18 research outputs found
ENERGY DEMANDS ON THE BALANCE MAINTENANCE IN DUAL TASKS PERFORMANCE AS AN OBJECTIVE MARKER OF PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION AND DEPRESSIVE RUMINATION
No full textLstudies and Journalism: the use of emotional and expressive means in media texts
No full textThe emotional and expressive peculiarities of the media texts are the main subject of the research. The emotional and expressive peculiarities of the media texts are examined as a mix of the fiction and media possibilities. A special interest evokes the problem of the fact, image and author
Плацебо-контролируемое исследование влияния ксенона на эмоции и частоту альфа-осцилляций у человека
No full textBackground: A partial blocker of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the noble gas Xe in sub-anesthetic (2550%) doses performs its neuroprotective effects on the brain structures functions through binding to glycine site. According to the single studies, Xe reveals the thymoleptic properties, which are reflected in the strengthening of positive emotional activation and a decreasing ― negative. The purpose of this placebo-controlled pilot study in healthy volunteers was to evaluate the translational potential of Xe as a possible antidepressant.
Methods: In placebo-controlled, double-blind study 14 right-handed healthy volunteers (males, right handed) were randomly assigned to 15 min inhalation session either of an admixture of up to a maximum of 25% Xe (25% Хе/30% О2/45% N2) or placebo (70% N2/30% О2) for 15 min. The inspiratory Xe concentration was titrated during the first 5 min until 25% was achieved and maintained for 5 min. Across the study, we had recorded, ECG, SGR, and 64-channel EEG. As a neurophysiological index of the experienced emotion intensity changes individual alpha peak frequency (iAPF) shift was studied. Changes in intensity of experiencing ten discrete emotions (surprise, joy, happiness, bliss, awe, fear, sadness, anxiety, anger, disgust) as indexed by visual analog scales (VAS) were recorded in pre- and post Xe and placebo inhalation conditions. The research received approval of the institutional ethics committee.
Results: Repeated measures ANOVAs of the emotional reactivity [(GAZ 2: Xe, placebo) CONDITION (2: pre, post) EMOTION (10)] and of the iAPF [(GAZ 2: Xe, placebo) CONDITION: 2 (pre, post) established high significant specific effects of the Xe compared with placebo. The impact of Xe in a sample of examined subjects revealed two types of responses: in one part, an increase in the experiencing positive emotions intensity, accompanied by the rise in iAPF, in the other, insignificant changes in the initial emotional profile with a tendency to decrease in combination with a decrease in iAPF. Thus, in agreement with ad hoc hypothesis, Xe in sub-anesthetic doses induced the enhancement of the positive emotion intensity experience only in those participants who demonstrated the increasing of the iAPF. Correlation and regression analyses revealed a positive correlation of iAPF changes with an intensity of positive emotional activation (increased power of experiencing emotions of joy, happiness, and bliss), as well as the iAPF shift ability to predict the thymoleptic effect of Xe with 74% probability. Additionally, we were able to deduce that individual nature of changes in iAPF and the nature of emotional-reactivity in response to Xe depend on the absolute value of the baseline iAPF.
Conclusions: We had first established that Xe as a blocker of NMDA receptors in sub-anesthetic doses enhances positive emotional activation (increased intensity of experiencing discrete emotions of joy, happiness, and bliss) in healthy volunteers. The presence or absence of the thymoleptic response to Xe varies due to the individual characteristics of the neurophysiological endophenotype of the EEG alpha activity ― iAPF. The obtained data allow us to consider iAPF as a potential neurophysiological endophenotypic predictor of an individual thymoleptic response to Xe in sub-anesthetic doses in the clinic of the affective disorders. To assess the real Xe translational potential, as a clinical thymoleptic and antidepressant agent, it is necessary to perform large-scale placebo-controlled clinical studies in patients with various clinical forms of negative affect pathology.Обоснование. Частичный блокатор NMDA-рецепторов благородный газ ксенона в субанестетических концентрациях обнаруживает свойства тимолептика.
Цель исследования ― оценка трансляционного потенциала Xe как возможного антидепрессанта.
Методы. В исследовании 19 здоровым добровольцам проводили 15-минутные сеансы ингаляции ксеноновой газовой смеси Xe (25% Хе/30% О2 /45% N2 ) и плацебо (70% N2 /30% О2 ) с одновременной регистрацией 64-канальной электроэнцефалограммы (ЭЭГ). Для оценки динамики эмоциональной активации в ответ на Xe и плацебо использовали показатели зрительных аналоговых шкал интенсивности переживания 10 дискретных эмоций и индивидуальную частоту альфа-ритма ЭЭГ (individual alpha peak frequency, iAPF).
