14 research outputs found
On the colours of odours
No full textIn the present study, we explore the existence of cross-cultural differences in odour-colour correspondences between two European countries with geographic proximity and shared history: England and France. Moreover, we test whether a single chromatic arrangement can be used to represent an odour in both countries, even if the odour-colour association for this odour differed. The responses of 59 British and 60 French participants to the same set of odorants were compared. Significant colour characterizations were observed for each and every one of the odours tested in both populations. Moreover, both commonalities and differences were reported between the two populations in terms of the odour-colour associations that they exhibited. In the second part of the study, the ability of “chromatic cards” to represent odours was tested. Those “chromatic cards” are objective coloured arrangements generated by a new patented scientific tool developed at Lorraine University (patent FR n°1255688). This tool is based on a neural network algorithm for colour forecasting. It generates a chromatic card that represents any odour from its chemical composition and sensory description. In this study, participants were presented with three cards obtained from an analysis of lavender, cucumber, and peppermint odours. First, the participants had to name the odour evoked by each card. Next, they selected from amongst three different olfactory stimuli the one that best matched each card. The chromatic representations evoked the appropriate odour percept and were significantly associated to their related odours in both of the populations. These findings highlight the existence of common colour representations of odours amongst French and British participants, though some differences were also found. Despite these differences, we were able to validate the relevancy of using single chromatic arrangements in both countries in order to communicate odour information. The latter result may open-up the way for a number of potentially important applications in the design and marketing of both food and non-food products
Addressing Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer Treatment Delays: An Application of Group Model Building (GMB)
No full textTarget product profile for a diagnostic assay to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial infections and reduce antimicrobial overuse in resource-limited settings: an expert consensus
No full textAcute fever is one of the most common presenting symptoms globally. In order to reduce the empiric use of antimicrobial drugs and improve outcomes, it is essential to improve diagnostic capabilities. In the absence of microbiology facilities in low-income settings, an assay to distinguish bacterial from non-bacterial causes would be a critical first step. To ensure that patient and market needs are met, the requirements of such a test should be specified in a target product profile (TPP). To identify minimal/optimal characteristics for a bacterial vs. non-bacterial fever test, experts from academia and international organizations with expertise in infectious diseases, diagnostic test development, laboratory medicine, global health, and health economics were convened. Proposed TPPs were reviewed by this working group, and consensus characteristics were defined. The working group defined non-severely ill, non-malaria infected children as the target population for the desired assay. To provide access to the most patients, the test should be deployable to community health centers and informal health settings, and staff should require 90% and >80% for sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Other key characteristics, to account for the challenging environment at which the test is targeted, included: i) time-to-result <10 min (but maximally <2 hrs); ii) storage conditions at 0-40°C, ≤90% non-condensing humidity with a minimal shelf life of 12 months; iii) operational conditions of 5-40°C, ≤90% non-condensing humidity; and iv) minimal sample collection needs (50-100μL, capillary blood). This expert approach to define assay requirements for a bacterial vs. non-bacterial assay should guide product development, and enable targeted and timely efforts by industry partners and academic institutions
Structure-based optimization and binding assays for discovery of tau PET radiotracers: Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of [11C]Z-3272
