24 research outputs found
Nopeat Hiukkaset Fuusioplasmoissa – Kohti Numeerisia Tokamakeja
No full textConstructing a fusion device is a complicated, expensive, and time-consuming enterprise. To avoid costly errors in the design and operation of such a device, sophisticated predictive modelling is needed. To that end, there are several on-going projects striving towards the ambitious goal of building a numerical tokamak; i.e., a set of numerical tools that could be used to simulate the evolution of the fusion plasma through an entire discharge.
In a fusion device, fast ions are born in fusion reactions. They also arise from acceleration of thermal particles using electromagnetic waves, and from injection of energetic neutrals that are ionized promptly upon entering the plasma. Fast ions are crucial for heating the plasma but they are also used for driving toroidal rotation and current. In addition, if the fast ions escape the plasma, they can pose a threat to the first walls of the device. Therefore, tools for modelling the fast ions are an integral part of any numerical tokamak.
In this work, development and applications of two fast ion modelling tools, the beamlet-based neutral beam injection code BBNBI and the particle-following Monte Carlo code ASCOT, are presented. The former simulates the injection and the ionization of a neutral beam, whereas the latter models the motion and the slowing-down of fast ions in the plasma. The validity of BBNBI and ASCOT is confirmed by benchmarking them against other established neutral beam codes in Joint European Torus (JET) and ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) plasmas. The codes are then utilized to investigate (i) the losses of neutral beam injected (NBI) ions due to in-vessel coil induced magnetic perturbations in AUG, (ii) the distribution function of NBI ions in ITER, and (iii) the behaviour of fusion-born alpha particles in JET advanced scenario plasmas.
Finally, the two numerical tokamak constructions into which BBNBI and ASCOT have been incorporated are introduced. While both BBNBI and ASCOT are widely used in JET Integrated Transport Code (JINTRAC), the first results utilizing them within the EFDA Integrated Tokamak Modelling (ITM) framework are presented here. The importance of orbit width effects is highlighted in a benchmark between different fast ion tools on the ITM framework. A study charting the capability of neutral beams to drive current in a future Demonstration Power Plant (DEMO) proves that BBNBI and ASCOT are capable of flexible and sophisticated modelling of NBI on the ITM framework.Fuusiokoelaitteen rakentaminen on monimutkainen, kallis ja aikaa vievä projekti. Laitteen kattava ennakoiva mallintaminen on edellytys sen suunnittelulle ja sujuvalle käytölle. Tätä tarkoitusta varten on kehitteillä lukuisia numeerisia tokamakeja, eli laskennallisten työkalujen kokoelmia, joiden kunnianhimoisena tavoitteena on kyetä mallintamaan plasman käytös purkauksen alusta loppuun.
Fuusiokoelaitteessa nopeat ionit syntyvät fuusioreaktiossa, radiotaajuuskuumennuksen seurauksena, tai neutraalisuihkuhiukkasten ionisoituessa niiden saapuessa plasmaan. Nämä nopeat ionit ovat erittäin tärkeitä plasman kuumennuksen kannalta, mutta niitä käytetään myös pyörittämään plasmaa toroidaalisesti sekä ajamaan virtaa. Mikäli nopeat ionit karkaavat plasmasta, ne voivat vahingoittaa laitteen ensiseinämää. Näin ollen, nopeiden ionien käyttäytymistä mallintavat työkalut ovat tärkeä osa jokaista numeerista tokamakia.
Tässä työssä kuvataan kahden nopeita ioneja mallintavan työkalun, BBNBI:n ja ASCOT:in, kehitystä ja niiden avulla saavutettuja tutkimustuloksia. BBNBI mallintaa neutraalisuihkun injektiota ja ionisoitumista, kun taas ASCOT seuraa nopeiden ionien liikettä ja hidastumista plasmassa Monte Carlo menetelmää käyttäen. Näiden kahden työkalun tulosten oikeellisuus varmistetaan vertaamalla niitä muihin neutraalisuihkuja mallintaviin koodeihin Joint European Torus:n (JET) and ASDEX Upgrade:n (AUG) plasmoissa. Tämän jälkeen niitä apuna käyttäen tutkitaan (i) ulkoisten magneettisten häiriöiden aiheuttamia neutraalisuihkuhiukkasten häviöitä AUG:ssa, (ii) neutraalisuihkuhiukkasten jakaumaa ITER:ssä ja (iii) fuusioalfojen käyttäytymistä JET:n optimoiduissa plasmoissa.