Результаты. Хе по сравнению с плацебо вызывал два типа ответов: у одной части испытуемых ― усиление положительной эмоциональной активации, сопровождающейся ростом iAPF, у другой ― незначимые изменения исходного эмоционального фона в сочетании со снижением iAPF. Регрессионный анализ обнаружил положительную взаимосвязь изменений iAPF с выраженностью положительной эмоциональной активации и способность сдвига iAPF предсказывать тимолептический эффект Xe. Характер эмоциональной реактивности и изменений iAPF в ответ на Xe зависит от абсолютной величины фоновой iAPF.
Заключение. Впервые установлено, что Xe у здоровых добровольцев в субанестетических дозах усиливает положительную эмоциональную активацию. Ответ на Xe варьирует в связи с индивидуальными особенностями нейрофизиологического эндофенотипа альфа-активности ЭЭГ ― iAPF. Полученные данные позволяют рассматривать iAPF в качестве потенциального нейрофизиологического предиктора индивидуального тимолептического ответа на Xe. Необходимо выполнить масштабное плацебоконтролируемое клиническое исследование на пациентах с патологиями негативного аффекта для оценки реального трансляционного потенциала Xe как клинического тимолептика и антидепрессанта
MEDIA CONVERGENCE AND LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNET SPACE IN MODERN CONDITIONS
No full textThe article discusses the development of Internet-linguistics and the impact of media convergence on the language peculiarities of Internet environment. Particular attention is paid to the establishment and approval of Internet linguistics as a new direction in linguistics research, the methods it uses, terminological system, Internet discourse and peculiarities of Internet communications. The purpose of this publication is to try to summarize the described by the Russian and foreign scientists linguistic characteristics in the Internet with the influence of her media convergence and the consequences that result from their interaction. Analyzing and provides specific examples from the Internet, the author tries to show the interdependence and close relationship the key elements of the media environment, which led media linguistic in a separate direction, which deserves detailed study and attention of scientists
Духовный лидер в журналистике: культура публичного диалога
No full textАктуальность данной магистерской диссертации определяется важностью изучения духовного лидерства в современном медиапространстве, а также необходимостью исследования медиавлияния лидерства как общественного явления на процесс формирования ценностных ориентиров общества. В связи с появлением новых стратегий изображения человека в медиасфере, исключительную значимость приобрел поиск средствами массовой информации эффективных, востребованных читателем технологий (как изобразить лидера) для создания портрета духовного лидера.
Цель исследования – изучение приемов, средств и стратегий создания медиапроизведений по тематике духовного лидерства, а также условий реальной представленности и перспектив духовного лидерства в контексте современного медийного диалога.
Для достижения поставленной цели решаются следующие задачи:
— изучить научную литературу и источники по данной проблематике;
— сделать историко-филологический обзор подходов и традиций истолкования лидерства;
— выявить востребованные обществом образы восприятия лидеров в историко-культурном наследии;
— рассмотреть особенности проявления духовного лидерства, выделив
основные особенности в современном медиапространстве;
— выявить степень влияния феномена духовного лидерства на процесс формирования ценностных ориентиров современного общества;
— на основе полученных результатов показать наиболее эффективные стратегии публичного диалога в качестве модели при создании журналистского произведения.
Объектом данной магистерской диссертации выступает образ духовного лидера, проецируемый в средствах массовой информации, а также моделируемый аудиторией массмедиа как желаемый; отображение лидера в передачах телевизионных каналов.
Предметом исследования являются вопросы духовного лидерства в средствах массовой информации, феномен духовного лидера, а также практика отражения философско-духовного опыта лидерства и личностные особенности людей, способных или претендующих быть лидерами в рамках публичного диалога.
Теоретическую основу магистерской диссертации составили труды отечественных и зарубежных исследователей. Данное исследование, по сути, носит междисциплинарный характер; изучаемый круг вопросов относится к сфере журналистики, а также рассматривается в психологии, культурологии и философии. Духовное лидерство в философии изучали Барт Р. «Система моды», Бодрийар Ж. «Общество потребления», Бердяев Н. А. «Царство духа и царство кесаря», Ортега-и-Гассет Х. «Эстетика. Философия культуры» и т.д.
