Review of Education, Administration and Law (REAL) (E-Journal)
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Predicting Chemistry Students’ Achievement Through their Ratings of Teacher Effectiveness
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The single most influential factor responsible for effective science teaching are teachers because they are in direct contact with students and are accountable for the effective delivery of educational contents to students on daily basis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between chemistry teachers’ effectiveness and students’ academic achievement in chemistry. The correlational research design and quantitative survey method was used to address the research questions. Three thousand four hundred and sixty 10th graders from 41 public secondary schools (boys and girls) of District Lahore were selected as a sample size of the study using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The study adopted a valid and reliable research instruments to collect data about teacher effectiveness; School Teacher Effectiveness Questionnaire (STEQ) with overall reliability coefficients as ?=.88. The students’ achievement in Chemistry was obtained from the results of the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Lahore (2024). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive (Mean and Standard Deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson r and Regression). The results revealed a strong positive correlation between teacher effectiveness and students’ academic achievement in Chemistry (r=.846). The findings also reported that 71.5% variance in chemistry achievement was observed by their perceived teacher effectiveness. It was concluded that various factors of teacher effectiveness – their subject expertise, instructions, assessment skills, communication skills, and classroom management skills – all play a significant role in fostering their students’ academic success in science education. It was recommended that school administrators should organize professional development programs and evaluation systems for their teachers to keep them engage with contemporary teaching competencies and to improve their existing professional skills
Integrating Micro-Credentials into Higher Education: Skilling Youth to Enhance Employability in Pakistan
No full textThe rapid evolution in industrial needs and the changing employment requirements making it necessary to put the higher education in line with the altering demands. To address this issue, this study was an effort to analyze the existing state and the future prospects of the integration of micro-credentials in higher education institutions in Pakistan. As micro-credentials offer a hands-on and affordable solution to modify the existing higher education curricula to meet the altering industrial demands. For this purpose, this study has used a quantitative survey-based approach. The researchers collected data from 200 undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students from the selected 10 universities representing all the five geographical zones (Islamabad, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoon khwa, Sindh, and Balochistan) across Pakistan. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical tests (cross-tabulation, mean, and standard deviation) were applied. The findings revealed that while there is a broad support for incorporating micro-credentials into degree programs, their formal integration remains limited. The majority of respondents indicate that micro-credentials are not yet well-established within their universities, and institutional policies for recognizing them are lacking. However, there is strong consensus on the need to align academic offerings with industry demands, suggesting that micro-credentials can bridge the gap between education and employability. The study recommends that policymakers develop a robust framework for micro-credential recognition, transfer, and accreditation to enable their seamless integration across Pakistan's higher education system
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Rehabilitation vs. Punishment in the Criminal Justice System
Full text linkThis study examines the effectiveness of rehabilitation versus punishment in Pakistan's criminal justice system, focusing on overcrowded prisons, limited rehabilitation programs, and social stigma among former offenders. A qualitative approach was employed, employing case studies, literature reviews, and legal documents to explore existing rehabilitation programs, punitive measures, and restorative justice measures. Analysis of data revealed systemic issues, such as inadequate funding, untrained personnel, and weak post-release support that limit the effectiveness of rehabilitation. Results show that punitive measures are not enough to deter crime since socio-economic factors such as poverty and unemployment remain significant drivers. Rehabilitation programs, though promising, must be extended, funded better, and coupled with restorative justice measures. The study recommends policy changes to balance punishment and rehabilitation, public awareness campaigns, and post-release reintegration assistance to reduce recidivism. These changes can make Pakistan's criminal justice system more sustainable and fair
Green HRM and Resource Optimization in the Public Sector: A Pathway to Achieving Sustainable Environmental Policy Goals
Full text linkThe study discusses the role of Green Human Resource Management in optimizing resources and achieving environmental policy goals within public sector organizations. In view of increasing pressure to use more sustainable practices, Green HRM emerged as a core determinant in enhancing environmental performance and efficiency in operations. The study examines three influential Green HRM practices, that is, green recruitment, green training, and environmental performance management, in light of assessing the impact of their influence on the consumption of resources, energy, and waste management. A quantitative study was performed by the author based on a survey with the sample size consisting of 200 respondents from 25 public sector organizations. There also seems to be a strong positive relationship found between Green HRM practice and the optimization of resources in particular-through green recruitment and particularly green training. Furthermore, the study indicated that resource optimization served as a mediator between realizing sustainable environmental policy goals and Green HRM. Thus, effective Green HRM practices help an organization decrease its environmental footprint while at the same time improving its operations' efficiency. The study demonstrates that public sector organizations should also use the strategic frameworks designed to set up sustainable long-run sustainability goals with Green HRM practices. This way, research supports literature on Green HRM with its importance and in avenues for potential future research directions towards integrating the practice into the public sector
Beyond Memorization: Cultivating Critical Thinking Skills through Classic Literature in Secondary Education for the 21st Century Learner
Full text linkThe use of classic literature to develop critical thinking skills is commendable for secondary school. This paper analyzes classic texts, using modern pedagogical methods to demonstrate that they can improve students' abilities to analyze, interpret, evaluate, and synthesize information. Traditional pedagogy does not allow students to develop their critical thinking but to remember more things. Socratic Seminars, inquiry-based learning, and group discussions provide new methods to let students deal with complex narratives, moral conflicts, and symbolic meanings and enable them to develop analytical reasoning and intellectual autonomy. This paper discusses the cognitive benefits of classic literature reading through various studies. Reading plays like Hamlet, and The Great Gatsby facilitates students' inferential and evaluative capacity, and these results confirm it. Deeper meanings and moral conflicts in ambiguous language encourage students to develop advanced viewpoints by encouraging deeper meanings. In addition, digital technologies and multimedia tools augment the accessibility and engagement of classic literature in relation to modern learners. Although these benefits still exist, challenges like historical biases of the literary canon and a heterogeneous student population remain. The challenges that need to be addressed can be tackled through solutions such as incorporating culturally diverse texts, exploring themes related to real-life issues, and implementing differentiated instruction. Additionally, further research is required to investigate the long-term effects of classic literature on cognitive development and to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative instructional methods. Instead, classical literature can be utilized by educators who adopt innovative teaching methods to equip students for academic challenges and real-world issues
