31 research outputs found
Conversion of African Americans to Islam : a sociological analysis of the Nation of Islam and associated groups
No full text'Conversion of African Americans to Islam: A Sociological Analysis of the Nation of
Islam Associated groups' is an empirical study of the religious experience of people
who had/have distinctive features in terms of race, ethnicity and historical experience.
The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how African Americans' (AAs) conversion
experience in general, and the Nation of Islam associated groups' conversion in
particular, differ from the studies of recruitment and conversion in the sociology of
religion and New Religion Movements (NRMs). More specifically, their recruitment
and conversion experiences to Islam diverge from those who converted to mainstream
Islam. The study investigates how AAs' historical experience, soci-economic
difficulties and the racism they encountered shaped and influenced their religious
understanding.
Research methods involved participant observations, a survey questionnaire, interviews,
conversations, personal communications and correspondence. To collect ethnographic
data eleven months field research was conducted mainly in the Chicago area and on two
short visits to Detroit, and three years continued communications with Muslim officials
and academics in the area. During the field research and afterwards through personal
communication 181 survey questionnaire responses were received, and 23 Muslim
officials, academics and ordinary Muslims were interviewed through semi-structured,
unstructured interviews, conversation and correspondence.
The thesis begins with a brief history of Islam and Muslims in general and the African
American Muslims (AAMs) in particular. More emphasis is given on the historical
development of the Nation of Islam (NOl). Then in Chapter III, discussions of schisms
in the history of the NOT are examined from sociological perspectives of social and
religious movements. In Chapter IV I aimed to formulate my own perspective to
analyse and study the conversion experiences of AAMs to Islam. I used a multivariate
approach, considering selectively widely held conversion and recruitment theories in the
sociology of the religion. I consider in Chapter V the predisposing conditions for AAMs
that influence their decision-making to join in the NOT, for example, political and
nationalistic sentiments and socio-economic deprivations. In Chapter VI I have applied
different terms to describe their religious experiences, such as conversion, alteration and
reversion. I have analysed further their encounters with the NOT, the methods of
recruitment they used and their major motives for joining the NOT and converting to
Tslam. In the concluding chapters (Chapter VII VTTT) I describe the different responses
of AAMS to Islam following the death of Elijah Muhammad. It is found out that the
Islamic appeal has polarised. While Farakhan's NOT appeared to continue the tradition
and style of the old NOI with the emphasis on nationalistic and socio-economic factors,
Tmam W. D. Mohammed's community turned more to the religious and spiritual aspects
of Tslam. These different approaches led to a polarisation of the appeal of Tslam to
AAMS.
This thesis contributes to knowledge in four key areas; the sociology of religion and
religious movements, the sociology of social and nationalistic movements, religious and
Islamic studies
Bilingual lexicon extraction from Arabic-English parallel corpora with a view to machine translation
No full textAutomatic extraction of bilingual lexicons from parallel corpora has been recently exploited to overcome the knowledge acquisition bottleneck in a number of research areas in natural language processing, such as machine translation (MT) and cross-language information retrieval. In this paper the author presents a method for automatic extraction of bilingual lexicons from a parallel Arabic-English corpus annotated with part-of-speech tags for potential use in a full-scale MT system. The extraction method, which does not make use of an initial bilingual dictionary, is based on the statistical technique of co-occurrence frequency in the parallel corpus. In addition, dependency relations for some parallel syntactic constructions are made use of to automatically extract head-dependent translation pairs which are then filtered to obtain one-word translation seeds. These seeds are used as anchor points to resegment the parallel corpus in order to bootstrap the lexicon extraction process. Experimental results show that the accuracy of the extracted lexicons was improved after applying the bootstrapping techniques
The Islamist movement in Sudan : the impact of Dr Hassal al-Turabi's personality on the movement.
