13 research outputs found
Informed decision-making on healthcare facility locations in expanding refugee camps: Researching the interplay between healthcare facility locations and refugee settlement behavior
No full textIn 2018, the number of forcibly displaced people all over the world was higher than ever before. More than a third of this group are refugees, often living in refugee camps. NGOs try to deliver all necessary aid to these camps, while facing limited access and resources. Therefore, they want to optimize the results of the aid they deliver. The structure and layout of a refugee camp cannot simply be adapted, as it has evolved over time. However, this path-dependent nature of the camp expansion has not been studied from the perspective of the refugees yet. This study combines the process of camp expansion with the location decisions for healthcare facilities in expanding refugee camps. In an agent-based model, the camp expansion is simulated according to the settling preferences of refugees. These preferences are proximity to roads, to other shelters and to healthcare facilities. The locations of healthcare facilities are determined using two optimization algorithms. By using predictions about future camp expansion based on the settling preferences of refugees, the healthcare providers can adapt their locating decisions to the settling preferences of refugees. Simultaneously, the placement of new facilities designed for expected camp expansion can affect the settling choices of refugees. The success of the optimization is measured in the resulting accessibility of healthcare facilities in refugee camps. First, it is found that the facility location optimization improves when future camp expansion is taken into account, if refugees can choose a location to settle upon arrival in a refugee camp. On the contrary, if refugees cannot choose a location to settle, predictions about camp expansion should not be included. Second, in case a space restriction of 45m2 surface area per person is maintained in a refugee camp, it is recommended to locate healthcare facilities using an algorithm that minimizes the travel distance between refugees and healthcare facilities. However, if the available surface area per person is significantly lower than 45m2, it is recommended to locate healthcare facilities in a refugee camp using an algorithm that maximizes the coverage ratio of shelters in the camp. Finally, when shelters are spread evenly over the camp, the possibility to locate healthcare facilities in strategic places enhances. This improves the accessibility of healthcare facilities for all refugees. Engineering and Policy Analysi
Turismo ferroviário em Rio Negrinho/SC : revivendo e ampliando experiências no Trem da Serra do Mar/SC
No full textOrientador : Márcia S. Massukado-NakataniCoorientador:Monografia (graduação) - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Humanas. Curso de Graduação em TurismoInclui referênciasResumo : O presente trabalho de conclusão de curso tem como objeto de pesquisa o Trem da Serra do Mar/SC, localizado em Rio Negrinho/SC e operacionalizado pela Associação Brasileira de Preservação Ferroviária, sede regional de Santa Catarina (ABPF/SC). Para tanto, o objetivo "Analisar a motivação do consumo e a forma como o Trem da Serra do Mar/SC é promovido e comercializado." Com o intuito de compreender como o turismo e os trens se relacionam, foram investigados vários casos de sucesso de turismo ferroviários no mundo e no Brasil, além das experiências utilizadas por estes para atrair seu público. A base teórica utilizada tratou de diferentes temas como: surgimento e evolução dos trens no Mundo e no Brasil, turismo ferroviário, patrimônio ferroviário, motivação de consumo, fontes de informação, promoção e ainda sobre a participação no Seminário de Trens Turísticos do Brasil. Foram utilizadas a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além da participação em evento do setor, para compreender a realidade do segmento. Para identificar os consumidores do Trem da Serra do Mar/SC foi realizada uma pesquisa in loco. Como resultado da pesquisa, foi possível constatar que os trens turísticos podem se mostrar como importantes produtos turísticos, e além disso, o mesmo trem pode compor mais de um produto turístico. Os aspectos nostálgicos e patrimoniais, somados à utilização das redes sociais, sem esquecer da comunidade local, mostraram-se como fatores primordiais para o sucesso do Trem da Serra do Mar/SC. Para aprimorar a experiência, sugere-se a implantação de ações pontuais que resgatem aspectos dos tempos dourados das ferrovias do Brasil, e divulguem o trem nas redes sociais, para utiliza-las como instrumento de publicidade espontânea
Os fluxos turísticos de Morretes sob a perspectiva dos meios de transporte, uma análise sociométrica
