10 research outputs found
The Effect of Korean Brand Ambassador Towards Luxury Brand Purchase Intention
No full textLuxury brands will be really different for the next five year. They started to move from chasing American and European markets to rich millennials in Asia. Asia became the highest region that contributed for Dior revenue in 2020 with 34% and 8% for the Japan market only. Those numbers are very high and we can conclude that Asian market buying power for luxury brands is high. The phenomena of the Korean wave make luxury brands use the artist for their ambassadors, and also use the fanatic fans to increase their brand awareness. However it has not been tested if the strategy works for the luxury brand market penetration and increases the purchase intention. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that influence the purchase intention of a luxury brand by using Korean Brand ambassador and to understand the effect of Korean brand ambassador for luxury brands on purchase intention in Indonesia. In this study research used quantitative methods by collecting data through survey questionnaires and judgmental sampling as the sampling method with the total of 148 respondents that are luxury brand consumers, also using PLS-SEM to analyze the result of the survey. The result shows that celebrity endorsement positively impacted luxury brand purchase intention through brand trust, brand psychological ownership, and brand attitude.
ISLAMIC EDUCATION VALUES IN NOVEL BULAN TERBELAH DI LANGIT AMERIKA BY HANUM SALSABIELA RAIS AND RANGGA ALMAHENDRA
No full textIn this era there are so many social problems that happen, the most fundamental thing that causing that phenomenon is less in understanding of religion dogma and did not internalizing religion values. That fundamental problem can be solved by Islamic Education that has the main goal is internalizing morality values. Novel Bulan Terbelah di Langit Amerika is chosen to answer that requirement, because that novel is containing of Islamic Education values, especially morality values.
Based on the research context above, so the formulation of the problem about what the values of Islamic Education inside of novel Bulan Terbelah di Langit Amerika by Hanuzm Salsabiela Rais and Rangga Almahendra, the focus of this research is cultivating the Islamic Education values in that novel.
The kind of the research is library research. The research approach is content analysis approach. The subject of the research is novel Bulan Terbelah di Langit Amerika by Hanum Salsabiela Rais and Rangga Almahendra. The method of data analysis is hermeneutic method of Paul Ricouer, which is using three kind of distensions; distension from the author purpose, distension from the beginning context, and distension from the first audience.
The result is inside that novel there are three kinds of Islamic Education values, there are faith values, worship values and morality values. The faith values inside the novel are; faith in Allah and the strength of Allah and His attributes, faith in Prophet Muhammad, faith in the Truth of Prophet Muhammad prophecy, faith in miracle of Prophet Muhammad, faith in al-Qur’an, faith in destiny from Allah, faith in Prophets in Islam, faith in angels of Allah SWT. The worship values inside of this novel are; Sholat, Zakat, fasting, Jihad, eating allowed food, covering the ‘Aurat. And the last the morality values inside the novel are; tolerance, philanthropist and helping each other, forgiving, sincere and patient.
Key Words: Islamic Education, Values, Novel
Konsep wasathiyyah dalam pendidikan Islam: Studi komparasi pemikiran Muhammad Quraish Shihab dan Nadirsyah Hosen
Get PDFINDONESIA:
Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini diantaranya: (1) Bagaimana wasathiyyah dalam pendidikan Islam perspektif Muhammad Quraish Shihab?, (2) Bagaimana wasathiyyah dalam pendidikan Islam perspektif Nadirsyah Hosen?, dan (3) Bagaimana persamaan dan perbedaan wasathiyyah dalam pendidikan Islam perspektif Muhammad Quraish Shihab dan Nadirsyah Hosen?.
Indonesia adalah negara yang masyarakatnya memiliki kereligiusan tinggi sekaligus negara dengan pengguna media sosial yang besar. Sayangnya hal itu tidak dibarengi dengan tingkat literasi yang cukup, sehingga menciptakan masalah keagamaan tersendiri dalam masyarakat, seperti masalah terorisme dan radikalisme. Moderasi beragama atau wasathiyyahsaat ini digadang-gadang oleh cendekiawan muslim sebagai solusi. Pendidikan Islam menjadi media penting dalam memberi pemahaman moderasi beragama. Muhammad Quraish Shihab adalah mufassir kenamaan yang karya-karyanya bernafaskan moderasi.Sedangkan Nadirsyah Hosen merupakan Rais Syuriah PCINU Australia yang kerap menyuarakan wasathiyyah Islam. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini penulis mengkaji teori tentang wasathiyyah dalam pendidikan Islam perspektif kedua tokoh tersebut.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian Library Research dan menggunakan pendekatan historis serta pendekatan filosofis. Sumber data penelitian ini berupa sumber primer, yakni karya-karya yang ditulis langsung oleh dua tokoh tersebut, serta sumber sekunder, yakni karya pustaka yang relevan dengan tema yang diangkat. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik dokumentasi dan wawancara. Adapun metode analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis isi.
Hasil dari analisa yang dilakukan penulis terkait dengan studi komparasi pemikiran Muhammad Quraish Shihab dan Nadirsyah Hosen, yakni: Shihab dan Nadir memiliki kesamaan mengenai prinsip-prinsip umum wasathiyyah, dimana pemahaman teks keagamaan harus memperhatikan konteks. Wasathiyyah dalam pendidikan Islam terwujud dengan memperhatikan unsur jasmani dan rohani manusia, menyediakan materi pendidikan Islam yang menciptakan kerukunan, dan menggunakan metode diskusi yang melibatkan peserta didik. Perbedaan diantara Shihab dan Nadir adalah pada wilayah kajian.
