation. Disease duration (odds ratio [OR]=0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9-1.0), anxiety (OR=2.14; 95%CI: 1.4-3.3), aggression (OR=2.41; 95%CI: 1.5-3.8), a previous suicide attempt (OR=3.95; 95%CI: 2.4-6.6), and a depressed mood (OR=13.71; 95%CI: 6.7-28.0) were independently correlated to suicidal ideation at baseline. The 4-year cumulative incidence of suicidal ideation was 9.9%. Longitudinally, the presence of a depressed mood (hazard ratio [HR]=2.05; 95%CI: 1.1-4.0) and use of benzodiazepines (HR=2.44; 95%CI: 1.2-5.0) at baseline were independent predictors of incident suicidal ideation, whereas a previous suicide attempt was not predictive. LIMITATIONS: As suicidal ideation was assessed by only one item, and participants were a selection of all HD mutation carriers, the prevalence of suicidal ideation was likely underestimated. CONCLUSIONS: Suicidal ideation in HD frequently occurs. Assessment of suicidal ideation is a priority in mutation carriers with a depressed mood and in those using benzodiazepines
Datengetriebene Stratifizierung von Patienten mit Parkinson-Krankheit anhand von Verlaufsdaten motorischer und kognitiver Kennzahlen der Erkrankung
No full textParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder with a complex set of motor and non-motor symptoms and a diverse disease progression. Subtyping PD patients is required for personalized therapies but stratification approaches based on intermediate phenotypes such as clinical assessment scores lack reproducibility and stability, which is at least partially due to the broad spectrum of methods that can be applied during different steps of data processing. We propose a novel approach that considers the progression of detailed clinical assessment scores in different domains over a period of five years. Furthermore, we confirm the robustness of our subtypes with comparisons to subtypes that emerge when using different data pre-processing or another clustering algorithm. Three subtypes were found with differentiable symptoms: The motor-dominant subtype has the fastest progression and is most severely affected in daily life, closely followed by the sleep-dominant non-tremor subtype. The mild-motor subtype, in contrast, is characterized by moderate progression. These subtypes emerge from their progression pattern rather than from a snapshot during one time point. Hence we advocate for stratification approaches for PD subtyping that take longitudinal data over several years into account.Die Parkinson-Krankheit ist eine fortschreitende, neurodegenerative Erkrankung, die sich durch komplexe motorische und nicht-motorische Symptome sowie einen vielfältigen Krankheitsverlauf auszeichnet. Subtypisierung der Patienten ist für personalisierte Therapien notwendig, jedoch fehlt es an Stratifizierungsansätzen, die auf Zwischenphänotypen wie z.B. klinischen Tests aufsetzen, an Reproduzierbarkeit und Stabilität. Dies bedingt sich teilweise durch die vielen methodischen Möglichkeiten bei der Datenprozessierung. Wir schlagen einen neuen Ansatz vor, bei dem die Entwicklung detaillierter klinischer Kennwerte aus unterschiedlichen Domänen über einen Zeitraum von fünf Jahren betrachtet wird. Die Robustheit der so erhaltenen Subtypen untermauern wir mit Vergleichen zu Subtypen, die wir mit abweichender Datenprozessierung oder einem anderen Clustering-Algorithmus gewonnen hätten. Wir finden hier drei Subtypen mit differenzierbarer Symptomatik: Der motorisch-dominante Subtyp ist gekennzeichnet durch den raschesten Verfall und ist im täglichen Leben am stärksten betroffen, eng gefolgt vom Schlaf-dominanten non-Tremor Subtyp. Im Gegensatz dazu ist der Krankheitsverlauf des mild-motorischen Subtyps eher moderat. Diese Subtypen erwachsen aus den Verläufen ihrer komplexen Symptomatik und nicht aus Gruppenunterschieden während eines einzelnen Zeitpunkts. Deswegen plädieren wir dafür, für die Subtypisierung von Parkinson-Patienten Längsschnittdaten mehrerer Jahre zu verwenden