No full textOrientadora: Prof.a Dra Márcia S. M. NakataniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Turismo. Defesa : Curitiba, 20/09/2019Inclui referências: p. 125-139Resumo: A mobilidade dos indivíduos dentro dos destinos turísticos tem relação com desenvolvimento do turismo local. Destino turístico pode ser entendido como conjunto de lugares e atrações, onde estão contidos os atrativos turísticos, que são os elementos que motivam os indivíduos a se deslocarem. Pela necessidade do deslocamento, os meios de transporte podem influenciar no desenvolvimento dos destinos turísticos, uma vez que são os elementos que possibilitam a mobilidade até o destino, e ainda podem ser o ponto focal do turismo. Tanto para os destinos quanto para os transportes, os fluxos turísticos são essenciais, pois tratam essencialmente do deslocamento dos indivíduos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar os fluxos turísticos de Morretes de acordo com os atrativos visitados pelos turistas. O objeto de estudo deste trabalho foi o fluxo de turistas que chega ao município de Morretes. Buscando cumprir os objetivos propostos foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental acerca dos temas propostos e a sociometria para analisar as relações existentes entre os atrativos dos destinos. A revisão de literatura tratou sobre os temas meios de transporte, fluxos turísticos e destinos turísticos, todos com o enfoque do desenvolvimento. Ainda tratou sobre o destino de Morretes/PR. Para os dados primários foi utilizado um questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados para aplicar junto aos fluxos turísticos de Morretes. Como resultados encontrou-se que o carro e o trem turístico são os meios de transporte mais utilizados para se deslocar até Morretes, mostrando que apesar do trem gerar grandes fluxos, o carro ainda é muito representativo para geração de fluxos. Utilizando a sociometria foi possível categorizar os atrativos turísticos conforme as categorias propostas por Liu et al. (2012), onde os restaurantes foram os atrativos de destaque, possuindo mais relações com os demais atrativos, atuando como indutores do turismo local, visto que recebem o maior número de turistas e enviam igualmente o maior número de turistas para os demais atrativos, caracterizando-se como atrativos de distribuição de fluxos turísticos. Este estudo aprofundou a relação entre meios de transporte e fluxos turísticos, apresentando os perfis de fluxos turísticos de acordo com o meio de transporte utilizado, além de apresentar quais os caminhos percorridos pelos visitantes no destino, e quais os atrativos que mais exercem influência nos fluxos turísticos. Essas informações podem ser um instrumento útil para os gestores e atores do turismo local concentrarem seus esforços nos atrativos mais visitados e elevarem o nível de recepção de fluxos dos atrativos menos visitados. Palavras-chave: turismo; desenvolvimento; fluxos turísticos; sociometria; redes de atrativos turísticos; Morretes/PR;Abstract: The mobility of individuals within the tourist destinations has relation with the local tourism development. Tourist destination can be understood as a set of places and attractions, where the tourist attractions are contained, that are the elements that motivate the individual to move. Due to the need of displacement, the means of transportation can influence in the development of the tourists destinations, once it is the element that allows the displacement to there, and still the transport can also be the focal point of tourism. For both, destinations and transports, tourist flows are essential, because they deal essentially with the displacement of individuals. The present work aimed to analyze the tourist flows from Morretes, according to the tourist attractions visited by the tourists. The object of study of this work were the tourist flows that arrive in Morretes. Seeking to reach the proposed objectives it was used the bibliographic and documentary research about the proposed topics and sociometry to analyze the relations between the destinations. The literature review dealt with the themes means of transport, tourist flows and tourist destinations, all with the focus of development. Toward the primary data, it was used a questionnaire as data collection instrument to be applied to the tourist flows of Morretes. As a result it was found that the car and the tourist train are the most used means of transport to travel to Morretes, showing that although the train generates large flows, the car is still very representative for flow generation. Using sociometry it was possible to categorize tourist attractions according to the categories proposed by LIU et al (2012), where restaurants were the main attractions, having more relationships with other attractions, and acting as inducers of local tourism, since they receive the tourists and also send the largest number of tourists to the other attractions, being characterized as attractions of distribution of tourist flows. This study deepened the relationship between means of transport and tourist flows, presenting the profiles of tourist flows according to the means of transport used, besides presenting which paths the visitors travel in the destination, and which attractions have the most influence on the tourist flows. This information can be a useful tool for local tourism managers and actors to focus their efforts on the most visited attractions and raise the level of reception of flows from the least visited attractions. Keywords: tourism; development; tourist flows; sociometry; tourist attraction networks; Morretes / PR
Fatores de Competitividade das Operadoras de Trens Turísticos no Brasil
