4,544 research outputs found
The forgotten women of wartime: the United Nations resolutions and the Democratic Republic of Congo
No full textThis work was produced while the author was an undergraduate student in the Summer Research Institute of the Ronald E. McNair Post Baccalaureate Degree Achievement Program at Rutgers University
Women favour dyadic relationships, but men prefer clubs : cross-cultural evidence from social networking
No full textThe ability to create lasting, trust-based friendships makes it possible for humans to form large and coherent groups. The recent literature on the evolution of sociality and on the net- work dynamics of human societies suggests that large human groups have a layered struc- ture generated by emotionally supported social relationships. There are also gender differences in adult social style which may involve different trade-offs between the quantity and quality of friendships. Although many have suggested that females tend to focus on inti- mate relations with a few other females, while males build larger, more hierarchical coali- tions, the existence of such gender differences is disputed and data from adults is scarce. Here, we present cross-cultural evidence for gender differences in the preference for close friendships. We use a sample of *112,000 profile pictures from nine world regions posted on a popular social networking site to show that, in self-selected displays of social relation- ships, women favour dyadic relations, whereas men favour larger, all-male cliques. These apparently different solutions to quality-quantity trade-offs suggest a universal and funda- mental difference in the function of close friendships for the two sexes
Oil and Challenges of Trade Policy Making In Sudan in a Globalizing Arena
No full textAbstract The purpose of this study is to examine the potential impact of oil revenues on the economy of Sudan and the challenges facing the Government in policy making, particularly trade policy and allocation of oil revenues for long-run development and diversification of the production and export structure of the economy. The exploitation of oil resources has been accompanied by impressive liberalization of the economy by the Government of Sudan. Since then the country has been integrating into the world economy rapidly based on oil revenues. Yet, little has been achieved so far in integrating various sectors of the domestic economy despite relatively rapid GDP growth based on oil revenues. Rapid economic growth and diversification of the economy are among the main objectives of the Government. Therefore, the challenge facing the Government is to design and implement a long-term development strategy in order to build up a solid industrial and agricultural sector for sustainable development and expansion of non-oil exports. In such a strategy the design, and implementation, of trade and industrial policies and the way oil revenues are allocated, takes, inter alia, importance. Developing a conceptual framework of analysis, the author will argue that while export of petroleum provides financial resources for the acceleration of investment and growth, prospects for sustained growth and diversification will be still limited by some physical and institutional bottlenecks which can not be easily overcome by ample oil revenues. Trade in oil itself may have some detrimental socio-economic effects, including the attitude and policies of the Government, on the prospects for development and diversification of the economy in the long-run. Therefore, the Government policies, particularly trade policies, and the way oil revenues are allocated may not be necessarily conducive to long-run development and diversification of production and export structure. Proposing an alternative long-run trade and industrial policy for the country, the author will also outline the practical problems of its implementation under current international trade rules. ---------- *The author is a development economist with D.Phil from Oxford Univsity. He is currently an international consultant affiliated to the Institute of Economic Research, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland. He is the former Head, Macroeconomic and Development Policies Branch, UNCTAD and the author of a large number of articles, published in international journals, on trade and industrial policies, economic reform and other development policy issues. His latest book is: Trade Policy at the Crossroads; the recent experience of developing countries, Macmillan, 2005. This paper is developed on the basis of a part of a study undertaken for the World Bank under a DTSI project financed by the same Organization. The author benefited from interviews with Government authorities and comments from Mr. P. Shuler to whom goes his thanks. Comments are welcome and can be sent to author: [email protected] economies, trade policy, Sudan, economic development, diversification
The presumptions in favour of marriage
No full textThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Cambridge University Press via the DOI in this record.Eighteenth-century courts needed to rely on presumptions in favour of marriage for a number of reasons, some practical and some legal, but the misleading reporting of one leading nineteenth-century case, followed by institutional changes and a stronger focus on precedent, led to the original evidential assumptions being obscured. A further blurring of the different strands of the presumption occurred in the twenty-first century, leading to confusion in recent cases. Understanding how the much-misunderstood presumptions have developed reveals why they were needed, when they became decoupled from their evidential underpinnings, and how, when and why they should operate today
