Review of Education, Administration and Law (REAL) (E-Journal)
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Establishing AI Regulations and a Legislative Framework for Pakistan
Full text linkArtificial Intelligence (AI) is making over the industrial structure and social life globally, which is necessary for ensuring the balance between legal, ethical and economic regulatory frameworks. There are robust challenges like gaps in accountability, issues related to data privacy and ethical dilemma for Pakistan to govern Artificial Intelligence due to non-availability of a comprehensive legal framework. There is adoption of doctrinal research methodology to focus on comparative legal models, legal principles and frameworks regarding policy making which propose a designed and well-structured regulatory approach for Artificial Intelligence in Pakistan. The goal is to foster a technological environment that earns public trust and drives sustainable progress for Pakistan. This paper, hence, has intended to show the need for a robust regulatory frame-work that would balance the benefits from innovations by accompanying ethical and privacy considerations with facilities for economic growth. Based on global lessons and, of course, from Pakistan's own socially and politically specific context, it has then sketched out some of the critical legislative components necessary to govern AI deployment in public and private sectors. There was a strong emphasis on cross-sector collaboration, issuing messages of institutional capacity building, as well as public awareness in the study towards responsible use of AI. The goal is to foster a technological environment that earns public trust and drives sustainable progress for our nation
Focus on the Responsibility of States under International Law for Environmental Damages that Cross Borders
Full text linkThis in-depth study examines the various aspects of the obligations of the states in the wide picture of international law of environmental harm spanning borders. It discusses the new and crucial issue of transboundary environmental harm in our highly interdependent and globalized world. Since various activities of industries and extensive environmental degradation cross state boundaries, international regimes of law have emerged and evolved to manage the behavior of states effectively. The regimes are required so that environmental degradation does not generate detrimental effects on neighboring or distant states. This study analyzes in depth some of the fundamentals of law, starting with the fundamental "no harm" rule, due diligence requirements to which states are subject, and the overall regime of state responsibility. This study also looks at pertinent international instruments such as the Stockholm Declaration, the Rio Declaration, and the Paris Agreement, all of which have an important contribution in addressing these queries. Analyzing classic legal precedents such as the Trail Smelter Arbitration, this study investigates various theoretical paradigms of key concepts such as sovereignty, the global commons, and the quest for ecological justice. Through the course of such investigation, the study brings out the complex nuances which are intrinsic to the application of state responsibility in the context of the world. Also, it outlines both the tremendous strides as well as the current boundaries of current regimes in the course of discussing key challenges. These range from political resistance faced from various actors, jurisdictional issues in the enforcement process, and the overall challenges that come with the effective enforcement of measures of law. The findings of this research indicate the imperative for intensified international collaboration, the establishment of more efficient legal instruments, and the utilization of more intensive mechanisms of accountability in a bid to address transboundary environmental concerns effectively. Finally, this research has important observations in terms of the continuous evolution of international environmental law and its implications for the future in the context of sustainable development and protection of transboundary environment
Building Bridges to Success: The Role of Teacher-Student Relationships in Academic Achievement
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The current descriptive study focused on the effects of the student-teacher relationship on academic achievement at public secondary schools. This study used a descriptive design. The survey design was used in the investigation to collect the data. The 1200 pupils enrolled in the 10th grade five public sector schools located in Multan region South Punjab Pakistan served as the study's population. Convenient sampling was utilised to select 250 samples to meet the study's requirements A questionnaire was utilised on a five-point Likert scale to collect data from the sample in the current investigation for analysis, and the gathered data was imported into SPSS. The descriptive statistics mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as t-tests were utilised to analyse data. According to the results, teacher-student connections have a positive impact on a range of student outcomes. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between teacher-student relationship and students' academic success. These results may support bridging the education system to increase successful academic careers and offer them essential support services in educational institutions
The Influence of Organizational Culture on Knowledge Management Practices and Their Effect on Employee Motivation
