1,721,029 research outputs found
Santé, environnement, risque et incertitude : analyse des comportements individuels et des investissements des entreprises
No full textThis thesis for the accreditation to supervise research presents my work from 2011 to 2018,which focused on the individuals’ behaviours faced with a risk and the innovative firms’ in-vestments. First, the individual’s behaviour is estimated from the stated preference methods.The impact of information and several tax and regulatory devices (tax, subsidy and standard)is then examined in order to determine public health and/or environmental policies that areeffective in encouraging individuals to adopt behaviour that reduces the risk studied. Threerisks are analyzed : setting up home confinement to fight against an influenza epidemic ; theuse of plastic water bottles generating pollution and waste ; and the use of vehicles with highgreenhouse gas emissions increasing air pollution. Then, using the theory of real options andBayesian methods, the behaviour of innovative firms in their investment choices (reversibleor irreversible), acquisition of information and communication (lobbying) is studied. The im-portance of the firm’s leadership preferences, the effect of the precautionary principle and theliability rules on these choices, as well as the demand uncertainty and ambiguity on the levelof market competition, are then deepenedCe mémoire d’Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches présente mes travaux de 2011 à 2018qui ont porté sur les comportements des individus face à un risque et sur les choix d’investissement des entreprises innovantes. Tout d’abord, le comportement individuel est estimé à partir des méthodes de préférences déclarées. L’impact de l’information et de plusieurs dispositifs fiscaux et réglementaires (taxe, subvention et norme) est alors examiné afin de déterminer les politiques publiques de santé et/ou environnementales efficaces pour inciter les individus à adopter un comportement réduisant le risque étudié. Trois comportements affectant l’exposition au risque sont analysés : la mise en place du confinement à domicile afin de lutter contre une épidémie de grippe ; l’utilisation de bouteilles d’eau en plastique générant de la pollution et des déchets ; et l’usage de véhicules à fortes émissions de gaz à effet de serre accroissant la pollution de l’air. Ensuite, le comportement des entreprises innovantes dans leurs choix d’investissement(réversible ou irréversible), d’acquisition d’information et de communication (lobbying) est étudié en utilisant la théorie des options réelles et les méthodes bayésiennes. L’importance des préférences des dirigeants de ces entreprises, l’effet du principe de précaution et des règles de responsabilité sur ces choix, ainsi que celui de l’incertitude sur la demande et de l’ambiguïté sur le niveau de concurrence du marché, sont alors approfondis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
L'information influence-elle le comportement de réduction d'énergie des ménages ?
No full textInternational audienceDespite several financial aids intended to promote the energy transition, the French people continue to buy energy-intensive products and are not interested in improving the energy performance of their homes. We propose a new measure which consists of provision of information to change individual behaviour. Currently, health and the environment are the prime concerns and we propose to encourage individuals to reduce their energy consumption by informing them of the environmental and health consequences linked to energy consumption. To test the validity of our proposal, we use the willingness to pay for more energy efficient equipment and thermal insulation. We conducted an online survey which included messages on the link between environment-energy and health-energy. We showed that it affected households' energy behaviour. We compared this strategy with policies already in place. We found that policies that combined provision of information with a subsidy, increase sales of goods that reduce energy consumption and was the best option from a social welfare perspective.Malgré plusieurs aides financières destinées à favoriser la transition énergétique, les Français continuent d'acheter des produits énergivores et ne sont pas intéressés par l'amélioration de la performance énergétique de leur logement. Nous proposons une nouvelle mesure qui consiste à fournir des informations pour changer le comportement individuel. Actuellement, la santé et l'environnement sont au cœur des préoccupations et nous proposons d'inciter les particuliers à réduire leur consommation d'énergie en les informant des conséquences environnementales et sanitaires liées à la consommation d'énergie. Pour tester la validité de notre proposition, nous utilisons le consentement à payer pour des équipements plus économes en énergie et une isolation thermique. Nous avons mené une enquête en ligne qui comprenait des messages sur le lien entre environnement-énergie et santé-énergie. Nous avons montré qu'elle affectait le comportement énergétique des ménages. Nous avons comparé cette stratégie avec les politiques déjà en place. Nous avons constaté que les politiques qui combinent information et subvention, augmentent les ventes de biens qui réduisent la consommation d'énergie et constituent la meilleure option du point de vue du bien-être social
How do travellers respond to health and environmental policies to reduce air pollution?
No full textInternational audienceDespite the various measures taken to reduce air pollution in France, the French continue to use high-emission vehicles. We propose to evaluate the willingness to pay (WTP) for four means of transport: two high-emission vehicles (diesel taxi and diesel personal vehicle) and two low-emission vehicles (rented electric vehicle and public transport). Successive messages revealing the effects of air pollution on health and the environment are provided to individuals in a different order. The information conveyed changes both of the WTP of individuals and of their choices. However, the use of high-emission vehicles has not diminished , personal vehicles remain the most popular. Using data collected from our survey, a multinomial logit model is used to determine individual choices. We find that improving individuals' confidence in air pollution recommendations would be a good way to lead them to choose low-emission rather than high-emission means of transport. Moreover, these estimates also indicate that individuals who attach great importance to comfort are less likely to choose low-emission vehicles than those who value price above other factors. Individual interest can therefore prevail over collective interest, thus verifying the theory of the tragedy of the commons. Different policies (taxes, subsidies, or standard) to encourage people to adopt low-emission vehicles are then tested
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Manufacturing Doubt
No full textIn their persistent fight to affect regulation, firms have developed specific strategies to exploit scientific uncertainty. They have spent large amounts of money to generate and publicize favorable scientific findings, to discredit and downplay unfavorable ones and to shape the public’s perceptions through large-scale communication campaigns. We develop a new model to study the interplay between scientific uncertainty, firms’ communication and public policies. The government is benevolent but populist and maximizes social welfare as perceived by citizens. The industry can provide costly evidence that its activity is not harmful. Citizens incorrectly treat the industry’s information on par with scientific knowledge. We characterize the industry’s optimal communication policy. As scientists become increasingly convinced that the industrial activity is harmful, firms first devote more and more resources to reassure people. When scientists’ beliefs reach a critical threshold, however, the industry stops its efforts abruptly. We then study the impact of firms’ communication on scientific funding. A populist government may, perversely, want to support research to better allow firms to miscommunicate. Populist policies can entail significant welfare losses. Establishing an independent funding agency always reduces these losses and may lead to under- or over- investment in research with respect to the first-best
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