ENGLISH:
The formulation of the problems in this study there are: (1) How is wasathiyyah in Muhammad Quraish Shihab's perspective Islamic education?, (2) How is wasathiyyah in Nadirsyah Hosen's perspective Islamic education?, and (3) What are the similarities and differences of wasathiyyah in Muhammad Quraish Shihab's perspective of Islamic education and Nadirsyah Hosen.
Indonesia is a country with a highly religious society as well as a country with large social media users. Unfortunately, this is not accompanied by a sufficient level of literacy, which creating religious problems in society, such as the problem of terrorism and radicalism. Religious moderation or wasathiyyah is currently predicted by Muslim scholars as a solution. Islamic education is an important medium in providing an understanding of religious moderation. Muhammad Quraish Shihab is a well-known commentator who writes a book about moderation. Meanwhile, Nadirsyah Hosen is an Australian PCINU Rais Syuriah who often voices Islamic wasathiyyah. Therefore, in this study, the author examines the theory of wasathiyyah in Islamic education from the perspective of the two figure.
This research is qualitative research with a library research type and uses a historical approach and a philosophical approach. The data sources for this research are primary sources, namely works written directly by the two figures, as well as secondary sources, namely library works that are relevant to the themes raised. Methods of data collection using documentation and interview techniques. The data analysis method uses content analysis techniques.
The results of the analysis carried out by the author are related to a comparative study of the thoughts of Muhammad Quraish Shihab and Nadirsyah Hosen, namely: Shihab and Nadir have in common regarding the general principles of wasathiyyah, where understanding religious texts must pay attention to context. Wasathiyyah in Islamic education is realized by paying attention to the physical and spiritual elements of humans, providing Islamic educational materials that create harmony, and using discussion methods that involve students. The difference between Shihab and Nadir is in the area of study.
ARABIC:
إن أسئلة البحث في هذه الدراسة هي: (1) كيف الوسيطة في التربية الإسلامية عند محمد قريش شهاب؟ (2) كيف الوسيطة في التربية الإسلامية عند نادرسيح حسين؟، (3) كيفالتشاويات والاختلاف الوسطية في التربية الإسلامية عند محمد قريش شهاب ونادرسيح حسين؟
إندونيسيا دولة جمهورية التي كان مجتمعها شديد التدين وأكثر مستخدمالوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي. لسوء الحظ، إن هذا الحال لا يقترنبمستوى الكتابة الكافية، حتى تظهر مشاكل الدينية خاصة في المجتمع، مثل مشكلة الإرهاب والتطرف. يتنبأ علماء المسلمين حاليًا بالاعتدال الديني أو الوساطية كحل. تعتبر التربية الإسلامية وسيلة مهمة في فهم الوسطية الدينية. محمد قريش شهاب مفسرالذي كان كتابته كثير منالاعتدال. وفي الوقت نفسه، نادرسيح حسين هو رئيس سريةPCINUأوسترالي الذي كان غالب ما يعبر عن الوسطية الإسلامية. لذلك تبحث الباحثة في هذا البحثنظرية الوساطية في التربية الإسلامية عند هما.
هذا البحث هو منهجالنوعي باستخدام نوع البحث المكتبي ويستخدم أيضامنهج المقاربة التاريخية والفلسفية. إن مصادر البيانات في هذا البحث تتكون إلى نوعين أولا المصادر الأولية، أي الكتب التي كتبها الشخصان مباشرة، والثاني المصادر الثانوية، وهي الكتب المتعلقة بهذا البحث. وطريقة جمع البيانات باستخدام طريقة التوثيق والمقابلة. وطريقة تحليل البيانات المستخدم في هذا البحث هيطريقة تحليل المحتوى.