Arguments in favour of compulsory treatment of opioid dependence
No full textTwelve agencies of the United Nations, including the World Health Organization, have issued a joint statement that calls on Member States to replace the compulsory detention of people who use opioids in treatment centres with voluntary, evidence-informed and rights-based health and social services. The arguments in favour of this position fall into three broad categories: Compulsory treatment centres infringe on an individual's liberty, they put human beings at risk of harm, and evidence of their effectiveness against opioid dependence has not been generated. The United Nations statement underscores that although countries apply different criteria for sending individuals to compulsory treatment centres, detention often takes place without due process, legal safeguards or judicial review. This clearly violates internationally recognized human rights standards. Furthermore, people who are committed to these centres are often exposed to physical and sexual violence, forced labour and sub-standard living conditions. They are often denied health care, despite their heightened vulnerability to HIV infection and tuberculosis. Finally, there is no evidence, according to the statement, that these centres offer an environment that is conducive to recovery from opioid dependence or to the rehabilitation of commercial sex workers or of children who have suffered sexual exploitation, abuse or lack of care and protection. The author of this paper sets forth several arguments that counter the position taken by the United Nations and argues in favour of compulsory treatment within a broader harm reduction strategy aimed at protecting society as well as the individual concerned
The protection of consumer favour in market economy
No full textAplūkotā Bakalaura darba tēma ir „ Patērētāju interešu aizsardzība tirgus ekonomikā ‘’, kas paredzēta Latvijas patērētāju interešu aizsardzības izpētei un pilnveidošanai. Darbs sastāv no četrām nodaļām, kurās ir izpētītas patērētāju tiesības, apskatīti patērētāju tiesību praktiskie aspekti, aprakstītas valsts iestāžu, funkcijas un uzdevumi, kurās patērētāju tiesību pārkāpuma gadījumā patērētājs ir tiesīgs griezties pēc palīdzības. Bakalaura darbā ir atspoguļoti anketēšanas rezultāti, kuru mērķis bija uzzināt un apkopot Ludzas rajona iedzīvotāju viedokļus, zināšanas līmeni un pieredzi patērētāju tiesību aizsardzības jomā.
Autore vēlas pierādīt, ka patērētājs nav bezspēcīgs Latvijas tirgū, patērētājām jāzina savas tiesības, jābūt informētam, kā patērētāju tiesību pārkāpumu gadījumos patērētājus aizsargās.
Bakalaura darbā apjoms ir 72 lapas. Tas sastāv no 4 nodaļām, kurās ietvertas 11 tabulas, 22 attēli, 3 pielikumi un 24 bibliogrāfiskie avoti
Atslēgvārdi: patērētājs, aizsardzība, tirgus ekonomika, tiesības.The theme regarded in this bachelor work is “The protection of consumer favour in market economy”, which is provided to explore and improve the protection of consumer favour in Latvia. The work consists of four chapters, where is explored consumers rights, overlooked the practical aspects of consumers rights, described functions and tasks of governments institutions, where in the case if consumer rights are contravened, the consumers are allowed to fulminate for help. The results of questionnaires also are reflected in this bachelor work, which aim was to get to know and to codify the opinion, knowledge level and experience of population in Ludza city in the field of protection of consumer rights.
The author wants to prove, that consumers are not powerless in the market of Latvia, that they must know their rights and be informed, how to protect themselves if needed.
The size of bachelor work is 72 pages. It consists of 4 chapters, where 11 charts, 22 pictures, 3 additions and 24 bibliographical sources can be founded.
Key words: consumer, protection, marked economy, rights
Librarian Authors Appear to Favour Open Access Journals, while Academic Authors Appear to Favour Non-Open Access Journals. Chang, Y.-W. (2017). Comparative study of characteristics of authors between open access and non-open access journals in library and information science. Library & Information Science Research, 39(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2017.01.002
No full textObjective – To compare the characteristics of authors publishing in open access and non-open access library and information science (LIS) journals.
Design – Comparative analysis of published journal articles.
Setting – Academic journals.
Subjects – Articles published in selected LIS journals between 2008-2013.
Methods – Journals included in the Library Science and Information Science category in the 2012 edition of Journal Citation Reports and those listed in the Library and Information Science category of the Directory of Open Access Journals as of May 2013 were included in the analysis. Articles were examined and coded for author occupation, academic rank, and type of collaboration.
Main Results – The author analyzed 1,807 articles from 20 open access journals and 1,665 articles from 13 non-open access journals. An unknown number of articles were excluded because they lacked required author information. Over half (53.9%) of the authors who published in the open access journals were practitioners. Over half (58.1%) of the authors who published in the non-open access journals were academics. Librarian-librarian collaboration was the most common type (38.6%) of collaboration found in the open access journals. Academic-academic collaboration was the most common type (34.1%) of collaboration found in the non-open access journals. Collaboration between librarians and academics was seen in 20.5% of open access articles and 13.2% of non-open access articles.