Феномен лидера и его отражение в произведениях массовой коммуникаций был описан в трудах, посвященных культуре общества и культурологии, это работы Гуревича П.С. «Философия культуры», Кагана М.С. «Философия как мировоззрение», Каган М. С. «Философская теория ценности», Дускаева Л. Р. «Досуговая журналистика в России», Волобуева Л. Н. «Досуг в структуре образа жизни: философско-культурологические аспекты», Ионин Л. Г. «Социология культуры: учеб. пособие для вузов», Сидоров А. В. «Журналистика. Общество. Ценности: Коллективная монография», Марьина Л.П. «Журналистика и культура: динамика взаимодействия».
Исследователи журналистики отмечали важность культуры понимания и поиска приемов изображения человека в таких трудах, как Куличкина Г.В. «Технологии масс-медиа в социально-культурной деятельности», Степанов Ю. С. «Константы: Словарь русской культуры», Воскресенская М. А. «Журналист как исследователь культуры: вопросы профессиональной подготовки».
Методологическая база исследования. При написании научной работы использовались общенаучные методы: анализ, синтез, сопоставление. В качестве ключевых методов сбора и обработки эмпирического материала были использованы наблюдение, мониторинг, описание, метод интерпретации, работа с документами, сравнительный анализ, социологический опрос, фокус-группа.
Эмпирическую базу исследования составили журналистские произведения, посвященные лидерству и духовному лидерству. В работе исследуются двенадцать выпусков телевизионных программ «Линия жизни», «Правила жизни» и «Белая студия» телеканала «Россия – Культура» за период с 2015 – 2016 г.г., материалы литературно-художественной критики и рецензии на телепередачи, отзывы о передачах в Интернет-пространстве, в социальных сетях. Для уточнения и сопоставления полученных эмпирических данных использовались опубликованные результаты социологических опросов Фонда «Общественное мнение» и АНО – автономная некоммерческая организация Аналитический Центр Юрия Левады. Источники были отобраны по причине наличия в них публикаций по интересующей нас тематике.
Положения, выносимые на защиту:
— в современном медиапространстве духовное лидерство трактуется неоднозначно: существует интерес аудитории к духовной жизни и одновременно происходит подмена смыслов в понимании духовного лидерства;
— для СМИ значимо как создание портрета лидера (изображение личности), так и наиболее эффективных, востребованных читателем технологий (стратегии и культура диалога);
— современное медиапространство является сферой репрезентации лидерства и духовных лидеров, в частности, как части культуры общества. Содержание дискурсивных медиапосланий, транслируемых лидерами, создает поле ценностей и смыслов, представляющих аудитории возможные перспективы социокультурных преобразований.
Положения магистерской диссертации прошли научную апробацию в двух конференциях. Были опубликованы тезисы и научная статья.
— «Медиаподходы к истолкованию духовного лидерства: аспекты взаимопонимания телеведущего и его героев» на форуме «Дни петербургской философии-2014».
— «Духовный лидер: культура современного диалога» «Медиа в современном мире. Молодые исследователи» (СПбГУ, 9-11 марта 2016).
Структура работы. Диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, каждая из которых разделена на параграфы, заключения и списка литературы, приложений.
Первая глава «Лидерство: этимология понятия и образ восприятия в историко-культурном наследии» посвящена определению понятий «лидер и лидерство», «духовный лидер», анализу исторических подходов к пониманию изучаемого вопроса. Во второй главе «Исторические подходы к пониманию феномена «лидер» автор анализирует образы восприятия лидеров в историко-культурном наследии. В третье главе «Изображение духовного лидера в современном медиапространстве» сделаны попытки рассмотреть особенности проявления духовного лидерства в современном медиапространстве.
Список литературы и источников содержит 57 наименований.The relevance of this master’s thesis is determined by the importance of studying of mental leadership in the modern media space as well as by the necessity of study of media influences of leadership as a social phenomenon on the social value ideals formation process. In connection with the appearance of new strategies of a man’s depiction in the media sphere, the search of the effective, demanded by the reader technologies (how to depict a leader) for the creation of a portrait of a mental leader by the mass media has gained an exceptional importance.
The major objective of this thesis is a study of the methods, means and strategies of creating media works on the subject of mental leadership as well as a study of conditions of real representations and prospects of mental leadership in the context of modern media dialogue.
To reach the goal of this thesis the following tasks are being solved:
- to study scientific literature and resources on this subject
- to make a historical and philological review of manners and traditions of interpretation of leadership
- to reveal the demanded by the society images of perception of the leaders in the historical and cultural heritage
- to study the features of the demonstration of mental leadership by paying attention to the features in the modern media space
- to reveal the degree of influence of the phenomenon of the mental leadership on the social value ideals formation process
- on the basis of the results found, to show the most effective strategies of the public dialogue as a model in the process of making a journalistic work
The object of this master’s thesis is an image of a mental leader shown in the mass media and perceived as wishful by the audience of the mass media; the depiction of the leader on the TV channels.