Full text linkThis research investigates the impact of organizational culture on knowledge management practices and their effect on employee motivation through a quantitative research design with a sample of 220 senior managers and CEOs from different industries. Correlation analysis (r = 0.351, p < 0.01) showed a moderate positive correlation between organizational culture and knowledge management practices, suggesting that a robust cultural base supports knowledge-sharing mechanisms. Further, regression analysis (R = 0.148, R² = 0.022, p = 0.029) illustrated that even though knowledge management is statistically significant in impacting employee motivation, its effect size is comparatively low, implying other factors also play an important role in motivation. ANOVA findings (F = 4.850, p = 0.029) verified the model's validity, reiterating that knowledge-sharing activities have an impact on employee motivation but must be supplemented with other engagement initiatives. These findings highlight the organizational culture's contribution to knowledge-sharing cultures and suggest that firms should incorporate leadership participation, career growth opportunities, and reward systems in order to boost employee motivation effectively. Future research needs to explore additional motivational drivers and cross-industry comparisons to further establish these relationships
AI in Teacher Training and Professional Development: A Tool for Continuous Learning and Skill Enhancement
Full text linkThis study examines the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in teacher professional development and training, with specific emphasis on how it influences individualized learning, continuous skill improvement, and ethics. A quantitative approach was utilized to collect information from 244 Pakistani university teachers through a standardized questionnaire. The correlation test (r = 0.336, p < 0.01) indicated a positive moderate relationship between AI-based learning tools and teacher training success, which implies that teachers find AI to be useful. Regression analysis (R² = 0.006, p = 0.219) indicated a weak predictive relationship between AI and the effectiveness of teaching, which implies that AI is not fully responsible for improving the effectiveness of teaching. The findings indicate the need for blended models of learning, AI literacy education, and ethical application of AI to achieve the full potential benefits of AI. The present study contributes to increasing research studies on artificial intelligence in education and indicates additional research studies on long-term adoption and impacts of AI in different learning environments
The Role of China-Pakistan Relations in the Global Tech Competition, Especially in Areas like 5G, AI, and Cybersecurity
Full text linkThis study reviews the increasing technological cooperation between China and Pakistan with a focus on influence in their cooperation within 5G, AI, and cybersecurity domains and examines their implications against the background of global tech competition. It will underscore, through systematic literature review, both opportunities and challenges presented by such cooperation. China's technology investment, especially in companies such as Huawei, has significantly pushed the digitization of the infrastructure of the country, which improves the telecommunication network of that country and gives it a prime position in terms of being among the first of the world with 5G and AI technologies. These developments are considered significant for Pakistan in terms of accelerating economic growth of the country. However, this review does depict some major concerns over the issue of digital sovereignty and national security risks associated with this investment. Increasing dependence of Pakistan on the Chinese technology could make it prone to potential security threats, which might include breaches in data security, cyber-attacks, and risks of surveillance. All these threats can undermine Pakistan's sovereignty and control over its critical infrastructure. Moreover, geopolitical effects of this relationship are widespread, as close alliance with China will impact the relation of Pakistan with Western powers and regional neighbors especially India. Diversifying and intensifying the competition at the world level of technology is faced by Pakistan when it balances apparent economic advantages from Chinese investment against the risk of long-term dependence on a single technological partner. The conclusion is that Sino-Pakistani technological cooperation, although offering substantial developmental opportunities, needs careful strategic management to mitigate security, sovereignty, and geopolitical dynamics-related risks. The future studies should include the directions about how Pakistan should diversify its technological partnerships, increase a more independent technological ecosystem, and better secure national interests as the competitive advantage in the global technological landscape continues to expand
Social Media-Youth Nexus: Analysis of Pakistan’s General Election 2018
Full text linkThis study has examined the impact of social media on Pakistan’s General Elections 2018 campaign. (i) To study the affect of social media on young voters during the general electoral campaign 2018. (ii) To explore the impact of social media on general election 2018 results. Moreover, this study analyzed social media usage of three major national political parties namely PTI, PML-N and PPP using social media. Social media platform globally not only used for sharing of the information on upcoming public gathering, rallies, and events but majorly for responding the propaganda, keeping their followers informed, debates on controversial issues and sharing of videos, photos and links.In this study, descriptive survey design is used. Keeping in mind immense size of young Pakistani voters for the 2018 election, we have targeted most of urban youth studying in universities or doing jobs. Convenience sampling is used to select sample