No full textHuman tau protein has six isoforms, differing in the number of microtubule-binding repeats. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) are primarily 4-repeat (4R)-tauopathies, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) are mixed 3R/4R-tau. Here, a promising lead compound for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of non-AD tauopathies (Z5873993272; (methyl-1-(5-(7-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylate; Z-3272), was identified as a potential 4R-tau binding ligand through computational structure-based optimization from the 2D structure of known 4R-tau ligands, followed by iterative competition binding assays. Homologous binding assays in post-mortem AD, PSP, and CBD brain with [3H]Z-3272 provided Kd (nM) values (n = 3) of AD = 1.2 ± 0.1, PSP = 2.7 ± 0.9, and CBD = 1.7 ± 0.1. [11C]Z-3272 was synthesized by 11C-methylation, by reaction of [11C]CH3I with 1-(5-(7-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid with NaHCO3 in DMF at 70 ºC for 3 min. The crude product was purified by semi-preparative HPLC and formulated in saline, with an overall synthesis time of 35 min from end of bombardment. [11C]Z-3272 was isolated with a non-decay corrected radiochemical yield of 4 ± 1% (n = 4), high radiochemical purity (>95%), and high molar activity (149 ± 55.5 GBq/μmol). PET imaging following bolus injection of [11C]Z-3272 in rats showed high initial brain radioactivity (>2.3 standardized uptake values (SUV)) with moderate washout (~0.7 SUV at 60 min), however, ex vivo studies revealed the rapid formation of troublesome brain penetrant radiometabolites. Medicinal chemistry optimization is underway to improve binding affinity, selectivity, and metabolic stability.The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
School-based prevention of teacher and parental violence against children: Study protocol of a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Tanzania
No full textMattonet K, Kabelege E, Mkinga G, et al. School-based prevention of teacher and parental violence against children: Study protocol of a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Tanzania. BMC public health. 2024;24(1): 2367 (2024).BACKGROUND: Violence against children at home and at school is particularly prevalent in Africa and is associated with adverse and persistent health effects on children. The violence prevention intervention Interaction Competencies with Children-for Teachers (ICC-T) is an effective tool to reduce violence against children by fostering teachers' non-violent communication and interaction skills. To enhance these effects, in the present study, ICC-T will be extended to parents (ICC-P) aiming to increase children's experience of consistent behavior and application of non-violent discipline strategies between teachers and parents.; METHODS: To investigate the effectiveness of the school-based combined implementation of ICC-T and ICC-P, a cluster-randomized controlled trial with 16 primary schools in the urban district of Morogoro in Eastern Tanzania will be conducted. Both quantitative (structured interviews) and qualitative (focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, evaluation forms) methods will be used to investigate the effects on teachers' and parents' violence against children in home and school settings. The intervention implementation will be accompanied by a comprehensive process evaluation to assess the implementation quality of and participants' engagement with ICC-T and ICC-P. Potential downstream effects of violence reduction will be investigated by assessing the children's mental health and well-being.; DISCUSSION: The present study aims to provide evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of the school-based combined implementation of ICC-T and ICC-P to reduce teacher and parental violence against children and contribute to children's well-being in home and school settings.; TRAIL REGISTRATION: The clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ClinicalTrials.gov, 2024) under the identifier NCT06369025 (Hecker, Preventing Physical and Emotional Violence by Parents and Teachers in Public Schools in Tanzania (ICC-T/ICC-P_Tanz) (PreVio), 2024) on April 17, 2024. © 2024. The Author(s)
Carcass Characteristics and Beef Quality of Young Grass-Fed Angus x Salers Bovines
No full textInternational audienceTo characterize carcass and meat attributes, such as beef eating quality in specific farming conditions, 31 young grass-fed crossbred Angus x Salers cattle in two farming systems (a mono-cattle system versus a mixed system with beef cattle and sheep) were used in this study. Three muscle cuts (striploin—m. longissimus dorsi et thoracis; bolar blade—m. triceps brachii caput longum; internal flank plate—m. obliquus internus abdominis) were used for consumer eating quality testing and striploin was used for panelist eating quality assessment, and objective measurements [Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and fatty acid (FA) and antioxidant contents]. Results indicated that the farming system had no impact on carcass characteristics or meat quality, but it tended to affect FA content, which is likely explained by between-system differences in animal maturity (assessed by ossification score). Animal gender had significant effects on three eating quality traits evaluated by untrained consumers, with higher flavor liking, overall liking, and overall meat eating quality (MQ4) scores in females than in males. Additionally, FA contents were correlated with sensory quality traits to varying extents: consumer-scored tenderness, flavor, and overall liking were mainly positively correlated with ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents, and panelist-evaluated tenderness and abnormal flavor were more positively correlated with total lipids, saturated fatty acid (SFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents. Overall, this study showed that specific grass-fed crossbred Angus x Salers cattle can produce lean meat rich in ω-3 PUFAs with a low ω-6/ω-3 ratio and with “better than average” beef eating quality
The effects of Thymus capitatus essential oil topical application on milk quality: a systems biology approach
No full textEssential oils (EO) are known for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and can be used as an alternative to reduce the reliance on antimicrobials in dairy cattle. While many studies have explored the beneficial properties of EO in vitro, their effects on milk quality and milk microbiota, when applied directly to the udder skin, remain relatively unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Thymus capitatus essential oil (TCEO), known for its high antibacterial and antioxidant properties, on milk microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing, the lipidomic profile via liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, udder skin microbiota, and inflammatory biomarkers of dairy cows at the end of lactation. Sixteen-quarters of 12 Holstein cows were selected, and TCEO was topically applied to the udder skin twice a day for 7 days. Milk was collected aseptically on days 0, 7, 21, and 28 before morning farm milking. The results showed no significant changes in microbiota composition after the EO treatment in alpha and beta diversity or taxonomical composition at the phylum and genus levels. TCEO induced limited changes in the milk lipidome, primarily affecting diacylglycerols at T21. The treatment did not affect inflammatory biomarkers, milk sensory properties, or quality. Our study is the first to demonstrate that a local application of 10% TCEO on cow's quarters does not significantly alter milk quality or microbiota composition in milk and skin. More studies should be conducted to ensure the safe use of TCEO in dairy cows and explore its potential benefits on antibiotic-resistant bacteria as an alternative or support for antibiotic therapy
The JWST Early Release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems I: High-contrast Imaging of the Exoplanet HIP 65426 b from 2 to 16 μm
No full textFull list of the authors: Carter, Aarynn L.; Hinkley, Sasha; Kammerer, Jens; Skemer, Andrew; Biller, Beth A.; Leisenring, Jarron M.; Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.; Petrus, Simon; Stone, Jordan M.; Ward-Duong, Kimberly; Wang, Jason J.; Girard, Julien H.; Hines, Dean C.; Perrin, Marshall D.; Pueyo, Laurent; Balmer, William O.; Bonavita, Mariangela; Bonnefoy, Mickael; Chauvin, Gael; Choquet, Elodie; Christiaens, Valentin; Danielski, Camilla; Kennedy, Grant M.; Matthews, Elisabeth C.; Miles, Brittany E.; Patapis, Polychronis; Ray, Shrishmoy; Rickman, Emily; Sallum, Steph; Stapelfeldt, Karl R.; Whiteford, Niall; Zhou, Yifan; Absil, Olivier; Boccaletti, Anthony; Booth, Mark; Bowler, Brendan P.; Chen, Christine H.; Currie, Thayne; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Grady, Carol A.; Greebaum, Alexandra Z.; Henning, Thomas; Hoch, Kielan K. W.; Janson, Markus; Kalas, Paul; Kenworthy, Matthew A.; Kervella, Pierre; Kraus, Adam L.; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier; Liu, Michael C.; Macintosh, Bruce; Marino, Sebastian; Marley, Mark S.; Marois, Christian; Matthews, Brenda C.; Mawet, Dimitri; McElwain, Michael W.; Metchev, Stanimir; Meyer, Michael R.; Molliere, Paul; Moran, Sarah E.; Morley, Caroline V.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Pantin, Eric; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Rebollido, Isabel; Ren, Bin B.; Schneider, Glenn; Vasist, Malavika; Worthen, Kadin; Wyatt, Mark C.; Briesemeister, Zackery W.; Bryan, Marta L.; Calissendorff, Per; Cantalloube, Faustine; Cugno, Gabriele; De Furio, Matthew; Dupuy, Trent J.; Factor, Samuel M.