Lopuksi esitellään kaksi numeeriseen tokamakiin tähtäävää rakennelmaa joihin BBNBI ja ASCOT on liitetty. Sekä BBNBI:tä että ASCOT:ia hyödynnetään laajasti JET Integrated Transport Code:n (JINTRAC) osina, mutta tässä työssä esitetään ensimmäiset tulokset niiden käytöstä EFDA Integrated Tokamak Modelling (ITM) alustalla. Hiukkasten radanleveyden mallintamisen tärkeys nousee esille vertailtaessa erilaisten nopeita hiukkasia mallintavien työkalujen tuloksia. Neutraalisuihkujen virranajonkyvyn tutkimus suunnitteilla olevassa Esittelyvoimalassa (DEMO) puolestaan osoittaa että BBNBI ja ASCOT kykenevät mallintamaan neutraalisuihkuja joustavasti ja yksityiskohtaisesti ITM alustalla
Versatile fusion source integrator AFSI for fast ion and neutron studies in fusion devices
No full textASCOT Fusion Source Integrator AFSI, an efficient tool for calculating fusion reaction rates and characterizing the fusion products, based on arbitrary reactant distributions, has been developed and is reported in this paper. Calculation of reactor-relevant D-D, D-T and D-(3) He fusion reactions has been implemented based on the Bosch-Hale fusion cross sections. The reactions can be calculated between arbitrary particle populations, including Maxwellian thermal particles and minority energetic particles. Reaction rate profiles, energy spectra and full 4D phase space distributions can be calculated for the non-isotropic reaction products. The code is especially suitable for integrated modelling in self-consistent plasma physics simulations as well as in the Serpent neutronics calculation chain. Validation of the model has been performed for neutron measurements at the JET tokamak and the code has been applied to predictive simulations in ITER.SP
Fuusioalfojen käyttäytyminen 'advanced scenario'-plasmoissa
No full textFuusiossa syntyvien 3.5 MeV alfa-hiukkasten riittävä koossapito on erittäin tärkeää plasman kuumennuksen kannalta.
Jotta fuusioreaktori voisi olla energiatehokas, alfojen on luovutettava suurin osa energiastaan taustaplasmalle ennen karkaamistaan plasmasta.
Fuusioalfojen ratojen leveydet ovat samaa suuruusluokkaa kuin plasman koko ja kääntäen verrannollisia poloidaalisen magneettikentän suuruuteen.
Koska poloidaalinen magneettikenttä puolestaan luodaan toroidaalisen plasmavirran avulla, a- hiukkasten koossapito on erityisen ongelmallista suorituskyvyltään optimoiduissa 'advanced scenario'-plasmoissa.
Niille ominainen sisäosien kuljetusvalli luodaan tyypillisesti lähes olemattomalla toroidaalisella virralla plasman keskustassa.
Alfa-hiukkasten tehodepositiota ja häviöitä JET:n H-moodi- ja optimoiduissa plasmoissa tutkittiin seuraamalla hiukkasten ratoja niiden johtokeskuksen liikettä mallintavalla ASCOT-koodilla.
Alfa-hiukkasten suorien ratahäviöiden todettiin olevan huomattavasti suuremmat optimoidussa plasmassa verrattuna tavallisiin H-moodiplasmoihin.
Tämä näyttäisi tekevän tyhjäksi optimoiduissa plasmoissa termisten hiukkasten paremmalla koossapidolla saavutettavan hyödyn.
Erilaisten H-moodiplasmojen tulokset antavat kuitenkin vihjeitä siitä, että häviöitä voidaan vähentää kasvattamalla plasmavirtaa.
Tehodepositio H-moodilasmoissa oli symmetristä ja magneettisen akselin läheisyyteen keskittynyttä.
Optimoidussa plasmassa tehodeposition puolestaan havaittiin levittäytyvän laajemmalle alueelle johtuen erikoisen vuopintarakenteen aiheuttamista hiukkasradoista.
Magneettisten akseleiden läheisyyteen sijoittuneiden maksimien lisäksi optimoidun plasman tehodepositiojakaumassa havaittiin runsaasti muun muassa stagnaatiopisteistä ja niitä kiertävistä perunaradoista johtuvaa hienorakennetta.