No full textThe Rail transport in Brazil, due to the priority given to the road modal, is concentrated in the movement of cargoes and the transfer of people in large urban centre. This condition leads to the rise of tourist trains, which, more than transporting people, are themselves tourist attractions. In this article, we propose to investigate the operators of the tourist trains, under the prism of competitiveness, a theme not yet treated from this perspective in the national literature, since the studies focus on the rail modal as an instrument of urban mobility. Thus, this study aims to understand which are the competitive factors that stand out in the tourist trains of Brazil. Through an exploratory research and qualitative approach, it was possible to raise a set of factors of competitiveness of rail tourism. The data were collected from bibliographical and documentary sources, complemented by an interview with the president of the Brazilian Association of Operators of Tourist and Cultural Trains. As a result, it was verified that, among the aspects pointed out in the literature, those that stand out in the Brazilian railroad tourism are mainly related to: singular aspects of the trains, of unpublished products, entrepreneurship of the operators and the relation with the competitors and innovation. This suggests that for such ventures specifically, competitiveness depends on comparative advantages of locations rather than strategies aimed at interacting proactively with the market.O transporte ferroviário no Brasil, em virtude da prioridade dada ao modal rodoviário, está concentrado na movimentação de cargas e ao translado de pessoas em grandes centros urbanos. Essa condição acarreta na eclosão dos trens turísticos, os quais, mais que transportar pessoas, se constituem em atrativos turísticos. Propõem-se no presente artigo investigar as operadoras dos trens turísticos, sob o prisma da competitividade, tema ainda não tratado sob esta perspectiva na literatura nacional, visto que os estudos se concentram no modal ferroviário como instrumento de mobilidade urbana. Assim, este estudo tem por objetivo compreender quais são os fatores competitivos que se destacam nos trens turísticos do Brasil. Por meio de uma investigação de cunho exploratório e abordagem qualitativa foi possível levantar um conjunto de fatores de competitividade do turismo ferroviário. Os dados foram colhidos de fontes bibliográficas e documentais, complementados por meio de uma entrevista com o presidente da Associação Brasileira de Operadoras de Trens Turísticos e Culturais. Como resultado, verificou-se que, dentre os aspectos apontados pela literatura, os que se destacam no turismo ferroviário brasileiro tem relação, principalmente com aspectos singulares dos trens, produtos inéditos, empreendedorismo das operadoras e da relação com os competidores e inovação. Isso sugere, que para esses empreendimentos especificamente, a competitividade depende de vantagens comparativas locacionais, mais que estratégias voltadas a interagir proativamente com o mercado.
Fatores de Competitividade das Operadoras de Trens Turísticos no Brasil
No full textThe Rail transport in Brazil, due to the priority given to the road modal, is concentrated in the movement of cargoes and the transfer of people in large urban centre. This condition leads to the rise of tourist trains, which, more than transporting people, are themselves tourist attractions. In this article, we propose to investigate the operators of the tourist trains, under the prism of competitiveness, a theme not yet treated from this perspective in the national literature, since the studies focus on the rail modal as an instrument of urban mobility. Thus, this study aims to understand which are the competitive factors that stand out in the tourist trains of Brazil. Through an exploratory research and qualitative approach, it was possible to raise a set of factors of competitiveness of rail tourism. The data were collected from bibliographical and documentary sources, complemented by an interview with the president of the Brazilian Association of Operators of Tourist and Cultural Trains. As a result, it was verified that, among the aspects pointed out in the literature, those that stand out in the Brazilian railroad tourism are mainly related to: singular aspects of the trains, of unpublished products, entrepreneurship of the operators and the relation with the competitors and innovation. This suggests that for such ventures specifically, competitiveness depends on comparative advantages of locations rather than strategies aimed at interacting proactively with the market.O transporte ferroviário no Brasil, em virtude da prioridade dada ao modal rodoviário, está concentrado na movimentação de cargas e ao translado de pessoas em grandes centros urbanos. Essa condição acarreta na eclosão dos trens turísticos, os quais, mais que transportar pessoas, se constituem em atrativos turísticos. Propõem-se no presente artigo investigar as operadoras dos trens turísticos, sob o prisma da competitividade, tema ainda não tratado sob esta perspectiva na literatura nacional, visto que os estudos se concentram no modal ferroviário como instrumento de mobilidade urbana. Assim, este estudo tem por objetivo compreender quais são os fatores competitivos que se destacam nos trens turísticos do Brasil. Por meio de uma investigação de cunho exploratório e abordagem qualitativa foi possível levantar um conjunto de fatores de competitividade do turismo ferroviário. Os dados foram colhidos de fontes bibliográficas e documentais, complementados por meio de uma entrevista com o presidente da Associação Brasileira de Operadoras de Trens Turísticos e Culturais. Como resultado, verificou-se que, dentre os aspectos apontados pela literatura, os que se destacam no turismo ferroviário brasileiro tem relação, principalmente com aspectos singulares dos trens, produtos inéditos, empreendedorismo das operadoras e da relação com os competidores e inovação. Isso sugere, que para esses empreendimentos especificamente, a competitividade depende de vantagens comparativas locacionais, mais que estratégias voltadas a interagir proativamente com o mercado.