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Fitzgerald, Michael P.; Franson, Kyle; Gonzales, Eileen C.; Hood, Callie E.; Howe, Alex R.; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Lagrange, Anne-Marie; Lawson, Kellen; Lazzoni, Cecilia; Lew, Ben W. P.; Liu, Pengyu; Llop-Sayson, Jorge; Lloyd, James P.; Martinez, Raquel A.; Mazoyer, Johan; Palma-Bifani, Paulina; Quanz, Sascha P.; Redai, Jea Adams; Samland, Matthias; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Tamura, Motohide; Tan, Xianyu; Uyama, Taichi; Vigan, Arthur; Vos, Johanna M.; Wagner, Kevin; Wolff, Schuyler G.; Ygouf, Marie; Zhang, Xi; Zhang, Keming; Zhang, ZhoujianWe present JWST Early Release Science coronagraphic observations of the super-Jupiter exoplanet, HIP 65426b, with the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) from 2 to 5 μm, and with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) from 11 to 16 μm. At a separation of ∼0.″82 (87 − 31 + 108 au), HIP 65426b is clearly detected in all seven of our observational filters, representing the first images of an exoplanet to be obtained by JWST, and the first-ever direct detection of an exoplanet beyond 5 μm. These observations demonstrate that JWST is exceeding its nominal predicted performance by up to a factor of 10, depending on separation and subtraction method, with measured 5σ contrast limits of ∼1 × 10 and ∼2 × 10 at 1″ for NIRCam at 4.4 μm and MIRI at 11.3 μm, respectively. These contrast limits provide sensitivity to sub-Jupiter companions with masses as low as 0.3M beyond separations of ∼100 au. Together with existing ground-based near-infrared data, the JWST photometry are fit well by a BT-SETTL atmospheric model from 1 to 16 μm, and they span ∼97% of HIP 65426b's luminous range. Independent of the choice of model atmosphere, we measure an empirical bolometric luminosity that is tightly constrained between log L bol / L ⊙ = −4.31 and −4.14, which in turn provides a robust mass constraint of 7.1 ± 1.2 M . In totality, these observations confirm that JWST presents a powerful and exciting opportunity to characterize the population of exoplanets amenable to high-contrast imaging in greater detail. © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.We are truly grateful for the countless hours that thousands of people have devoted to the design, construction, and commissioning of JWST. A.L.C. acknowledges the significant harm caused to members of the LGBTQIA+ community in the Department of State and NASA, while under the leadership of James Webb as Under Secretary of State and NASA Administrator, respectively. This project was supported by a grant from STScI (JWST-ERS-01386) under NASA contract NAS5-03127. This work benefited from the 2022 Exoplanet Summer Program in the Other Worlds Laboratory (OWL) at the University of California, Santa Cruz, a program funded by the Heising-Simons Foundation. A.L.C. and this work have greatly benefited from ExoExplorers, which is sponsored by the Exoplanets Program Analysis Group (ExoPAG) and NASA's Exoplanet Exploration Program Office (ExEP). This work has made use of the SPHERE Data Centre, jointly operated by OSUG/IPAG (Grenoble), PYTHEAS/LAM/CeSAM (Marseille), OCA/Lagrange (Nice), Observatoire de Paris/LESIA (Paris), and Observatoire de Lyon/CRAL, and is supported by a grant from Labex OSUG@2020 (Investissements d'avenirANR10 LABX56). S.P. acknowledges the support of ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-NCN19_171. M.B.o. acknowledges support in France from the French National Research Agency (ANR) through project grant ANR-20-CE31-0012. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (COBREX, grant agreement No. 885593; EPIC, grant agreement No. 819155)). All the JWST presented in this paper were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) at the Space Telescope Science Institute and can be accessed via DOI: 10.17909/2bdf-3p61. This research has also made use of the NASA Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic services and the Python (Van Rossum & Drake 2009) modules listed below
The JWST Early Release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems. V. Do Self-consistent Atmospheric Models Represent JWST Spectra? A Showcase with VHS 1256–1257 b
No full textPetrus, Simon et al.-- Full list of authors: Petrus, Simon; Whiteford, Niall; Patapis, Polychronis; Biller, Beth A.; Skemer, Andrew; Hinkley, Sasha; Suárez, Genaro; Palma-Bifani, Paulina; Morley, Caroline V.; Tremblin, Pascal; Charnay, Benjamin; Vos, Johanna M.; Wang, Jason J.; Stone, Jordan M.; Bonnefoy, Mickaël; Chauvin, Gaël; Miles, Brittany E.; Carter, Aarynn L.; Lueber, Anna; Helling, Christiane; Sutlieff, Ben J.; Janson, Markus; Gonzales, Eileen C.; Hoch, Kielan K. W.; Absil, Olivier; Balmer, William O.; Boccaletti, Anthony; Bonavita, Mariangela; Booth, Mark; Bowler, Brendan P.; Briesemeister, Zackery W.; Bryan, Marta L.; Calissendorff, Per; Cantalloube, Faustine; Chen, Christine H.; Choquet, Elodie; Christiaens, Valentin; Cugno, Gabriele; Currie, Thayne; Danielski, Camilla; De Furio, Matthew; Dupuy, Trent J.; Factor, Samuel M.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Fitzgerald, Michael P.