No full textSIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DX201005 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
Trachoma in School Going Children at District Bahawalpur, Pakistan: Incidence and Causes
No full textThis study is a pilot collaborative effort between academic and clinical sectors for exploring the incidence of trachoma among school going children in Pakistan ranging from 4-18 years olds from January to June 2019. A three-stage random sampling technique was employed. At stage one, out of five; two tehsils of District Bahawalpur were selected. In the second stage, four union councils from two selected tehsils were selected randomly. In the third and final stage of random sampling, two government schools from each union council were randomly selected from selected union councils. In each school, all willing students wanting a free eye check-up were entertained for initial screening. Anyone having complains regarding eye irritation, redness, watering, pain or vision loss symptoms were screened for trachoma. Out of 16 selected Government schools, seventeen hundred and thirty seven (n=5737) participants were selected ranging from 4 to18 years olds. Data were analyzed using Eviews 7.0. Trachoma was observed in total of 169 cases (74 male, 95 female). 2.94% overall trachoma prevalence was seen (2.39% for male students and 3.59% for females). Female children suffered from higher prevalence of trachoma (1.20%)
Advertiser's perception of Internet marketing for small and medium enterprises in Pakistan
No full textPENAFSIRAN AYAT-AYAT PERBUATAN MANUSIA (Telaah Kitab Tafsir Al-Kasysyaf Karya al-Zamakhsary)
No full textHumans are faced with various life choices. Choosing, wanting and living these choices is a common thing to do. However, whether human choices, wills and actions are sourced from themselves or are they all determined by the destiny of God, the creator of everything. This phrase will get different answers from some theological groups. Each has strong arguments and refutation of arguments that contradict each other. Of these groups, one of the most phenomenal is the rationalist Mu\u27tazilah group. Al-Zamakhsyari was one of the great figures of the Mu\u27tazilah. Tafsir Al-Kasysyaf is the work of al-Zamakhsyari who has contributed greatly to the understandings of the Mu\u27tazilah, including their understanding of the concept of human action. This area will be discussed in this article. The author takes several crucial verses about the concept of human action, then analyzes al-Zamakhsyari\u27s interpretation of these verses followed by comments or opinions of the interpreters after al-Zamakhsyari\u27s life. Al-Zamakhsyari\u27s efforts in defending his ideology through the interpretation of the verses of the Qur\u27an become an interesting study that will be discussed in this paper. Al-Zamakhsyari does this by making additions or interpretations that can attract the editor of the verse to agree with his ideology. The response of the commentators on the interpretation of al-Zamakhyari has also become an interesting discussion to study. Some of them refused, some of them allowed it, and some even tended to agree with al-Zamakhsyari\u27s explanatio
The evaluation of coated granules to mask the bitter taste of dihydroartemisinin
No full textThe purpose of this study was to mask the bitter taste imparted by dihydroartemisinin (DHA) by the use of different coating materials. Trial-1 and trial-2 were conducted to prepare the DHA granules. The granules produced from trial-1 were irregular in shape and smaller in size while the trial-2 granules were more regular and larger in size. The granules obtained from both trials were then coated with two different coating methods, namely A and B, depending upon coating material. The trial-2 granules showed better flow properties than trial-1 granules. In vitro dissolution studies in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 revealed that granules of trial-2B released only 34% ± 3 DHA in two minutes compared with trial-1A (57% ± 2), trial-1B (48% ± 2) and trial-2A (53% ± 7). The pleasant taste perception (PTP) test also confirmed the taste masking efficacy of trial-2B (P O objetivo deste estudo foi o de mascarar o gosto amargo característico da diidroartemisinina (DHA) pelo uso de diferentes materiais de revestimento. Experimento-1 e experimento-2 foram realizados para preparar grânulos de DHA. Os grânulos produzidos pelo experimento-1 mostraram-se irregulares e menores se comparados aos obtidos pelo experimento-2, que foram mais