Simulaatioiden lisäksi työssä kehitettiin uusi testihiukkasten alkusijoittelurutiini ASCOT:iin.
Sen tarkoituksena on mahdollistaa hiukkasten kattavampi alkusijoittelu erityisesti plasmoille, joilla on monimutkainen magneettinen vuopintarakenne.
Uuden alkusijoittelun todettiin toistavan tarkasti vanhat tulokset H-moodiplasmoille ja tuottavan fysikaalisesti uskottavampia tuloksia haastavammalle optimoidulle plasmalle
Cabel structures
No full textPočetak konstruiranja konstrukcija od užadi seže u prošlost kada nomadska plemena izrađivala šatore koje bi brzo mogli sastaviti i rasklopiti tijekom dalekih putovanja, a za savladavanje visinskih razlika izrađivali su pješačke viseće mostove od bambusove užadi. Njemački inženjer i arhitekt Frei Otto prvi je počeo istraživati pronalaženje ravnotežnih oblika prednapetih konstrukcija na fizikalnim modelima i promatranjem ponašanje opne sapunice, što je rezultiralo izvedbom većih rasponskih konstrukcija poput Munich Olympic Arena-e. U ovom radu spojit ćemo teorijsko i praktično znanje kako bismo oblikovali i našli ravnotežni oblik vlačne prednapete konstrukcije – konstrukcije od užadi. Opisat će se karakteristike i terminologija koji su ključni za razumijevanje projektiranja konstrukcija od užadi. Izrađen je fizički model vlačne konstrukcije na kojem ravnotežni položaj dobiven na numeričkom modelu korištenjem alata Rhinoceros 6 uz primjenu metode gustoće sila implementiranu u dodatak Grasshopper
Desterritorialización y reterritorialización en los testimonios de Asunta Quispe Huamán, Munú Actis, Cristina Aldini, Liliana Gardella, Miriam Lewin y Elisa Tokar, y Reyna Grande
No full textabstract: RESUMEN
Esta tesis investiga la escritura femenina testimonial de tres obras latinoamericanas. El testimonio de Asunta Quispe Huamán, publicado en Gregorio Condori Mamani. Autobiografía (1977), producido por Ricardo Valderrama y Carmen Escalante; Ese infierno: conversaciones de cinco mujeres sobrevivientes de la ESMA de Munú Actis, Cristina Aldini, Liliana Gardella, Miriam Lewin y Elisa Tokar (2001); y La distancia entre nosotros (2012) escrito por Reyna Grande. Los testimonios han sido analizados a través de diversas premisas teóricas compuestas de las ideas sobre la heterogeneidad latinoamericana de Antonio Cornejo Polar y teorías sobre el territorio, espacio y geografía de Henri Lefebvre, Rogerio Haesbaert, Edward Soya, Gilles Deleuze que nos han servido de plataforma para nuestro estudio. Asimismo se ha recurrido a escritos sobre el cuerpo y la frontera con teoristas feministas como Lucia Guerra, Nelly Richards, Jean Franco, Gloria Anzaldúa y Rosi Braidotti, entre otras. Este estudio se ha propuesto demostrar que estos testimonios Latinoamericanos en su polifonía social y cultural emplean discursos de dimensión multifocal que les permite reterritorializarse desde las márgenes a través de tácticas de resistencia en un proceso de permanente descolonización. Esos cuerpos nómades han sido hablados y programados por el discurso legitimador para desterritorializarlos pero ellos vuelven a reterritorializarse como “líneas de escape” que se transforman creando interconexiones de supervivencia creadora.
Consecuentemente, a través del nomadismo de los sujetos analizados se forma una resistencia política que representa nuevos horizontes que son los proyectos en variados ámbitos: de género, raciales, culturales, de justicia del espacio y ambientales. Todos éstos en contrapunteo con el discurso hegemónico.Dissertation/ThesisEmbargoDoctoral Dissertation Spanish 201
The Influence of Sex and Settlement Type on the Environmental Attitude
No full textThe environmental attitude of students is affected by a number of different factors (place of living, family background, educational background of parents, etc.). These factors influence environmental attitude in different ways. This research focused on the effect of sex and settlement type on the environmental attitude of high school students. According to previous studies (Széplaki, 2004; Félonnea and Becker, 2008; Dietz et al., 2002; Hunter et al., 2004; Zelezny et al., 2000; Asunta, 2004; Michalos et al., 2004), girls and students living in the countryside have a better attitude (Cheng and Monroe, 2010; Konya, 2011). Based on these findings, the author presumed that girls and students living in small towns have a better environmental attitude. The methods schools use for shaping the environmental attitude of students do not differentiate between boys and girls. However, due to the worse environmental attitude of boys it would be wise to introduce new methods in order to improve boys' emotional attitude and behavior
Diseño de estrategia educativa sobre factores de riesgo de malnutrición por defecto en niños de 1 a 5 años de edad en dos consultorios del Centro de Salud Enrique Ponce Luque. Año 2018.