بعد تحليل الباحثة دراسة مقارنة الأفكار محمد قريش شهاب ونادرسيح حسين فنتائجها هي: كان متشابه الأفكار بينهما تجد في مبادئ العامة للوسيطة، حيث كان فهم النصوص الدينية يجب الانتباهفي سياقيها. تتحقق الوساطية في التربية الإسلامية باهتمام على عناصر المادية والروحية للإنسان، وتوفير المواد التعليمية الإسلامية التي تخلق الانسجام، واستخدام أساليب المناقشة التي يشارك فيها الطلاب. والفرق عن أفكارهما في مجال الدراسة
Peran Camat Terhadap Pelaksanaan Pelayanan Izin Mendirikan Bangunan Berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 4 Tahun 2015 Tentang Bangun Gedung Di Kecamatan Bandar Laksamana Kabupaten Bengkalis
Get PDFABSTRACT The process of making a building permit is certainly a matter of concern. Bandar Laksamana Sub-district, Bengkalis Regency, from 2017 to 2019 there were only two (2) buildings that had a Building Permit. This means that there are still many people who have not taken care of building permits. The main problem in this study is how the Camat's role in the implementation of Building Permit services based on Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2015 concerning Building Buildings in Bandar Laksamana District, Bengkalis Regency and what are the inhibiting factors for the implementation of Building Permit services based on Regional Regulations Number 4 of 2015 concerning Building Building in Bandar Laksamana District, Bengkalis Regency. The research method used in this research is survey, while the nature of this research is descriptive. The population in this study consisted of the Camat, Secretary of the Camat and the people of Bandar Laksamana District, Bengkalis Regency. The sampling technique was purposive sampling with a total of 17 people. Data collection tools used are questionnaires and interviews. From the results of the research that the author did, it is known that the Camat's role in the implementation of the service for building permits based on Regional Regulation No. 4 of 2015 concerning Building Buildings in Bandar Laksamana District, Bengkalis Regency has not been carried out properly. Establishing Buildings (IMB), Government actions in implementing regional regulations ranging from socialization, supervision, to controlling have not been able to overcome violations in (IMB), Public awareness that IMB is important in development is still low plus government socialization is less than optimal so that awareness from the community does not materialize, even though many people own buildings but do not have a Building Permit (IMB) as stated in the Regional Government Regulation Number 4 of 2015 concerning Building Construction. The number of requirements submitted is an inhibiting factor for people who want to carry out the management of building permits
An on-line index of Pakistan Library Bulletin : volume 1 to 33 (1968 to 2002)
No full textComputer is by far the greatest invention in human history. The idea of a global village, which once was the dream of Sociologists, Anthropologists and Philosophers, has now become reality. Information Technology (IT) is the order of the day with the advent of the new millennium. It has now become imperative to keep pace with its swift movement. Its influence on our lives is bright as the sun. No doubt that, after the invention of wheel, computer is the second greatest invention that revolutionized the history of the world. With launching of this On-line Index of Pastern Library Bulletin through the Web Site we are ushered into a new era of myriad possibilities.
Library periodicals are the basic vehicle of communication for writers and researchers in the fiedld. They play an effective role in promotion and development of library profession. The history of periodical library literature in Pakistan goes back to December 1949, when the periodical Modern Librarian was revived in a new series from Lahore but it did not survive after two issues. Pakistan Library Review, an other library journal came out in March 1958, was recontinued in 1968 but just after four issues it was also closed down. An other periodical PLA Journal was started in July 1960. After several gaps it restarted in 1987, but after 1997 it was also closed down. The Pakistani Librarian was first issued from the Department of Library and information Sciecne, University of Punjab in 1995 and now is publishing under the title Pakistan Journal of Library and Inforamtion Science. Some other journals and newsletters were publihsed from time to time but have since gone into oblivion.
Pakistan Library Bulletin, the quarterly journal in the field of library and information science is being published regularly since 1968. It was started with a noble objective under the editorship of Dr. Ghaniul Akram Sabzwari. The scope of this journal is international and has been serving the profession sincerely for the last 35 years. It publishes articles not only of Pakistani authors but welcomes distinguished foreign experts of Library and Information Science also to contribute in it.
The history of compilation of bibliography and index in Pakistan dates back to 1949. An eminent bibliographer Mr. A. R. Ghani made the first individual attempt. He compiled a comprehensive bibliography entitled "Pakistan: a select bibliography". The Pakistan Bibliographical Working Group (PBWG) emerged in May 1950 on the recommendation of the International Conference on the Improvement of Bibliographical Sources, convened by the UNESCO in 1950 held at Paris. In fact the Group has the distinction of being the first professional organization to be formed at the national level, with the support of the UNESCO and on the enforcement of the Government of Pakistan. The Group has a number of important bibliographies and indexes to its credit. The most significant contribution of the Group in the development and promotion of bibliographical activities in the country is the compilation of "Retrospective National Bibliography of Pakistan" covering the period from 1947 to 1961.
Indexing of periodical articles is a very painstaking job. Commercially these types of publications are not profitable. An attempt has been made by the individuals in compilation of indexes and bibliographical sources. These authors have compiled various bibliographies and indexes. Periodical Literature in Library and Information Science: an Index of 50 years' work in Pakistan (1947-1997) is the first on-line publication of library and information science from Pakistan. The Web version of this publication is available at http://www.angelfire.com/ma3/mahmoodkhalid
The PLB is the only indexed and peer reviewed journal from Pakistan. It is indexed in Library Literature and Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. It is abstracted in Library Literature and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) and American History and Life. It is listed in Ulrich's International Periodical Directory and its full publication data is included in Guide to Publishing Opportunities for Libraries (1995) by Schroeder and Roberson, published by the Haworth Press, New York. It has been regular and timely for the past 34 years.
There are many subjects on which articles and editorials have been contributed during the last 33 years. In 33 volumes, comprising 82 issues, 576 articles including 82 editorials were published by 225 different authors, 180 from Pakistan and 45 from abroad. On the average about 7 articles per issue and 18 articles per year were carried.
The PLB is basically a Pakistani journal, the maximum number of contributors were naturally from within the country. The contributors hail from Asia, Europe, Africa and North America including Canada, in that order. Overwhelming majority of authors evidently are from Asia (90%). This followed by North America including Canada (5.50%), Africa (2.56%) and then Europe (1.18%). There are none from Australia and New Zealand. All over the world men are dominating in every field of life and activity. This domination is much more pronounced in a developing society. The study indicated that in this journal men wrote more articles than women. The female contributions were only (10%) whereas male contributions were (90%).
The study showed that most of the articles 435 (75.52%) were written in English. 141 (24.47%) articles were published in Urdu and only 4 (0.69%) articles were in Bengali language. The Bengali section was discontinued after creation of Bangladesh in 1971.