of 156 respondents. A total of 240 questionnaires were distributed out of which 156 are used successfully for the analysis. Data is analyzed by computer software SPSS. Frequency distribution is used to analyze the results. The finding reveals that although political parties included social media into their campaigns, they are yet to exploit its full potential. Still Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf(PTI) ranked as most influential party in election 2018, as it used the social media for their aggressive promotion. Interestingly survey reveals that social media campaigns have “little or no effect” on matured respondents to getting them to the vote, while young voters especially who voted for the first time said they voted for the party they supported because of social media campaign. Further researches should be done in order to determine why social media was not able to increase the voter turnout
How Brand Experience Drives Brand Advocacy: The Mediating Role of Hedonic Benefits from Augmented Reality
Full text linkThe increasing use of augmented reality (AR) applications provides an exciting opportunity to improve brand experiences and build deeper consumer-brand relationships, especially with digital-native audiences. In this context, this study aims to investigate how brand experience drives brand advocacy while also considering the mediating role of hedonic benefits from AR experiences, using Pakistan and Snapchat's newly emerging digital landscape as the backdrop. This study examined Snapchat users in Pakistan from a quantitative perspective to consider the interrelationships of the experiential and technological features of AR. The independent variable was brand experience, and hedonic experience was employed as a mediating variable in the study of brand advocacy. The research model was guided by established behavioral models to understand better how users engage with AR in a socially and technologically changing market. Overall, the findings suggest that a positive brand experience can significantly contribute to the opportunity to experience hedonic benefits through AR applications. These hedonic benefits subsequently mediate whether consumers intend to advocate for the brand. The research demonstrates how emotionally rich and easy-to-engage-with digital experiences can stimulate loyal and passionate consumer behaviors (in these cases, within immersive AR environments). Even as AR devices, technologies, and applications become increasingly integrated into global digital marketing strategies, empirical research in developing economies remains scarce. The study contributes to this context by being the first to focus on Pakistan and highlights new perspectives on how AR-enabling hedonic value can allow for brand advocacy. It builds upon the literature by capturing the experiential aspects of AR in an emerging market context. It offers strategic implications about how brands can create advocacy through immersive technology
Exploring Marginalization and Social Injustice: A Critical Discourse Analysis of William Blake's “The Chimney Sweeper”
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This research applies Norman Fairclough's model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to critically analyze the themes of marginalization and social injustice in William Blake's The Chimney Sweeper. The research qualitatively analyzes both versions of the poem, Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience by William Blake. This study employs a close reading of both the texts in order to find out the forms that power constructions around issues of child labor, class exploitation, and religious ideologies in 18th-century England take, using CDA in three stages: textual analysis, discursive practice, and social practice. From the textual analysis, metaphors, symbolism, imagery, and irony are used in order to symbolize both literal and figurative entrapment into child labor, disparity, and marginalization. The change from the voice of innocence to the voice of experience reflects the growth in class consciousness and institutionalized criticism of power. The discursive practice stage unpacks how Blake condemns the role church and state play in the role of maintaining social stratification and exploitation of labor, stripping to light the religious discourse that makes the oppressed meek. Social practice analysis highlights how Blake's poetry acts as resistance to the broader social systems that function as models of exploitation and fall in line with institutional practices of exclusion. Thus, Blake's use of language is not simply a reflection of social injustice but rather a critique and call for reform. This shows that the issues that Blake portrays in his writing are indeed the issues that society is concerned about today regarding debates over labor rights and institutional power. It can therefore be argued that language has the capability of questioning social inequality and marginalization
The Impact of Liquidity Management on Profitability of Listed Oil & Gas Company
Full text linkThis research aims to study how effective management of cash reserves affects an oil and gas company's earnings. This research focuses on analyzing liquidity management because its connection to business profits. Company determines their profits through both assets return and equity measures. Liquidity management reveals if a company can fulfill its financial responsibilities while showing how products make money for the business which is why companies must handle this process effectively. Through our analysis we selected liquidity metrics including DSO, DPO, DIO and current assets alongside key dependent factors return on assets and return on equity. We study the connection between these measures and their influence on company earnings