Conclusion – In general, librarian-authored research was found more often in open access journals, while the “latest research topics and ideas” (p. 14) were found most often in non-open access journals.Full Tex
The ethical and moral-based dimension of leadership in CSR-oriented strategies and sustainable entrepreneurship
No full textThis chapter addresses the theme of leadership and its influence on corporate social
responsibility (CSR) and sustainability-oriented strategies. Specifically, it aims to analyse,
through a deductive and literature-based approach, the relevance of the ethical and moral
leadership models with respect to the diffusion of CSR and sustainable entrepreneurship. Linking ethical and moral-based leadership to the CSR and sustainable entrepreneurship discourse allows us to point out the relevance of an authentic orientation in supporting
change and fostering sustainable entrepreneurship The theoretical construct of responsible and sustainable leadership derives from the
intersection of the moral-based leadership concepts with those of CSR and sustainable
entrepreneurship..Drawing from these premises, this chapter seeks to identify leadership models and
attributes consistent with (and necessary to develop) an authentic CSR-oriented strategy
and able to foster sustainable entrepreneurship.
Accordingly, in this chapter, we argue that leadership represents a key aspect that
warrants more research within both CSR and sustainable entrepreneurship studies. The
research questions that orients this study can be summarised as follows: Which leadership
models favour authentic CSR practices? Are moral, ethical-based and virtues-based models
of leadership effective in developing CSR and fostering sustainable entrepreneurship?
These questions guide the critical review of the different leadership approaches, bringing
attention to the models that are most coherent in regard to the actual socio-economic
context which requires managers and entrepreneurs to govern the internal and external
complexity and actively contribute to sustainability. The methodological approach is
mainly based on a literature review that surveys critical points in current literature that is
relevant to the topic.
The work is structured as follows. First, we offer an analysis of the leadership theoretical
framework in the context of the CSR debate. We begin with a brief methodological
note, followed by an analysis of the antecedents of CSR and sustainable entrepreneurship
in terms of values and virtues.
Second, a review of relevant literature on leadership approaches and models consistent
with the CSR and sustainable entrepreneurship discourse is presented, emphasising the relationship between transformational, moral and virtues-based leadership and
CSR-oriented strategies and sustainable entrepreneurship. Drawing from the analysis,
four main propositions are introduced. The final sections illustrate the propositions and
summarise the implications and limitations of the study
In Favour of Spontaneous Urban Growth
No full textThe dynamics of the contemporary world has ruined the dream of permanence which dominated the field of planning for decades. The increasing amount and frequency of unpredicted urban transformations that take place in today’s cities have led to a state of urban development where planning and reality seems to be poles apart (Urban Catalyst, 2013). This reflects on the (re)development of modern cities and highlights the fragility, temporariness, vulnerability and inclination to constant change of the urban spatial forms. Within this context the traditional planning approaches of the past does not seem to be adaptable and flexible enough to bridge the gaps between the large-scale, long-term urban strategies and local, urgent needs (Urhahn, 2010; Bishop & Williams, 2012; Pfeifer, 2013). In order to deal with this issue the philosophical belief that “the only certainty is that everything changes” is adopted as a starting point of this design project. It focuses on formulating new, innovative, highly flexible modes of urban transformations, which can be an appropriate urban regeneration approach in 21st century. In particular, the developed method relies on morphogenesis approach, spontaneous urban growth and temporary land-uses that are operationalized within the context of Turin (Italy). Through the executed design experiment this project explores the practical application of the aforementioned concepts and provides a critical reflection on the current models of spatial (re)production.UrbanismUrbanismArchitecture and The Built Environmen
Seven Arguments in Favour of Rethinking Corruption
No full textThe act of “rethinking” corruption is necessary due to a global stagnation after more than two decades of international anticorruption efforts. The issue of corruption is being reframed as a security issue, rather than a developmental one, but the role international agency play in changing a country is still prominent. This article sums up the lessons learned from theoretical and practical advances outlined in the author’s book on “Rethinking Corruption.” It makes a clear argument in favour of rethinking corruption outside the traditional framework and offers a forecasting method, alongside state-of-the-art analytical, fact-based tools to map, assess, and predict corruption risks.
The author argues that corruption is a policy issue frequently overriding individual choice, and can only be tackled by strong policy interventions. She explains the limits of international intervention and demonstrates how much unfinished business was left behind by the developmental approach to anticorruption – business that can only be tackled domestically by pro-change coalitions. Evidence is shown that corruption has not decreased despite unprecedented efforts. This is the case because the international context presently creates far more opportunities for corruption than it poses constraints. Few countries and international organisations have proven able to solve the social dilemma of corruption. The instruments to collect evidence for action have been as poor as conceptualisation, but progress has been made and can be used by domestic coalitions seeking to challenge a corrupt status quo.
The article outlines that “Rethinking Corruption” is a non-orthodox, yet state-of-the-art guidebook for policy makers, administrators, and practitioners looking to identify an effective way of approaching corruption, engaging in corruption issue policy analysis, designing actionable measurement, and building successful coalitions against systemic corruption
- …