During the span of 34 years (1968 - 2002) 82 issues carried different editorials. PLB editorials are thematic or expression of a particular viewpoint and not brief introduction to the contributed articles in an issue. These editorials are often a review of some aspect of library service and practice. The study showed that Usmani (Chief Editor from 1977 to December 2000) wrote a total of 32 editorials out of 82. Dr. Ghaniul Akram Sabzwari, who was the founder and first Chief Editor, (Chief Editor September 1968 to 1975 and January 2001 to-date) contributed 26. Late Prof. Akhtar Hanif, (Editor English Section 1979-1995) contributed 12 editorials. Moinuddin Khan (Editor English Section from July 1995 -to-date) contributed 8 editorials. R. A. Samdani, the Managing Editor from Volume 9, 1978 to to-date contributed 3 editorials and Prof. Dr. Syed Jalaluddin Haider former Chairman, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Karachi wrote one editorial.
The analysis reveals that mamimum number of articles have been written on academic libraries and librarianship, and this is attributed to teachers of various Departments of Library and Information Science in the country. This is followed by Information Technology, Bibliographical Control, Public Libraries, Biographies of Librarians of the country and Library Education.
This is a subject and author index. Entries are arranged in one alphabetical order according to the Library of Congress Filing Rules. Under author and subject the titles of the articles are arranged alphabetically by the first word of the title. Subject Headings are established in accordance with Library Literature with some changes to suit the national requirements. Bibliographic entries are on the pattern of Anglo American Cataloguing Rules-2, 1988 edition, as well as IFLA's Recommendations for adoption of International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) and IFLA's publication entitled Name of Person; national usage for entry in Cataloguing.
Complete title of the articles with sub-title (if any) is entered. Language is indicated in parenthesis e.g. (Urdu). Volume and issue number are mentioned as 33 (1-2). Date of publication of the issue mentioned as "September - December 2002". Page numbers are indicated in Arabic numerals as they appear in the issue. In case of editorial, title of the editorial is mentioned and in the bracket (Editorial) is written, e.g. Thinkers and Libraries (Editorial). Word 'About' indicates that the article mentioned after this word is related and written about the author whose entries are given above this word e.g.
SAEED, HAKIM MUHAMMAD
Library System in Pakistan. (Urdu). Pakistan Library Bulletin, 7 (3-4): 50-57, Mar.-June 1975.
About
Sabzwari, Ghaniul Akram. Hakim Saeed: Great Man in History. Pakistan Library Bulletin. 31 (1-2):1-8, March-June 2000.
Samdani, Rais Ahmed. Hakim Muhammad Saeed: at a Glance. Pakistan Library Bulletin. 31 (1-2):7-30, March-June 2000
NOVEL BULAN TERBELAH DI LANGIT AMERIKA KARYA HANUM SALSABIELA RAIS DAN RANGGA ALMAHENDRA SEBAGAI MATERI PEMBELAJARAN SASTRA DI SMA: KAJIAN SOSIOLOGI SASTRA DAN NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER
Get PDFAbstract:The aims of this study are to describe and explain: (1) the social background of the author, (2) the social problem, (3) reader response, (4) the value of character building, and (5) relevancies of novel “Bulan Terbelah Di Langit Amerika” as literary learning materials in high school. The study is a descriptive qualitative study with sociology of literature approach. The sampling technique is purposive sampling.Technique of data collecting uses analysis of document technique and interview. Technique of data validity uses triangulation theory, data sources, and methods. Technique of data analysis uses interactive analysis.The results of the study show that: (1) the social background of the author BTDLA includes: profession background of the author as journalist and lecturer,religious family background, and background of the creation of novel base on author experience when they visited America; (2) the social problem in the novel consists of: tragedy of 9/11, Islamophobia, family breakdowns, and the dark side of media; (3) reader response of the novel BTDLA includes: ideal readersand common readers; (4) the values of character building in the novel BTDLA consist of 16 values, they are: religiosity, honesty, tolerance, discipline, hard work, creativity, independence, democracy, curiosity, appreciation of achievement, friendship/communication, peace, penchant reading, environmental care, social care, and responsibility; and (5) the novel BTDLA can be used as literary learning materials in High School according to Basic Competency (KD) 4.5 in grade XIICurriculum 2013, there is convert novel into another form. The novel BTDLA can be used as an example to convert the novel into film/drama.Then, the novel can also be used as teaching materials viewed from the aspects of language, psychology, and cultural background. Keywords:, sociology of literature, the value of character building, literary learning Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan: (1)_latar sosial pengarang novel Bulan Terbelah di Langit Amerika, (2) masalah sosial, (3) tanggapan pembaca, (4) nilai pendidikan karakter, dan (5) relevansinya sebagai materi pembelajaran sastra di sekolah menengah atas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan sosiologi sastra. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) latar sosial pengarang adalah sebagai jurnalis dan dosen, latar keluarga pengarang yang religius, serta latar penciptaan novel berdasarkan pengalaman pengarang ketika mengunjungi Amerika;(2) masalah sosial meliputi: peristiwa 9/11, Islamophobia, perpecahan keluarga dan sisi kelam dunia media; (3)_tanggapan pembaca diklasifikasikan sebagai pembaca ideal dan pembaca biasa; (4) nilai pendidikan karakter yang dominan meliputi sikap religius, jujur, toleransi, disiplin, kerja keras, kreatif, mandiri, demokratis, rasa ingin tahu, menghargai prestasi, bersahabat/komunikatif, cinta damai, gemar membaca, peduli lingkungan, peduli sosial, dantanggung jawab; dan (5) novel Bulan Terbelah di Langit Amerika dapat dijadikan sebagai materi pembelajaran sastra di SMA sesuai dengan kompetensi dasar di kelas 12 dengan Kurikulum 2013, yaitu mengonversi novel ke dalam bentuk lain. Novel Bulan Terbelah di Langit Amerika dapat digunakan sebagai contoh mengonversi novel ke dalam bentuk film/drama. Kemudian novel ini juga dapat digunakan sebagai materi ajar ditinjau dari aspek bahasa, psikologi, dan latar belakang budaya. Kata kunci:, sosiologi sastra, nilai pendidikan karakter, pembelajaran sastr