No full textAntecedentes: La malnutrición por defecto en los niños menores de 5 años afecta su crecimiento y desarrollo cognitivo e implica altos costos en salud. En la actualidad, es todavía uno de los principales problemas que enfrenta toda sociedad, y en el Ecuador es una problemática que se ha reducido pero no lo suficiente. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal, en 67 madres o tutores legales de niños de 1 a 5 años en dos consultorios del centro de salud Enrique Ponce Luque, en el año 2018, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión; previo consentimiento informado, se utilizó una encuesta para la recolección de la información elaborado por la autora de acuerdo a los objetivos y variables. Resultados: El grupo de edad que predominó fueron madres de 15 a 24 años (46,3%), nivel de escolaridad
secundaria (37,3%), en unión libre (70,2%), y amas de casa (64,2%). Existió desconocimiento 59,7% por parte de las madres o tutores legales de niños de 1 a 5 años sobre los factores de riesgo de la malnutrición por defecto. Conclusiones: Existe desconocimiento por parte de las madres o tutores legales sobre los factores de riesgos de la malnutrición por defecto. Los resultados demuestran la pertinencia de la estrategia educativa y se recomienda la implementación para la adquisición del conocimiento.Background: Malnutrition by default in children under 5 years of age affects its cognitive growth and development and implies high health costs. At present, it is still one of the main problems that every society faces, and in Ecuador it is a problem that has been reduced but not enough. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study was conducted in 67 mothers or legal guardians of children from 1 to 5 years of age in two clinics of the Enrique Ponce Luque health center, in 2018, who met the inclusion criteria; prior informed consent, a survey was used to collect the information prepared by
the author according to the objectives and variables. Results: The age group that predominated were mothers from 15 to 24 years old (46.3%), secondary education level (37.3%), free union (70.2%), and housewives (64.2%). There was no knowledge of 59.7% by the mothers or legal guardians of children from 1 to 5 years old about the risk factors of malnutrition by default. Conclusions: There is no knowledgeon the part of mothers or
legal guardians about the risk factors of malnutrition by default. The results demonstrate the relevance of the educational strategy and implementation is recommended for the acquisition of knowledge
Gestión de la planificación curricular en función del enfoque por competencias en el nivel primaria de la institución educativa especial de rápido aprendizaje Alfred Binet del Distrito de José Luis Bustamante y Rivero - Arequipa
No full textEl presente trabajo académico constituye un Plan de acción en el marco de los estudios para la obtención del título de Segunda especialidad en Gestión Escolar con Liderazgo Pedagógico de la Universidad Marcelino Champagnat. Siendo la motivación de su realización la de mejorar la calidad de la acción educacional desde la función de directora de una institución escolar. El Plan de acción se denomina Planificación curricular en función del enfoque por competencias en el nivel primaria, en la Institución Educativa Especial de Rápido Aprendizaje Alfred Binet del distrito de José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, Arequipa. Siendo sus participantes la directora, los docentes, los estudiantes y los padres de familia del plantel. La metodología de trabajo del presente Plan de acción partió inicialmente de un diagnóstico que implicó la recolección de datos, los mismos que tuvieron que ser analizados través de instrumentos como los árboles de problemas y objetivos, que permitió la identificación del problema que afectaba a la Institución Educativa Especial de Rápido Aprendizaje Alfred Binet: la inadecuada planificación curricular, base del trabajo de los docentes en el aula. Problema que dio lugar a la formulación de una propuesta de alternativa: un Plan de acción. Elaborado siguiendo determinados esquemas y lineamientos producto de los estudios realizados por los directores durante la Segunda Especialidad en Gestión Escolar con Liderazgo Pedagógico a cargo de la Universidad Marcelino Champagnat. El Plan de acción propuesto responde a una variante de investigación acción participativa, de un enfoque cualitativo, de un tipo aplicada, y de un diseño de investigación acción. El desarrollo del presente Plan de acción ha permitido que la autora del mismo pueda profundizar el estudio sistemático del liderazgo pedagógico y la gestión curricular en la orientación para mejorar el servicio educacional que redunde en la mejora de los aprendizajes de los estudiantes, en este caso,tienen un rápido aprendizaje.This academic work constitutes an action plan within the framework of the studies to obtain the title of Second specialty in School Management with Pedagogical Leadership from the Marcelino Champagnat University. Being the motivation of its realization that of improving the quality of educational action from the function of director of a school institution. The Action Plan is called Curricular Planning based on the competency-based approach at the primary level, in the Alfred Binet Rapid Learning Special Educational Institution of the José Luis Bustamante y Rivero district, Arequipa. Being its participants the director, teachers, students and parents of the campus.