Structured Writing for Alleviating Writing Anxiety: The Four-Square Method in Action
Full text linkProficient writing skills are essential for achieving success in scholarly endeavors. When writing, Pakistani students encounter a variety of problems, such as linguistic, social, cognitive, and psychological ones. To address writing-related problems, writing instructors must employ suitable teaching techniques and tactics (Ajmal & Aziz & Anwar, 2023). The usual teacher-centered Product Approach, which emphasizes memorizing pre-made responses, is used to instruct the majority of Pakistani ESL writing students. This leads to a number of difficulties for the students, one of which being ESL writing anxiety. This quasi-experimental study aims to investigate the effects of Four-Square Writing Method (FSWM) on writing anxiety among ESL 1st year students who are also called pre-university students in Pakistan. The FSWM decreased high writing anxiety to the low writing anxiety in the experimental group by using a 22-item multidimensional questionnaire, the Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI). The findings imply that Pakistani students' writing anxiety can be effectively reduced by using the FSWM strategy
Governance Transformation through Institutional Conversion: From Section 42 Company to Authority
Full text linkThis paper discusses the case of governance change in the Pakistani public sector, through the institutional conversion of the Punjab Model Bazaars Management Company (PMBMC) into the Punjab Sahulat Bazaars Authority (PSBA). Being the oldest government welfare organization in Pakistan to have ever got Section 42 company transformed into a statutory body, PSBA provides a template of how legal empowerment, strategic leadership and operational innovation can create a sustainable and subsidy-free provision of public services. With a qualitative documentary case-study approach the study has triangulated evidence in the form of legislative acts, government records, independent audits, prices data, and media accounts on the legal, financial, and operational performance of PSBA. With the strategic management of Naveed Rafaqat Ahmad, PSBA launched price relief to up to 35% below the market rates through decentralized bazaars, mobile delivery systems, solar-powered markets, real-time digital price boards and women-inclusive vendor policies. The results suggest PSBA as a clear, citizen-focused, and legalized model, which provides a model that could be replicated by other developing economies to reform their institutions and introduce new governance practices
Impact of Financial Development, Renewable Energy, and Natural Resources on Macroeconomic Performance in Pakistan
Full text linkThe objective of this study is to investigate the impact of financial development, renewable energy consumption, and natural resources on macroeconomic performance in Pakistan. The study employs the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) technique to check the association among the selected variables. Macroeconomic performance is dependent and financial development, renewable energy, natural resources, and human capital uses as independent variables in this study. Data taken from the World Development Indicator (WDI) range from 1990 to 2023. Unit root tests Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips Parron employs to check the variable's stationarity. The results found that in the short run natural resources has negative and insignificant and renewable energy has a negative but significant impact on macroeconomic performance. However financial development and human capital have positive and significant impacts on macroeconomic performance. In the long run financial development, renewable energy, natural resources, and human capital have a positive and significant impact except human capital on macroeconomic performance in Pakistan
Industrial Development and Climate Action: Analyzing the Co-Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation via Sectoral Assessment
Full text linkThis research aims to elucidate the co-benefits and ramifications of the critical interplay between global industrial growth initiatives and strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the context of climate change. We analyze the many dimensions of GHG reduction across various industrial sectors via a comprehensive examination of quantitative data and advanced approaches. The two primary objectives of this research are interconnected. Initially, we want to quantify the co-benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation measures throughout the global industrial sector, including advantages for the environment, economy, and society. Secondly, we use input-output modeling approaches and the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to examine the impacts of modifications in the scope, organization, and intensity of emissions reduction initiatives within the industrial sectors. Our research indicates that greenhouse gas mitigation activities in the industrial sector provide substantial co-benefits with emissions reduction. These include enhanced social well-being, robust economic development, and improved environmental quality. The LMDI research highlights the need to understand the industry-specific factors influencing emissions reductions, with structural changes being crucial. This study can benefit both the business and policy sectors. The acknowledged co-benefits could help legislators create more persuasive climate measures that win over stakeholders. Data on the causes of emissions can be used by businesses to modify their operations and proactively pursue sustainability goals. This study improves our knowledge of the complex connection between industrial development and greenhouse gas reduction.
Artificial Intelligence in Educational Governance: Implications for Adaptive Learning and Student Mindset Formation
Full text linkThis paper discusses how Artificial Intelligence (AI) instructional support affects adaptive learning and student attitude. A structured Likert-type questionnaire was used to collect data on 180 participants (teachers and students) through a quantitative and cross-sectional design. To describe the patterns and to test the associations, descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and multiple regression analyses were performed. Results suggest that AI integration correlates positively with more individualized pacing and level of classroom engagement. Teachers have declared that AI applications have facilitated the delivery of lessons, real-time student progress, and real-time feedback. Adaptive tasks that increase and decrease dynamically with perceived probability of success showed students increases in problem-solving and persistence that the students attributed to the adaptive tasks. Alongside these benefits, the issues cited by the respondents as barriers to impacting the people are data-privacy concerns and lack of equity in accessing the data, as well as lack of training. These results align with prior literature showing that, when appropriately implemented, AI can enhance academic outcomes and learner development. Overall, the study concludes that AI holds substantial promise for educational improvement, provided implementation is accompanied by capacity building and robust governance