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Franson, Kyle; Girard, Julien H.; Grady, Carol A.; Henning, Thomas; Hines, Dean C.; Hood, Callie E.; Howe, Alex R.; Kalas, Paul; Kammerer, Jens; Kennedy, Grant M.; Kenworthy, Matthew A.; Kervella, Pierre; Kim, Minjae; Kitzmann, Daniel; Kraus, Adam L.; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier; Lagrange, Anne-Marie; Lawson, Kellen; Lazzoni, Cecilia; Leisenring, Jarron M.; Lew, Ben W. P.; Liu, Michael C.; Liu, Pengyu; Llop-Sayson, Jorge; Lloyd, James P.; Macintosh, Bruce; Mâlin, Mathilde; Manjavacas, Elena; Marino, Sebastián; Marley, Mark S.; Marois, Christian; Martinez, Raquel A.; Matthews, Elisabeth C.; Matthews, Brenda C.; Mawet, Dimitri; Mazoyer, Johan; McElwain, Michael W.; Metchev, Stanimir; Meyer, Michael R.; Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.; Mollière, Paul; Moran, Sarah E.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Pantin, Eric; Perrin, Marshall D.; Pueyo, Laurent; Quanz, Sascha P.; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Ray, Shrishmoy; Rebollido, Isabel; Adams Redai, Jea; Ren, Bin B.; Rickman, Emily; Sallum, Steph; Samland, Matthias; Sargent, Benjamin; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Stapelfeldt, Karl R.; Tamura, Motohide; Tan, Xianyu; Theissen, Christopher A.; Uyama, Taichi; Vasist, Malavika; Vigan, Arthur; Wagner, Kevin; Ward-Duong, Kimberly; Wolff, Schuyler G.; Worthen, Kadin; Wyatt, Mark C.; Ygouf, Marie; Zurlo, Alice; Zhang, Xi; Zhang, Keming; Zhang, Zhoujian; Zhou, YifanThe unprecedented medium-resolution (R λ ∼ 1500–3500) near- and mid-infrared (1–18 μm) spectrum provided by JWST for the young (140 ± 20 Myr) low-mass (12–20 M Jup) L–T transition (L7) companion VHS 1256 b gives access to a catalog of molecular absorptions. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of this data set utilizing a forward-modeling approach applying our Bayesian framework, ForMoSA. We explore five distinct atmospheric models to assess their performance in estimating key atmospheric parameters: T eff, log(g), [M/H], C/O, γ, f sed, and R. Our findings reveal that each parameter's estimate is significantly influenced by factors such as the wavelength range considered and the model chosen for the fit. This is attributed to systematic errors in the models and their challenges in accurately replicating the complex atmospheric structure of VHS 1256 b, notably the complexity of its clouds and dust distribution. To propagate the impact of these systematic uncertainties on our atmospheric property estimates, we introduce innovative fitting methodologies based on independent fits performed on different spectral windows. We finally derived a T eff consistent with the spectral type of the target, considering its young age, which is confirmed by our estimate of log(g). Despite the exceptional data quality, attaining robust estimates for chemical abundances [M/H] and C/O, often employed as indicators of formation history, remains challenging. Nevertheless, the pioneering case of JWST's data for VHS 1256 b has paved the way for future acquisitions of substellar spectra that will be systematically analyzed to directly compare the properties of these objects and correct the systematics in the models. © 2024. The Author(s).This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. We are truly grateful for the countless hours that thousands of people have devoted to the design, construction, and commissioning of JWST. This project was supported by a grant from STScI (JWST-ERS-01386) under NASA contract NAS5-03127. This work benefited from the 2022 Exoplanet Summer Program in the Other Worlds Laboratory (OWL) at the University of California, Santa Cruz, a program funded by the Heising-Simons Foundation. S.P. acknowledges the support of ANID, –Millennium Science Initiative Program–Center Code NCN19_171. This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (COBREX; grant agreement No. 885593) and from the ANR project FRAME (ANR-20-CE31-0012). J.M.V. acknowledges support from a Royal Society—Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship (URF\1\221932). S.M. is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF-R1-221669). M.B. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (AtLAST; grant agreement No. 951815). R.A.M. is supported by the National Science Foundation MPS-Ascend Postdoctoral Research Fellowship under grant No. 2213312. E.G. acknowledges support from the Heising-Simons Foundation for this research. I.R. is supported by grant FJC2021-047860-I and PID2021-127289NB-I00 financed by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. A.Z. and S.P. acknowledge support from ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—Center Code NCN2021_080. All of the data presented in this article were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) at the Space Telescope Science Institute. The specific observations analyzed can be accessed via 10.17909/ceq5-9g20.Peer reviewe