The work methodology of this Action Plan initially started from a diagnosis that involved the collection of data, which had to be analyzed through instruments such as problem and objective trees, which allowed the identification of the problem that affected the Institution. Special Education of Rapid Learning Alfred Binet: inadequate curricular planning, the basis of the work of teachers in the classroom. Problem that led to the formulation of an alternative proposal: an Action Plan. Prepared following certain schemes and guidelines product of the studies carried out by the directors during the Second Specialty in School Management with Pedagogical Leadership in charge of the Marcelino Champagnat University. The proposed Action Plan responds to a variant of participatory action research, of a qualitative approach, of an applied type, and of an action research design.
The development of this Action Plan has allowed the author of it to deepen the systematic study of pedagogical leadership and curricular management in orientation to improve the educational service that results in the improvement of student learning, in this case, they are quick learners.Tesis de segunda especialida
Overview of the JET results in support to ITER
No full textThe 2014-2016 JET results are reviewed in the light of their significance for optimising the ITER research plan for the active and non-active operation. More than 60 h of plasma operation with ITER first wall materials successfully took place since its installation in 2011. New multi-machine scaling of the type I-ELM divertor energy flux density to ITER is supported by first principle modelling. ITER relevant disruption experiments and first principle modelling are reported with a set of three disruption mitigation valves mimicking the ITER setup. Insights of the L-H power threshold in Deuterium and Hydrogen are given, stressing the importance of the magnetic configurations and the recent measurements of fine-scale structures in the edge radial electric. Dimensionless scans of the core and pedestal confinement provide new information to elucidate the importance of the first wall material on the fusion performance. H-mode plasmas at ITER triangularity (H = 1 at beta(N) similar to 1.8 and n/n(GW) similar to 0.6) have been sustained at 2 MA during 5 s. The ITER neutronics codes have been validated on high performance experiments. Prospects for the coming D-T campaign and 14 MeV neutron calibration strategy are reviewed.Peer reviewe
Performance of Russet Norkotah line selections at different rates of nitrogen
No full text2003 Spring.Covers not scanned.Includes bibliographical references.Russet Norkotah line selections may be utilized to increase yields and profitability while reducing nitrogen applications normally required when producing Russet Norkotah. The Solanum tuberosum L. cultivar, Russet Norkotah, has increased in acreage since its release in 1987. Since the early 1990's, several breeding programs have made line selections that possess superior production potential under lower nitrogen rates. Five line selections and Russet Norkotah, were grown for two years at three rates of nitrogen in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Selections included were Colorado 3 (CO3), Colorado 8 (CO8), Texas 112 (TXNS112), Texas 223 (TXNS223), and Texas 278 (TXNS278). The low, medium and high rates of nitrogen applied were approximately 100, 148 and 192 kilograms per hectare, respectively. Total and marketable yields generally increased as nitrogen rates increased. Yields were fairly consistent between years, except for standard Russet Norkotah. In 1998, selections at the low rate out yielded Russet Norkotah under higher rates. In 1999, selections grown under the low rate yielded similarly to Russet Norkotah at the high rate. Selections grown at the medium and high rate yielded significantly more. CO3 was the best producer overall. As vine fresh weight increased, tuber yield also increased. These results indicate acceptable tuber yields may be attained with Russet Norkotah line selections grown at lower nitrogen rates than currently used for standard Russet Norkotah production. Using Russet Norkotah line selections may result in increased profitability by increasing yields and reducing input costs, and may also minimize nitrogen loss due to leaching and run-off