The Effect of Korean Brand Ambassador Towards Luxury Brand Purchase Intention
No full textLuxury brands will be really different for the next five year. They started to move from chasing American and European markets to rich millennials in Asia. Asia became the highest region that contributed for Dior revenue in 2020 with 34% and 8% for the Japan market only. Those numbers are very high and we can conclude that Asian market buying power for luxury brands is high. The phenomena of the Korean wave make luxury brands use the artist for their ambassadors, and also use the fanatic fans to increase their brand awareness. However it has not been tested if the strategy works for the luxury brand market penetration and increases the purchase intention. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that influence the purchase intention of a luxury brand by using Korean Brand ambassador and to understand the effect of Korean brand ambassador for luxury brands on purchase intention in Indonesia. In this study research used quantitative methods by collecting data through survey questionnaires and judgmental sampling as the sampling method with the total of 148 respondents that are luxury brand consumers, also using PLS-SEM to analyze the result of the survey. The result shows that celebrity endorsement positively impacted luxury brand purchase intention through brand trust, brand psychological ownership, and brand attitude.
Mapping the Landscape of E-Government Research in Village Governance: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
No full textThis study aims to map the development and research trends of e-government in village governance. The research method applied is a systematic literature review using 538 scientific articles from the Scopus database published between 2019 and 2024. The review was conducted using bibliometric analysis processed through R-Studio (Biblioshiny) and Tableau applications. The study results revealed a steady increase in publication trends, the formation of multiple author collaboration networks, and the identification of key thematic clusters such as digitalization, public service delivery, governance frameworks, trust, and technology adoption. The thematic evolution analysis also demonstrated the emergence of new research areas, including blockchain, cybersecurity, and participatory governance. The limitation of this study is that the articles used are only sourced from the Scopus database, which may not fully represent the broader landscape of global research on village-level e-government. Future research needs to incorporate scientific articles from other reputable international databases, such as Web of Science and Dimensions Scholars, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the evolving discourse in this field
Corporate Governance in Air Asia Berhad
Get PDFThe aim of this paper is to discuss the corporate governance practice in Air Asia Berhad. Corporate governance is an important topic discussed in Malaysia as the government is fully supporting corporate governance issue by introducing the Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG) for organizations in Malaysia to follow. Although there are issues on corporate governance failure appearing in the papers quite frequently, but there are also organizations that have a good corporate governance in place. This paper will discuss the corporate governance practice in one of Malaysia’s successful carrier. This paper first examines the level of corporate governance and its impact on firm performance which further branched out to board composition, financial disclosure and whistleblowing channel. Inside Air Asia Berhad, the author found that the organization fully complies with the recommendation of board composition plus they have a broad spectrum of board of directors with experience, expertise and reputation for integrity. Secondly, financial disclosure of Air Asia Berhad is fully transparent where all of the information is available in their website for investors to view and acquire. In addition, they have their own external auditors to ensure there is no manipulation of financial reports of the organizations. Thirdly, Air Asia Berhad have an internal whistle blowing channel which is delivered through email, contrasting with Dqorkin and Callahan (1993), stated that the best choice is external whistleblowing channel rather than internal as internal would create extensive form of retaliation to the employee from management. On the basis of the results of this research, it can be concluded that Air Asia Berhad, an organization in the airline industry takes corporate governance practice to its core and complying with the government effort on raising the corporate governance inside of Malaysia
چرا القانون الصغیر از ابن سینا نیست؟
No full textThe authors of the article “Al-Qanun al-Saghir fi al-Tibb and its author” have provided evidence to deny the attribution of this book to Ibn Sina and have referred to some sources. In this regard, additional sources and evidence are presented:
1- The book “Al-Kifayyah fi al-Tibb” was revised based on the two versions mentioned in the text of the article by the distinguished Dr. Muhammad Ali Lisani Fasharaki and published in the year 1400 AH. It is mentioned on its cover that this book is also known as “Al-Qanun al-Saghir” and “Al-Kafi fi al-Tibb” (1). This book was also published in 2022 in Jordan by Dar Ward al-Jordaniya for Publishing and Distribution.