The JWST Early-release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems II: A 1 to 20 μm Spectrum of the Planetary-mass Companion VHS 1256–1257 b
No full textMiles, Brittany E. et al.--Full list of authors: Miles, Brittany E.; Biller, Beth A.; Patapis, Polychronis; Worthen., Kadin; Rickman., Emily; Hoch, Kielan K. W.; Skemer, Andrew.; Perrin, Marshall D.; Whiteford, Niall; Chen, Christine H.; Sargent, B.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Morley, Caroline V.; Moran, Sarah E.; Bonnefoy, Mickael; Petrus, Simon; Carter, Aarynn L.; Choquet, Elodie; Hinkley, Sasha; Ward-Duong, Kimberly; Leisenring, Jarron M.; Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.; Pueyo, Laurent; Ray, Shrishmoy; Sallum, Steph; Stapelfeldt, Karl R.; Stone, Jordan M.; Wang, Jason J.; Absil, Olivier; Balmer, William O.; Boccaletti, Anthony; Bonavita, Mariangela; Booth, Mark; Bowler, Brendan P.; Chauvin, Gael; Christiaens, Valentin; Currie, Thayne; Danielski, Camilla; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Girard, Julien H.; Grady, Carol A.; Greenbaum, Alexandra Z.; Henning, Thomas; Hines, Dean C.; Janson, Markus; Kalas, Paul; Kammerer, Jens; Kennedy, Grant M.; Kenworthy, Matthew A.; Kervella, Pierre; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier; Lew, Ben W. P.; Liu, Michael C.; Macintosh, Bruce; Marino, Sebastian; Marley, Mark S.; Marois, Christian; Matthews, Elisabeth C.; Matthews, Brenda C.; Mawet, Dimitri; McElwain, Michael W.; Metchev, Stanimir; Meyer, Michael R.; Molliere, Paul; Pantin, Eric; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Rebollido, Isabel; Ren, Bin B.; Schneider, Glenn; Vasist, Malavika; Wyatt, Mark C.; Zhou, Yifan; Briesemeister, Zackery W.; Bryan, Marta L.; Calissendorff, Per; Cantalloube, Faustine; Cugno, Gabriele; De Furio, Matthew; Dupuy, Trent J.; Factor, Samuel M.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Fitzgerald, Michael P.; Franson, Kyle; Gonzales, Eileen C.; Hood, Callie E.; Howe, Alex R.; Kraus, Adam L.; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Lagrange, Anne-Marie; Lawson, Kellen; Lazzoni, Cecilia; Liu, Pengyu; Llop-Sayson, Jorge; Lloyd, James P.; Martinez, Raquel A.; Mazoyer, Johan; Quanz, Sascha P.; Redai, Jea Adams; Samland, Matthias; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Tamura, Motohide; Tan, Xianyu; Uyama, Taichi; Vigan, Arthur; Vos, Johanna M.; Wagner, Kevin; Wolff, Schuyler G.; Ygouf, Marie; Zhang, Xi; Zhang, Keming; Zhang, ZhoujianWe present the highest fidelity spectrum to date of a planetary-mass object. VHS 1256 b is a <20 MJup widely separated (∼8'', a = 150 au), young, planetary-mass companion that shares photometric colors and spectroscopic features with the directly imaged exoplanets HR 8799c, d, and e. As an L-to-T transition object, VHS 1256 b exists along the region of the color–magnitude diagram where substellar atmospheres transition from cloudy to clear. We observed VHS 1256 b with JWST's NIRSpec IFU and MIRI MRS modes for coverage from 1 to 20 μm at resolutions of ∼1000–3700. Water, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sodium, and potassium are observed in several portions of the JWST spectrum based on comparisons from template brown dwarf spectra, molecular opacities, and atmospheric models. The spectral shape of VHS 1256 b is influenced by disequilibrium chemistry and clouds. We directly detect silicate clouds, the first such detection reported for a planetary-mass companion. © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.This project was supported by a grant from STScI (JWST-ERS- 01386) under NASA contract NAS5-03127. This work benefited from the 2022 Exoplanet Summer Program in the Other Worlds Laboratory (OWL) at the University of California, Santa Cruz, a program funded by the Heising-Simons Foundation. M.B. acknowledges support in France from the French National Research Agency (ANR) through project grant ANR-20-CE31-0012. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (COBREX; grant agreement n° 885593; EPIC, grant agreement n° 819155). This work has benefited from The UltracoolSheet at http://bit.ly/UltracoolSheet, maintained by Will Best, Trent Dupuy, Michael Liu, Rob Siverd, and Zhoujian Zhang, and developed from compilations by Dupuy & Liu (2012), Dupuy & Kraus (2013), Liu et al. (2016), and Best et al. (2018, 2021). S.-.P acknowledges the support of ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program–NCN19_171. S.M. is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. C.D. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709) and the Group project Ref. PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. B.B acknowledges funding by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grant no. ST/M001229/1.With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (SEV-2017-0709)Peer reviewe