The subject of this research is the questions of mental leadership in the mass media, phenomenon of a mental leader as well as practice of reflection of philosophical and mental experience of the leadership and personal qualities of people that pretend to be and are capable to become leaders within the framework of public dialogue.
The theoretical basis of this master’s thesis is composed with the help of works of native and foreign researchers. This research, in point of fact, is interdisciplinary. The questions of this thesis are related to the sphere of journalism and are also studied in psychology, cultural studies and philosophy. The mental leadership in philosophy was studied by Barthes R. “The Fashion System”, Baudrillard J. “The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures”, Berdyaev N.A. “The Realm of Spirit and the Realm of Caesar”, Ortega y Gasset J. “The aesthetics. The philosophy of culture”, etc.
The phenomenon of a leader and its reflection in the products of communication media was depicted in the works dedicated to the culture of society and cultural studies. These are works of Gurevich P.S. “The Philosophy of Culture”, Kagan M.S. “Philosophy as ideology”, Kagan M.S. “The philosophical theory of value”, Duskaev L.R. “Leisure Journalism in Russia”, Volobuev L.N. “Leisure in the structure of lifestyle: philosophical and cultural aspects”, Ionin L.G. “The sociology of culture: a manual for universities”, Sidorov A.V. “Journalism. Society. Values: Collective monography”, Maryina L.P. “Journalism and Culture: the interaction dynamics”.
The journalism researchers have noted the importance of the culture of understanding and of searching the methods of depicting a man in such works as Kulichkina G.V. “The technologies of mass media in social and cultural practice”, Stepanov Y.S. “The constants: The Dictionary of Russian Culture”, Voskresenskaya M.A. “A journalist as a researcher of culture: the questions of professional training”.
The methodological base of research. While writing the study some general scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis and comparison. As key methods of collecting and processing of empirical material such methods as supervision, monitoring, description, the method of interpretation, working with documents, comparative analysis, sociological opinion poll and focus group were used.
The empirical base of the research is composed with journalistic works dedicated to the leadership and spiritual leadership. Twelve series of television programs are used in this study: “The life line”, “Life rules”, “White studio” of TV channel “Russia - Culture” (period of 2015-2016 y.), as well as materials of literary and art criticism and reviews on TV programs, comments on programs in the Internet and social networks. For elaboration and matching of the empirical data some published results of sociological opinion polls of the Fund “Public Opinion” and autonomous uncommercial organization (AUO) – Analytic Center of Yuriy Levada – were also used. These resources were chosen due to the presence of publications connected to the topic we are interested in.
Positions taken out to the thesis defense:
- in the modern media space the mental leadership is interpreted ambiguously. There is an interest of the audience to the mental life. At the same time we see the substitution of meanings in the understanding of mental leadership;
- for the mass media the creation of a portrait of a leader ( depiction of a personality) as well as the most effective, demanded by the reader technologies ( strategies and culture of dialogue) are significant;
- modern media space is a sphere of leadership and mental leaders representation, in particular, as a part of the culture of society. The discursive media message content, transmitted by the leaders, creates a field of values and meanings that represent possible prospects of social and cultural reformations to the audience.
Positions of the master’s thesis have undergone the scientific approbation in two conferences. There have been published theses and a research article.
- “Media approaches to the interpretation of mental leadership: aspects of mutual understanding of a TV host and his characters” on the forum “Days of Saint Petersburg philosophy - 2014”.
- “Mental leader: the culture of modern dialogue” “Media in the modern world. Young researchers. (SPbU, March 9-11, 2016)”
Thesis structure. The study consists of an introduction, three chapters; each chapter is divided into paragraphs, a conclusion and a bibliography, attachments.
The first chapter “ Leadership: the etymology of the notion and the image of perception in the historical and cultural heritage” is dedicated to the definitions of “leader and leadership”, “mental leader”, analysis of historical approaches to the understanding of the studied question. In the second chapter “ Historical approaches to the understanding of a phenomenon of a “leader” the author analyses the images of perception of leaders in the historical and cultural heritage. In the third chapter “Depiction of a mental leader in the modern media space” there were maid attempts to study the features of display of mental leadership in the modern media space.
A bibliography consists of 57 titles
Проблемы защиты от диффамации в международном частном праве
No full textВыпускная квалификационная работа Бажановой Ксении Алексеевны. Тема: Проблема защиты от диффамации в международном частном праве.