2- In addition to the printing of the "Al-Qanun al-Saghir" corrected by Ahmad Farid al-Muzidi (2), who did not properly introduce the two copies he used (it is enough to know that both manuscripts are photocopies of the Cairo Manuscripts Collection (2), but we do not know which library and which number they originally belonged to), a translated copy of the Vali Effendi manuscript, number 2529, was also printed in Berlin in 2020 by Dr. Kadircan Kashkinburah with an introduction about the content of the book (3). It is worth noting that this copy is not among the five manuscripts mentioned in the Ramadan Shashan catalog.
3- The fact that the name "Al-Qanun al-Saghir" appears under Ibn Sina and not Ibn Mandaviya in the catalog of Turkish medical manuscripts does not necessarily mean that Ibn Sina's name was included in all copies, since the cataloger may have taken the famous attribution as the original. In the meantime, reference was made to the Fatih Library manuscript numbered 3695, which states that the author’s name is “Abu Ali ibn Sina al-Bukhari” on the title page, and the text and its transcription (dated 983 AH) do not contain the author’s name (4). In the Rais al-Kitab Library manuscript numbered 4/103, which was transcribed in Maragheh in 670, the book is also named “Al-Qanun al-Aghir” and is attributed to Sheikh Rais Abu Ali ibn Sina (5). The text and the conclusion do not contain the author’s name, and the first page of the manuscript is written in a different script from the script of the transcriber: “Al-Qanun al-Saghir ll-Shaikh al-Rais Abi Ali ibn Sina” (5). The Vali Effendi Library manuscript also states that the book is titled “Al-Qanun al-Saghir fi al-Tibb” and that the author is “Al-Rais Abi Ali al-Hasan (kaza) ibn Sina al-Bukhari.” (3) Two manuscripts of the Al-Qanun al-Saghir are also kept in the Escorial Library in Spain. In manuscript number 868, the book begins with the phrase “The noble and venerable Abu Ali ibn Sina, may God have mercy on him, said.” In manuscript number 873, the exact same phrase appears (6-7); other manuscripts should be examined separately.
4- Like Ibn Sina, Ibn Mandawiyah’s nickname was “Abu Ali” (8). In some copies of Al-Kafi fi al-Tibb, or Ibn Mandawiyah’s Minor Canon, the beginning of the manuscript reads: “Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mandawiyah said” (1). This similarity in nickname may also have contributed to the mistake in mentioning the main author.
5- The literary style of the Minor Canon differs significantly from Ibn Sina’s scientific and medical writings.
6- One of Ibn Sina’s most important characteristics is the systematic structuring of medical knowledge in the Canon. He has somehow classified ancient medical topics with a logical approach, which is perhaps what has made his book so popular in medical schools in the East and the West (9-10), while the book Al-Qanun al-Saghir does not benefit from this precise structuring and classification of topics in the book Al-Qanun.
7- Avicenna’s philosophical views are clearly different from the content of this work. In this regard, Dr. Raphaela Veit wrote an article that was first presented at a conference in Warburg in 2013 and then published in the book “Philosophy and Medicine in the Constructive Islamic Age” in 2018 (10). The general idea of the article is that the author of Al-Qanun al-Saghir is very dependent on Galen’s ideas, while Avicenna is a critic of Galen’s ideas, especially in positions related to natural philosophy. In the following, a detailed comparison of Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, Al-Qanun al-Saghir, and Al-Qanuncheh shows the difference between the Aristotelian philosophical foundations of Al-Qanun al-Bu‘Ali and the content of the other two books (10).
8- The difference in views between the author of the Minor Canon and those of Avicenna is obvious. For example:
- While there was a well-known debate among philosophers about the heart-centeredness and the brain-centeredness between the two traditions of Aristotle and Galen, and Avicenna also went into it in detail in his works and presented a specific theory (11-12), the author of the Minor Canon, where he deals with the heart, is content with this phrase: “and it is the first organ to be created, according to Aristotle and Galen” (1).
- In the section describing the brain, the author of the Minor Canon considers three ventricles for the brain: the anterior one is the cause of imagination, the middle one is the thought in the essences of things, and the posterior one is the preservation and recollection of things (1). This is while Avicenna criticizes this tripartite view in the section on the esoteric perceptual powers of the book Al-Qanun and also in the books Al-Shifa, Al-Ishaarat, Al-Tanbihat and Al-Najāt, and tries to explain their position by presenting an alternative view based on the existence of five esoteric perceptual powers (13-14).
- In Al-Qanun, Avicenna has a specific interpretation of the two scientific and practical parts of medicine and insists on his interpretation with some phrases (8), while the author of Al-Qanun al-Saghir, without paying attention to the meticulousness of Sina’s logical views, has limited himself to introducing medical knowledge by simply stating that medicine is divided into science and practice (1).
- As a logician, Avicenna attaches special importance to “definition”, and the writing of a special book on his definitions is evidence of this claim (15). This is why Avicenna’s definition of medical knowledge has always been criticized and examined by medical thinkers and theorists until the following centuries (16). In contrast, the author of the Minor Law gives this definition of medicine: "Knowing the things that preserve and promote health."نویسندگان مقاله «القانون الصغیر فی الطب و نویسنده آن» ادلهای برای نفی انتساب این کتاب به ابن سینا آوردهاند و به منابعی رجوع نمودهاند. در همین راستا، منابع و ادلهای افزونتر تقدیم میگردد:
1ـ کتاب «الکفاية فی الطب» بر اساس دو نسخهای که در متن مقاله یاد شده، به همت شادروان دکتر محمدعلی لسانی فشارکی تصحیح و در سال 1400 شمسی منتشر و بر روی جلد آن ذکر شده که این کتاب به «القانون الصغیر» و «الکافی فی الطب» نیز شناختهشده است (1). همچنین این کتاب در سال 2022 با تصحیح و مقدمه دکتر أحمد عبدالباقي حسين در کشور اردن و در دار ورد الأردنية للنشر والتوزيع به طبع رسیده است.