regulares e maiores. Os grânulos obtidos em ambos os experimentos foram, então, revestidos por dois métodos distintos de revestimento, designados como A e B, dependendo do material de revestimento empregado. Os grânulos do experimento-2 mostraram melhor propriedade de fluxo que os obtidos no experimento-1. Estudos de dissolução in vitro em tampão fosfato pH 6,8 revelaram que grânulos do experimento-2B liberaram apenas 34% ± 3 da DHA em dois minutos se comparado com experimento-1A (57% ± 2), experimento-1B (48% ± 2) e experimento-2A (53% ± 7). A Análise Sensorial quanto ao sabor (Pleasant Taste Perception - PTP) também confirmou a eficácia do experimento-2B (P <0,05) em mascarar o gosto amargo da DHA. Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (SEM) revelou a superfície mais regular e lisa dos grânulos obtidos pelo experimento-2B. Além disso, Análise Termogravimétrica e Análise Térmica Diferencial (TG-DTA) confirmaram que não há nenhuma interação entre os materiais e a DHA pura. DHA mostrou seus picos característicos na Difração de Raios X (XRD) em padrões que também foram proeminentes em todas as amostras. Em conclusão, os grânulos obtidos pelo experimento-2B exibiram diminuição considerável no gosto amargo da DHA, o que era o propósito deste estudo
Effects of drug-polymer dispersions on solubility and in vitro diffusion of artemisinin across a polydimethylsiloxane membrane
No full textFrom the river to the sea? : honour, identity and politics in historical and contemporary Palestinian rejectionism
No full textThe present thesis seeks to understand and explain the rhetoric and
behaviour of the rejectionist 'current' within the Palestinian national
movement. It proceeds from the view that extant scholarship, primarily from
within the fields of terrorism and security studies, has profoundly
misunderstood rejectionist speech and behaviour by ignoring the
explanatory capacity of Emic - the research subject's perception - as well as
the influence of the sociocultural milieu within which rejectionism exists.
The thesis proceeds to set up a 'socioculturally sensitive' analytical
framework drawn from social identity theory, a heuristic, non-reductionist
model for understanding group interaction and conflict. Emphasizing
cultural norms and cues identified by anthropologists as salient in the
eastern Mediterranean, the thesis suggests that the social value of honour,
patron-client dynamics and a firmly entrenched group orientation must be
significant elements of a model for understanding rejectionist behaviour.
The main analytical narrative suggests that for reasons derived from
ideology, patron-client relations and group dynamics, what has distinguished
the rejectionists from the mainstream have been a qualitatively different set
of preconditions for, and objectives of diplomatic negotiations. To the main
rejectionist factions the goal of liberating Palestine has always been
inextricably intertwined with the goal of restoring national honour; one
without the other has been impossible and to claim otherwise would mean a
depletion of factional and personal honour. To the rejectionists, there has
never been any question of deviating from the fundamental goals - national
recognition, repatriation, self-determination and independent statehood, not
even for tactical reasons. This 'higher standard' likely derives from their
structurally and politically subordinate position within the national
movement, and the need to creatively enhance their own social status and
appeal
Results of an Aeroelastically Tailored Wing on the FLEXOP Demonstrator Aircraft
No full textThe idea of the EU funded FLEXOP project is to raise efficiency of a currently existing wing by derivative solution with higher aspect ratio at no excess structural weight. In order to enable such a resulting highly flexible wing the project goal is to develop methods for active suppression of flutter and passive load alleviation. The developed methods will be tested and validated with a UAV flutter demonstrator. The demonstrator is a 7m wingspan, 65kg MTOW UAV equipped with a jet engine. It features three different wing pairs. The first wing is a stiff design reference case, which is flown to get the baseline measurements for comparison. The second one is a wing designed very flexible specifically for active flutter control. The third wing is aeroelastically tailored for gust load alleviation. The paper describes the results of the aeroelastically tailored wing compared to the baseline reference wing.Aerospace Structures & Computational Mechanic