Научный руководитель: доцент кафедры Международного права, доктор юридических наук, Талимончик Валентина Петровна.
Цель данного исследования – выявить проблемы в области защиты от диффамации в международном частном праве, в том числе в области диффамации в Интернете, и выработать возможные пути их решения.
Исходя из целей данного исследования, автором были поставлены следующие задачи:
1) выявить механизмы международной защиты от диффамации;
2) исследовать нормы о выборе юрисдикции в области диффамации в Интернете;
3) исследовать коллизионные нормы в области деликтного права, а также существующее специальное коллизионное регулирование в области диффамации.
Выводы, выносимые на защиту:
1) В области диффамационного права на данный момент не проведена существенная унификация. В связи с этим, унифицированное понятие диффамации допустимо использовать только для определённых целей, в том числе для целей сравнительно-правового исследования.
2) В настоящее время только два международных механизма фактически в той или иной степени обеспечивают лицу защиту от диффамации – Комитет по правам человека, действующий на основании Международного пакта о гражданских и политических правах, и Межамериканский Суд по правам человека, действующий на региональном уровне. На практике оба этих механизма защищают репутацию лица в редких случаях и в основном занимают позицию защиты свободы слова. Европейский Суд по правам человека не позволяет лицу защитить своё право на честь и репутацию.
3) По итогам проведённого исследования предлагаются следующие изменения в международном частном праве:
- Предлагается признать ситуацию forum shopping благоприятной для защиты интересов истца по искам о диффамации.
- Предлагается воспринять на национальном и на международном уровне опыт Корейской Народной Республики и Японии в области коллизионного права по искам о диффамации, предусматривающий выбор права государства потерпевшего лица.Final qualification work of Bazhanova Ksenia Alekseevna. Topic: The problem of defamation protection in international private law.
Supervisor: Associate Professor of the Department of International Law, Doctor of Law, Talimonchik Valentina Petrovna.
The purpose of this research is to identify problems in the field defamation protection in international private law, including the field of Internet defamation, and to develop possible solutions to them.
Based on the purpose of this research, the author has set the following tasks::
1) to identify mechanisms for international protection against defamation;
2) to examine the rules on the choice of jurisdiction in the field of defamation on the Internet;
3) to examine the conflict of laws rules in the field of tort law, as well as the existing special conflict of laws regulation in the field of defamation.
Conclusions for the defense:
1) For the present, there is no significant unification that has been reached in the field of defamation law. In this regard, the unified concept of defamation can be used only for certain purposes, including for the purposes of comparative legal research.
2) Currently, only two international mechanisms actually protect a person from defamation to some extent – the Human Rights Committee, which operates under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which operates at the regional level. In practice, both of these mechanisms protect a person's reputation in rare cases and mainly take the position of protecting freedom of speech. The European Court of Human Rights does not allow a person to protect their right to honor and reputation.
3) Based on the results of the research, the following changes in private international law are proposed:
- It is proposed to recognize the situation of forum shopping as favorable for the protection of the plaintiff's interests in defamation claims.
- It is proposed to perceive at the national and international level the experience of the People's Republic of Korea and Japan in the field of conflict of laws law on defamation claims, which provides for the choice of the law of the injured person's State
Determinação espectrofotometrica de manganes em aços empregando oxidação eletroquimica em sistemas de analise por injeção em fluxo