2ـ علاوه بر طبع «القانون الصغیر» به تصحیح احمد فرید المزیدی (2) که دو نسخه مورد استفاده خود را به خوبی معرفی نکرده (بدان اکتفا شده که هر دو دستنویس از نسخههای عکسی کانون مخطوطات قاهره هستند (2)، حال در اصل متعلق به کدام کتابخانه و به کدام شماره نمیدانیم)، یک نسخهبرگردان از دستنویس ولی افندی به شماره 2529 نیز به همت دکتر قدیرجان کشکینبورا با مقدمهای درباره محتوای کتاب، در سال 2020 در برلین طبع شده است (3). شایان ذکر است که این نسخه ضمن 5 دستنویس یادشده در فهرست رمضان ششن نیست.
3ـ اینکه در فهرست دستنویسهای طبی ترکیه نام «القانون الصغیر» ذیل ابن سینا آمده و نه ابن مندویه، ضرورتاً بدینمعنا نیست که در تمام نسخهها نام ابن سینا بر کتاب درج شده باشد، چراکه ممکن است فهرستنویس، انتساب مشهور را اصل قرار داده باشد. در این میان، به نسخه کتابخانه فاتح به شماره 3695 رجوع شد که نام نویسنده در صفحه عنوان «أبو علی بن سینا البخاری» درج شده و متن و ترقیمه (مورخ 983 ق.) فاقد نام نویسنده است (4). در دستنویس کتابخانه رئیس الکتاب به شماره 103/4 که در سال 670 در مراغه کتابت شده نیز نام کتاب «القانون الأصغر» یاد شده و تألیف شیخ رئیس ابوعلی بن سینا دانسته شده است (5). متن و انجامه فاقد نام مؤلف است و در صفحه آغاز نسخه نیز با خطی متفاوت از خط کاتب نگاشته شده: «القانون الصغیر للشیخ الرئیس أبي علی بن سینا» (5). دستنویس کتابخانه ولی افندی نیز نام کتاب را القانون الصغير في الطب و نام نویسنده را «الريیس أبي علي الحَسن(کذا) بن سينا البخاري» نوشته است.(3) دو دستنویس از القانون الصغیر نیز در کتابخانه اسکوریال اسپانیا نگهداری میشود. در دستنویس شماره 868، کتاب با عبارت «قال الرئيس الفاضل الجليل أبو علي بن سینا رحمه الله» آغاز میشود. در دستنویس شماره 873 نیز دقیقاً همین عبارت آمده است (7-6)، سایر دستنویسها بایستی جداگانه بررسی شوند.
4ـ کنیه ابن مندویه نیز مانند ابن سینا «ابوعلی» بوده است (8). در نسخههایی از الکافی فی الطب یا همان القانون الصغیر ابن مندویه آغاز دستنویس اینگونه است: «قال أبو علی أحمد بن عبد الرحمن بن مندویه» (1) ممکن است این تشابه کنیه نیز در اشتباه در یادکرد مؤلف اصلی نقش داشته باشد.
5ـ سبک ادبی نگارش القانون الصغیر با نگارشهای علمی و طبی ابن سینا تفاوت شایان توجهی دارد.
6ـ یکی از مهمترین ویژگیهای ابن سینا ساختاربندی منظم دانش پزشکی در کتاب القانون است. او به نحوی مباحث پزشکی کهن را با رویکردی منطقی طبقهبندی کرده که چه بسا همین امر باعث رواج چشمگیر کتاب او در مدارس پزشکی شرق و غرب شده است (10-9)، حال اینکه کتاب القانون الصغیر از این ساختاربندی و طبقهبندی دقیق مباحث در کتاب القانون بهرهای ندارد.
7ـ نگرشهای فلسفی ابن سینا با محتوای این اثر تفاوت آشکار دارد. در این رابطه دکتر رافائلا وایت (Raphaela Veit) مقالهای نگاشته که ابتدا در سال 2013 در همایشی در واربورگ ارائه و سپس ضمن کتاب «فلسفه و پزشکی در عصر سازنده اسلامی» در سال 2018 منتشر شد (10). ایده کلی مقاله این است که نویسنده القانون الصغیر بسیار به اندیشههای جالینوس وابسته است، حال اینکه ابن سینا، به ویژه در مواضع مرتبط با فلسفه طبیعی نقاد اندیشههای جالینوسی است. در ادامه با مقایسه تفصیلی کتاب القانون في الطب و القانون الصغیر و قانونچه تفاوت مبانی فلسفی ارسطویی القانون بوعلی با محتوای دو کتاب دیگر نشان داده میشود (10).
