1,720,958 research outputs found
The European Union towards a Danger of Terrorism (1993-2008)
No full textWydział Nauk Politycznych i DziennikarstwaZasadniczym celem pracy jest odpowiedzi na pytanie: Czy Unia Europejska stworzyła w latach 1993-2008 system antyterrorystyczny, który jest w stanie skutecznie chronić społeczeństwa unijne przed terroryzmem? Wprowadzeniem do analizy powyższych zagadnień stały się rozważania nad fundamentalnymi problemami dotyczącymi teorii związanej z rozumieniem terroryzmu. W pierwszej kolejności zaproponowano operacyjną definicję terroryzmu uwzględniającej jego specyfikę w XXI w. Następnie wyjaśniono różnice pomiędzy takimi, kwestiami, jak: terror, terroryzm i walka narodowo-wyzwoleńcza. Zwrócono również uwagę na przyczyny braku uniwersalnej definicji terroryzmu. Podjęto się rozstrzygnięcia kwestii czy terroryzm należy postrzegać jako metodę działania czy zjawisko społeczno-polityczne. Ostatnim teoretycznym problemem stałą się analiza terroryzmu jako specyficznego problemu globalnego. W dalszej kolejności scharakteryzowano historię kształtowania się odpowiedzialnych struktur wspólnotowych w procesie integracji europejskiej odpowiedzialnych za zwalczanie terroryzmu przed powstaniem UE jak i po jej powstaniu. Zanalizowano rolę poszczególnych organów, instytucji i agend unijnych, na podstawie, których zbudowano system antyterrorystyczny UE. Przedstawiono również możliwe scenariusze rozwoju elementów unijnego sytemu antyterrorystycznego.The main aim of this paper is to answer the question: Does the European Union in the years 1993-2008 has created the system of counter-terrorism, which is able to protect the EU-society against terrorism? An introduction to the analysis of these issues have become contemplation of the fundamental problems associated with the the theory of terrorism’s understanding. There was first proposed an operational definition of terrorism, including the specificities of the twenty-first century. Subsequently, there were explained the differences between such issues as: terror, terrorism and national-liberation struggle. The attention was also paid to the reasons of the lack of a universal definition of terrorism. There was undertaken to resolve the issue whether terrorism should be seen as a method of action or socio-political phenomenon. Recent theoretical problem became the analysis of the terrorism as a specific global problem. In further there was characterized the history of the formation of responsible community structures in the process of European integration that are responsible for combating of terrorism before and after the formation of the EU. There was analyzed the role of the various bodies, institutions and agencies of the EU, under which the EU counter-terrorism system was built. There were also presented the possible scenarios for the development of the EU-components of the counter-terrorism system
„Egipskie ciemności...” - od autorytaryzmu do autorytaryzmu
Get PDFThis paper presents the key events that determine the political, social and economic situation in Egypt in the early 2010s. Owing to its potential, the country is considered a rising power at the regional level, and its policies may be key to future geopolitical developments, not only the Middle East. The paper presents the irony of the Arab Revolution of 2011, which led to the overthrowing of one authoritarian regime and the rise of another.Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze kwestie determinujące sytuację polityczną, społeczną i ekonomiczną Egiptu na początku drugiej dekady XXI w., ponieważ państwo to ze względu na potencjał może być postrzegane jako tzw. sworzeń geopolityczny, którego kierunek rozwoju może mieć znaczenie nie tylko w wymiarze regionalnym. Artykuł ten przedstawia swoisty paradoks tzw. arabskiej rewolucji, która obaliła jeden autorytarnym, aby doprowadzić do powstania kolejnego
Współpraca Stanów Zjednoczonych i Unii Europejskiej w dziedzinie zwalczania terroryzmu – razem mimo różnic (lata 2001-2010)
No full textThe article takes a critical viewpoint on the shared co-operation in the area of fighting terrorism by the USAand the EU. The most important issues are raised, which constitute real obstacles in the co-operation of both subjects, in the counteracting the terrorism since the beginning of the political project’s realization by administration of the USA, the political project called GWOT. The publication points out issues only occasionally raised in the journalistic and scientific mainstream, which collide with the cold-war paradigm of the transatlantic community of values. The article aims to raise awareness of the challenges, despite political declarations consistently accepted during the USA/EU summits. The Narrations are based on international documents, so that a recipient could confront independently the legitimacy of proposed theses with other existing in the literature articles, articles concerningGWOTand co-operation in the scope of the USA and EU. The publication points out the modus operandi of the mass media (especially in Poland), which on account of Polish authorities involvement in GWOT, very occasionally raise the politically incorrect subjects. The article aims to generate further detailed reflection on GWOT’s evolution and the further co-operation of the USA and UE in the area of fighting terrorism.Artykuł jest krytycznym spojrzeniem na współpracę w dziedzinie wspólnego zwalczaniaterroryzmu przez USA i UE. Poruszono w nim najważniejsze kwestie, które stanowią rzeczywiste przeszkody we współpracy obu podmiotów, w przeciwdziałaniu terroryzmowi od początku realizacji przez administrację USA projektu politycznego nazwanego GWOT. Publikacja ma zwrócić uwagę na kwestie rzadko poruszane w głównym nurcie publicystycznym oraz naukowym, które kolidują z zimnowojennym paradygmatem transatlantyckiej wspólnoty wartości. Artykuł ukazuje wyzwania do przezwyciężenia, pomimo politycznych deklaracji przyjmowanych na szczytach USA/UE. Rozważania oparto o teksty Źródłowe, aby odbiorca móga samodzielnie skonfrontowaæ zasadność stawianych tez z innymi poglądami funkcjonujacymi w literaturze, dotyczacymi GWOT i współpracy w tym zakresie między USA i UE. Publikacja ma równiez zwrócić uwagę na przekaz medialny występujący w środkach publicznych masowego przekazu (szczególnie w Polsce), które ze względu na zaangazowanie władz polskich w GWOT z rzadka poruszają niepoprawne politycznie tematy. Artykuł ma za zadanie skłonić domdalszej pogłêbionej refleksji nad rozwojem GWOT oraz dalszymi perspektywami współpracymUSA i UE w dziedzinie zwalczania terroryzmu. Artykuł jest wyrazem opinii jego autora, nie stanowiska instytucji, którą reprezentuje
Energy safety of central-east European countries versus „gas main politics” of the Russian Federation
No full textThis article aims to describe the EU’s dependence on import and also to a growing danger of impediments in supplies and lack of guarantee of stable prices. In time dependence on import of energy resources and its risks may lead to a disturbance in a stable economic development of the EU countries. At the same time the EU countries are more and more dependent on the import of oil and natural gas. The EU countries are practically at a loss in the face of Russian gas politics, they do not even try to create a solid block, which could change the stance of Russia with the use of diplomatic and economic means. Perhaps in this case a hypothesis could be proposed that the reasons for the crisis are political, not commercial. Germany and France from time to time demonstrate in public their very good relations with the Russian Federation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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