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias Fisicas e MatematicasÉ proposto um método de determinação espectrofotométrica de manganês em aços visando eliminar limitações inerentes aos métodos usuais. O método consiste em um procedimento espectrofotométrico automatizado, onde a oxidação eletroquímica do manganês é realizada em um sistema de injeção em fluxo. A oxidação é promovida em uma célula eletroquímica que utiliza eletrodos de platina e íons prata como catalisador, pela aplicação de corrente elétrica à solução. Os íons permanganato formados são detectados, em fluxo, espectrofotometricamente. Estuda as condições ótimas de análise, quais são intensidade da corrente elétrica aplicada, tempo de aplicação da mesma, composição e concentração da solução analítica, comprimento de onda de medida e faixa de concentração de manganês ao qual o método é aplicável. Estuda o mecanismo da reação por espectrometria de varredura e voltametria cíclica. A quantificação é feita pelo método da adição de padrão e curva analítica. Os resultados são comparados aos obtidos utilizando o método clássico, com ganho na velocidade analítica, exatidão, simplicidade e baixo custo operacional
MOJAVE – XX. Persistent linear polarization structure in parsec-scale AGN jets
No full textFunding Information: The authors thank the referee John Wardle for constructive comments which helped to improve the manuscript. We thank members of the MOJAVE team for discussions of the paper, Alan Roy for thorough reading of the manuscript and providing useful comments as well as Elena Bazanova for language editing. This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant 21-12-00241. The MOJAVE project was supported by NASA-Fermi grants NNX08AV67G, NNX12A087G, and NNX15AU76G. This work is part of the M2FINDERS project which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement no 101018682). This research has made use of data from the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory which has been supported by the University of Michigan and by a series of grants from the National Science Foundation, most recently no. AST-0607523. TS was partly supported by the Academy of Finland projects 274477, 284495, 312496, and 315721. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Long Baseline Observatory and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory are facilities of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. This work made use of the Swinburne University of Technology software correlator (Deller et al. 2011), developed as part of the Australian Major National Research Facilities Programme and operated under licence. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s)We analysed the parsec-scale linear polarization properties of 436 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) based on 15 GHz polarimetric Very Long Baseline Array observations. We present polarization and total intensity images averaged over at least five epochs since 1996 January 19 through 2019 August 4. Stacking improves the image sensitivity down to ∼30 μJy beam−1 and effectively fills out the jet cross-section both in total intensity and linear polarization. It delineates the long-term persistent magnetic field configuration and its regularity by restoring spatial distributions of the electric vector position angle (EVPA) and fractional polarization, respectively. On average, about 10 yr of stacking period is needed to reveal the stable and most-complete polarization distribution of a source. We find that the degree of polarization significantly increases down and across the jet towards its edges, typically manifesting U or W-shaped transverse profiles, suggesting a presence of a large-scale helical magnetic field associated with the outflow. In some AGN jets, mainly BL Lacs, we detect quasi-constant fractional polarization profiles across the jet, accompanied by EVPAs that closely follow the outflow. BL Lacs show higher fractional polarization values in their cores and jets than those in quasars up to hectoparsec de-projected scales, while on larger scales, they become comparable. High-synchrotron-peaked BL Lac jets are found to be less polarized than intermediate and low-synchrotron-peaked BL Lacs. The spatial distribution of the EVPAs in BL Lacs tend to align with the local jet direction, while quasars show an excess of orthogonal polarization orientation.Peer reviewe
A review of EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies of creativity and insight.