8ـ تفاوت دیدگاههای نویسنده القانون الصغیر با دیدگاههای ابن سینا آشکار است. برای نمونه:
ـ در حالی که مناقشهای شناختهشده نزد فیلسوفان درباره قلبمحوری و مغزمحوری میان دو سنت ارسطویی و جالینوسی جریان داشته و ابن سینا نیز در آثار خود به تفصیل بدان ورود کرده و نظریه خاصی ارائه کرده (12-11)، نویسنده القانون الصغیر در جایی که به قلب میپردازد تنها به این عبارت اکتفا کرده است: «وهو أوّل عضوٍ يُخلَق، علی رأي أرسطاطاليس وجالينوس» (1).
ـ نویسنده القانون الصغیر در بخش تشریح دِماغ، سه بطن برای دماغ در نظر میگیرد: مقدّم را سبب تخیّل و وسط را فکر در ذوات اشیا و پسین را حفظ و یادآوری اشیا میداند (1). این در حالی است که ابن سینا در بخش قوای ادراکی باطنی کتاب القانون و همچنین کتابهای الشفاء و الإشارات والتنبيهات و النجاة، این نگاه سهگانهانگار را نقد کرده و با عرضه دیدگاه جایگزینی مبنی بر وجود پنج قوه ادراکی باطنی، کوشش میکند جایگاه آنها را نیز بیان نماید (14-13).
ـ ابن سینا در قانون تفسیر خاصی از دو بخش علمی و عملی طب دارد و با عباراتی بر تعبیر خود اصرار میورزد (8)، حال اینکه نویسنده القانون الصغیر بدون توجه به آن دقت نظرهای منطقی سینوی، در معرفی دانش پزشکی صرفا بدین بسنده کرده که طب به علم و عمل تقسیم میشود (1).
ـ ابن سینا به عنوان یک منطقدان به «تعریف» اهمیت ویژهای میدهد، نگارش کتاب خاصی درباره تعریفات خود گواه این مدعا است (15). از همین رو است که تعریف ابن سینا از دانش پزشکی تا سدههای بعد همواره مورد نقد و بررسی اندیشمندان و نظریهپردازان پزشکی بوده است (16). در مقابل، نویسنده القانون الصغیر این تعریف را از پزشکی میآورد: «دانستن اموری که تندرستی را حفظ و جلب میکند، دانستن اموری که بیماری را حفظ و جلب میکند و اموری که احوالی را که نه به تندرستی و نه به بیماری منسوب است، حفظ یا جلب میکند» (1).
نویسندگان مقاله بهدرستی اشاره نمودهاند که بوعلی با ایده جالینوسی احوالِ میان تندرستی و بیماری سر سازگاری ندارد. با چشمپوشی از این بخشِ عبارت، باز هم این تعریف فاصله زیادی با تعریفی منطقی از دانش پزشکی دارد. تعریفی مانند عبارت بوعلی سینا که علم به کلیاتِ قاعدهمانند و جزئیاتِ نظری دانش پزشکی را به همراه موضوع و غایت آن، در خود مستتر دارد (14).
9ـ در مقاله یاد شده است که ابن مندویه کتابی با عنوان «علاج شقاق البواسير» را به نام شخصی با نامِ استاذ الرئیس (کذا) تألیف کرده است، سپس با ارجاع به کتابی متأخر (أعیان الشیعه) از این سخن میرود که احتمالاً این شخص همان ابن سینا بوده است تا از این رهگذر نسبتی میان این دو دانشمند یافت شود. این احتمال را نگارنده مدخل ابن مندویه در دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی نیز مطرح کرده است (17)، این در حالی است که «الأستاذ الرئیس» لقب ابوالفضل ابن العمید قمی ادیب و دانشمند نامآور سده چهارم قمری است که در مصادر تاریخی آن دوره، از جمله کتاب صوان الحکمة احوال او را میتوان یافت (18). وانگهی ابن مندویه را شاگرد ابن سیار ابوماهر شیراز درگذشته حدود 350 قمری و همدرس و همطبقه با علی بن عباس اهوازی، دانستهاند. اگر او در هنگام وفات استادش ابن سیار، دستِ کم 30 سال داشته بوده، بایستی حدود سال 320 متولد شده باشد، یعنی دست کم سن او 50 سال از ابن سینا بیشتر بوده است. در این شرایط نوشتن چنین کتابی برای ابن سینا منتفی به نظر میرسد. از آنجایی که ابن مندویه در سال 372 قمری، یعنی دو سال پس از ولادت ابن سینا در بخارا، همزمان با تأسیس بیمارستان عضدی بغداد به عنوان پزشکی نامور بدانجا فراخوانده شد (17)، بعید به نظر میرسد میان این دو دانشمند در سالهای بعد نیز دیداری رخ داده باشد.
همه این ادله و منابع، به علاوه استدلالهای مقاله «القانون الصغیر فی الطب و نویسنده آن» و موارد دیگری که ذکر آن در این مختصر نمیگنجد، انتساب این کتاب به بوعلی سینا را منتفی میکند و در سایه یافتههای نسخهشناسی و اینهمانی متن الکافی فی الطب با کتاب مورد بحث، بایستی تألیف کتاب را از ابن مندویه دانست.
از استادان و پژوهشگران گرامی آقایان دکتر قدیرجان کشکینبورا، دکتر محسن ناصری، دکتر محمدجواد اسماعیلی، دکتر آرمان زرگران و سرکار خانم دکتر شهرزاد ایراننژاد که هر یک به نحوی با در دسترس قراردادن منابع این نگاشته مرا رهین منت خود نمودهاند، بسیار سپاسگزارم