No full textCreativity is a cornerstone of what makes us human, yet the neural mechanisms underlying creative thinking are poorly understood. A recent surge of interest into the neural underpinnings of creative behavior has produced a banquet of data that is tantalizing but, considered as a whole, deeply self-contradictory. We review the emerging literature and take stock of several long-standing theories and widely held beliefs about creativity. A total of 72 experiments, reported in 63 articles, make up the core of the review. They broadly fall into 3 categories: divergent thinking, artistic creativity, and insight. Electroencephalographic studies of divergent thinking yield highly variegated results. Neuroimaging studies of this paradigm also indicate no reliable changes above and beyond diffuse prefrontal activation. These findings call into question the usefulness of the divergent thinking construct in the search for the neural basis of creativity. A similarly inconclusive picture emerges for studies of artistic performance, except that this paradigm also often yields activation of motor and temporoparietal regions. Neuroelectric and imaging studies of insight are more consistent, reflecting changes in anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal areas. Taken together, creative thinking does not appear to critically depend on any single mental process or brain region, and it is not especially associated with right brains, defocused attention, low arousal, or alpha synchronization, as sometimes hypothesized. To make creativity tractable in the brain, it must be further subdivided into different types that can be meaningfully associated with specific neurocognitive processes. © 2010 American Psychological Association.Amabile T. M., 1983, SOCIAL PSYCHOL CREAT; Aziz-Zadeh L, 2009, HUM BRAIN MAPP, V30, P908, DOI 10.1002-hbm.20554; Bazanova O M, 2008, Neurosci Behav Physiol, V38, P227, DOI 10.1007-s11055-008-0034-y; Bechtereva NP, 2004, INT J PSYCHOPHYSIOL, V53, P11, DOI 10.1016-j.ijpsycho.2004.01.001; Bengtsson SL, 2007, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V19, P830, DOI 10.1162-jocn.2007.19.5.830; Berkowitz AL, 2008, NEUROIMAGE, V41, P535, DOI 10.1016-j.neuroimage.2008.02.028; Beversdorf DQ, 1999, NEUROREPORT, V10, P2763, DOI 10.1097-00001756-199909090-00012; Bhattacharya J, 2002, COGNITIVE BRAIN RES, V13, P179, DOI 10.1016-S0926-6410(01)00110-0; Bhattacharya J, 2005, HUM BRAIN MAPP, V26, P1, DOI 10.1002-hbm.20104; BLOM O, 2008, 14 ANN M ORG HUM BRA; Bowden EM, 2003, PSYCHON B REV, V10, P730, DOI 10.3758-BF03196539; Brown S, 2006, EUR J NEUROSCI, V23, P2791, DOI 10.1111-j.1460-9568.2006.04785.x; Carlsson I, 2000, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V38, P873, DOI 10.1016-S0028-3932(99)00128-1; Chavez-Eakle RA, 2007, NEUROIMAGE, V38, P519, DOI 10.1016-j.neuroimage.2007.07.059; Danko S.C., 2003, HUM PHYSL, V29, P502, DOI 10.1023-A:1024950028210; Danko S. G., 2009, Human Physiology, V35, P381, DOI 10.1134-S0362119709030153; Dienes Z, 1999, BEHAV BRAIN SCI, V22, P735; Dietrich A, 2004, CONSCIOUS COGN, V13, P746, DOI 10.1016-j.concog.2004.07.002; Dietrich A., 2007, INTRO CONSCIOUSNESS; Dietrich A, 2004, PSYCHON B REV, V11, P1011, DOI 10.3758-BF03196731; Dietrich A, 2007, METHODS, V42, P22, DOI 10.1016-j.ymeth.2006.12.009; Fink A, 2009, NEUROIMAGE, V46, P854, DOI 10.1016-j.neuroimage.2009.02.036; Fink A, 2009, HUM BRAIN MAPP, V30, P734, DOI 10.1002-hbm.20538; Fink A, 2006, EUR J NEUROSCI, V23, P2241, DOI 10.1111-j.1460-9568.2006.04751.x; Fink A, 2006, INT J PSYCHOPHYSIOL, V62, P46, DOI 10.1016-j.ijpsycho.2006.01.001; Fink A, 2008, PERS INDIV DIFFER, V44, P299, DOI 10.1016-j.paid.2007.08.010; Folley BS, 2005, SCHIZOPHR RES, V80, P271, DOI 10.1016-j.schres.2005.06.016; Gardner H., 1993, CREATING MINDS ANATO; Gibson C, 2009, BRAIN COGNITION, V69, P162, DOI 10.1016-j.bandc.2008.07.009; Goel V, 2005, CEREB CORTEX, V15, P1170, DOI 10.1093-cercor-bhh217; Goldman RI, 2002, NEUROREPORT, V13, P2487, DOI 10.1097-00001756-200212200-00022; Grabner RH, 2007, BEHAV NEUROSCI, V121, P224, DOI 10.1037-0735-7044.121.1.224; Guilford J.P., 1967, NATURE HUMAN INTELLI; Guilford JP, 1950, AM PSYCHOL, V5, P444, DOI 10.1037-h0063487; Haider H, 2007, METHODS, V42, P49, DOI 10.1016-j.ymeth.2006.12.004; HANSEN P, 2008, ANN C SOC NEUR NEW O; Hori H, 2008, NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGY, V57, P61, DOI 10.1159-000129669; Howard-Jones PA, 2005, COGNITIVE BRAIN RES, V25, P240, DOI 10.1016-j.cogbrainres.2005.05.013; Jausovec N, 2000, INTELLIGENCE, V28, P213, DOI 10.1016-S0160-2896(00)00037-4; Jausovec N, 2000, BRAIN TOPOGR, V12, P229, DOI 10.1023-A:1023446024923; Jausovec N, 2000, INT J PSYCHOPHYSIOL, V36, P73, DOI 10.1016-S0167-8760(99)00113-0; Jin SH, 2006, BRAIN COGNITION, V62, P191, DOI 10.1016-j.bandc.2006.05.001; Jung RE, 2010, HUM BRAIN MAPP, V31, P398, DOI 10.1002-hbm.20874; Jung RE, 2009, J NEUROSCI, V29, P5319, DOI 10.1523-JNEUROSCI.0588-09.2009; Jung-Beeman M, 2004, PLOS BIOL, V2, P500, DOI 10.1371-journal.pbio.0020097; Katz A. N., 1997, CREATIVITY RES HDB, V1, P203; Klimesch W, 2007, BRAIN RES REV, V53, P63, DOI 10.1016-j.brainresrev.2006.06.003; Klimesch W, 1999, BRAIN RES REV, V29, P169, DOI 10.1016-S0165-0173(98)00056-3; Kounios J, 2006, PSYCHOL SCI, V17, P882, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-9280.2006.01798.x; Kounios J, 2008, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA, V46, P281, DOI 10.1016-j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.013; Kowatari Y, 2009, HUM BRAIN MAPP, V30, P1678, DOI 10.1002-hbm.20633; Krug R, 2003, NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOL, V28, P1538, DOI 10.1038-sj.npp.1300200; Lang S, 2006, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V18, P2152, DOI 10.1162-jocn.2006.18.12.2152; Lavric A, 2000, NEUROREPORT, V11, P1613, DOI 10.1097-00001756-200006050-00004; LEE YD, 2002, TESTING CREATIVE THI; Limb CJ, 2008, PLOS ONE, V3, DOI 10.1371-journal.pone.0001679; Luo J, 2004, NEUROREPORT, V15, P2013, DOI 10.1097-00001756-200409150-00004; Luo J, 2003, HIPPOCAMPUS, V13, P316, DOI 10.1002-hipo.10069; Mai XQ, 2004, HUM BRAIN MAPP, V22, P261, DOI 10.1002-hbm.20030; MARTINDALE C, 1978, BIOL PSYCHOL, V6, P157; Martindale C., 1999, HDB CREATIVITY, P137; Martindale C., 1975, BIOL PSYCHOL, V3, P71; MARTINDALE C, 1984, PERS INDIV DIFFER, V5, P77, DOI 10.1016-0191-8869(84)90140-5; MEDNICK SA, 1962, PSYCHOL REV, V69, P220, DOI 10.1037-h0048850; MENDELSOHN GA, 1976, J PERS, V44, P341, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-6494.1976.tb00127.x; Molle M, 1999, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, V36, P95, DOI 10.1017-S0048577299961619; Moore DW, 2009, BRAIN COGNITION, V70, P267, DOI 10.1016-j.bandc.2009.02.011; Novick LR, 2003, Q J EXP PSYCHOL-A, V56, P351, DOI 10.1080-02724980244000288; Petsche H, 1997, INT J PSYCHOPHYSIOL, V26, P77, DOI 10.1016-S0167-8760(97)00757-5; Pfurtscheller G, 1999, CLIN NEUROPHYSIOL, V110, P1842, DOI 10.1016-S1388-2457(99)00141-8; Qiu J, 2008, EXP BRAIN RES, V186, P629, DOI 10.1007-s00221-008-1270-7; [邱江 Qiu Jiang], 2006, [心理学报, Acta Psychological Sinica], V38, P507; Qiu J, 2008, BRAIN COGNITION, V68, P100, DOI 10.1016-j.bandc.2008.03.004; Razumnikova OM, 2005, Korus 2005, Proceedings, P1027; Razumnikova OM, 2004, NEUROSCI LETT, V362, P193, DOI 10.1016-j.neulet.2004.02.066; Razumnikova O.M., 2000, COGNITIVE BRAIN RES, V10, P11, DOI DOI 10.1016-S0926-6410(00)00017-3; Razumnikova O. M., 2009, Human Physiology, V35, P285, DOI 10.1134-S0362119709030049; Razumnikova OM, 2007, BRAIN RES BULL, V73, P96, DOI 10.1016-j.brainresbull.2007.02.008; Rose M, 2005, J COGNITIVE NEUROSCI, V17, P918, DOI 10.1162-0898929054021193; Rose M, 2002, NEURON, V36, P1221, DOI 10.1016-S0896-6273(02)01105-4; Runco MA, 2004, ANNU REV PSYCHOL, V55, P657, DOI 10.1146-annurev.psych.55.090902.141502; Sadato N, 1998, NEUROREPORT, V9, P893, DOI 10.1097-00001756-199803300-00024; Sandkuhler S, 2008, PLOS ONE, V3, DOI 10.1371-journal.pone.0001459; Shemyakina N. V., 2007, Human Physiology, V33, P20, DOI 10.1134-S0362119707010033; Sieborger FT, 2007, BRAIN RES, V1166, P77, DOI 10.1016-j.brainres.2007.05.079; Simonton DK, 2003, PSYCHOL BULL, V129, P475, DOI 10.1037-0033-2909.129.4.475; Solso RL, 2001, LEONARDO, V34, P31, DOI 10.1162-002409401300052479; Starchenko M., 2003, HUM PHYSL, V29, P652, DOI [10.1023-A:1025836521833, DOI 10.1023-A:1025836521833]; Torrance E. P., 1974, TORRANCE TEST CREATI; Vandervert LR, 2007, CREATIVITY RES J, V19, P1; Wallas G., 1926, ART THOUGHT; Ward TB, 1999, HDB CREATIVITY, P189; Wertheimer M., 1945, PRODUCTIVE THINKING10712411