Competitiveness Factors of Tourist Train Operator in Brazil
No full textThe Rail transport in Brazil, due to the priority given to the road modal, is concentrated in the movement of cargoes and the transfer of people in large urban centre. This condition leads to the rise of tourist trains, which, more than transporting people, are themselves tourist attractions. In this article, we propose to investigate the operators of the tourist trains, under the prism of competitiveness, a theme not yet treated from this perspective in the national literature, since the studies focus on the rail modal as an instrument of urban mobility. Thus, this study aims to understand which are the competitive factors that stand out in the tourist trains of Brazil. Through an exploratory research and qualitative approach, it was possible to raise a set of factors of competitiveness of rail tourism. The data were collected from bibliographical and documentary sources, complemented by an interview with the president of the Brazilian Association of Operators of Tourist and Cultural Trains. As a result, it was verified that, among the aspects pointed out in the literature, those that stand out in the Brazilian railroad tourism are mainly related to: singular aspects of the trains, of unpublished products, entrepreneurship of the operators and the relation with the competitors and innovation. This suggests that for such ventures specifically, competitiveness depends on comparative advantages of locations rather than strategies aimed at interacting proactively with the market.O transporte ferroviário no Brasil, em virtude da prioridade dada ao modal rodoviário, está concentrado na movimentação de cargas e ao translado de pessoas em grandes centros urbanos. Essa condição acarreta na eclosão dos trens turísticos, os quais, mais que transportar pessoas, se constituem em atrativos turísticos. Propõem-se no presente artigo investigar as operadoras dos trens turísticos, sob o prisma da competitividade, tema ainda não tratado sob esta perspectiva na literatura nacional, visto que os estudos se concentram no modal ferroviário como instrumento de mobilidade urbana. Assim, este estudo tem por objetivo compreender quais são os fatores competitivos que se destacam nos trens turísticos do Brasil. Por meio de uma investigação de cunho exploratório e abordagem qualitativa foi possível levantar um conjunto de fatores de competitividade do turismo ferroviário. Os dados foram colhidos de fontes bibliográficas e documentais, complementados por meio de uma entrevista com o presidente da Associação Brasileira de Operadoras de Trens Turísticos e Culturais. Como resultado, verificou-se que, dentre os aspectos apontados pela literatura, os que se destacam no turismo ferroviário brasileiro tem relação, principalmente com aspectos singulares dos trens, produtos inéditos, empreendedorismo das operadoras e da relação com os competidores e inovação. Isso sugere, que para esses empreendimentos especificamente, a competitividade depende de vantagens comparativas locacionais, mais que estratégias voltadas a interagir proativamente com o mercado. El transporte ferroviario en Brasil, en virtud de la prioridad dada al modal carretera, está concentrado en
el movimiento de cargas y el traslado de personas en grandes centros urbanos. Esta condición, acarrea
en la eclosión de los trenes turísticos, los cuales, más que transportar personas se constituyen, ellos
mismos, en atractivos turísticos. Se propone en el presente artículo investigar las operadoras de los
trenes turísticos, bajo el prisma de la competitividad, tema aún no tratado bajo esta perspectiva en la
literatura nacional, ya que los estudios se concentran en el modal ferroviario como instrumento de
movilidad urbana. Así, este estudio tiene por objetivo comprender cuáles son los factores competitivos
que se destacan en los trenes turísticos de Brasil. Por medio de una investigación de cuño exploratorio y
abordaje cualitativo fue posible levantar un conjunto de factores de competitividad del turismo
ferroviario. Los datos fueron recolectados de fuentes bibliográficas y documentales, complementados
por medio de una entrevista con el presidente de la Asociación Brasileña de Operadoras de Trenes
Turísticos y Culturales. Como resultado, se verificó que, entre los aspectos apuntados por la literatura,
los que se destacan en el turismo ferroviario brasileño tienen relación, principalmente con aspectos
singulares de los trenes, productos inéditos, espíritu empresarial de las operadoras y de la relación con
los competidores e innovación. Esto sugiere que para estos emprendimientos específicamente, la
competitividad depende de ventajas comparativas locacionales, más que estrategias dirigidas a
interactuar proactivamente con el mercado
Análise da potencialidade turística da região metropolitana de Curitiba: Colombo-PR
No full textO presente trabalho realiza um diagnóstico do turismo no município de Colombo-PR. O objetivo foi analisar a potencialidade turística da cidade, localizada na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória. Os resultados obtidos desta análise mostram que o município possui uma rica oferta ligada ao Circuito Italiano de Turismo Rural (Citur), entretanto não há estruturação de venda e comercialização do Citur como um produto
AS CATEGORIAS DOS ATRATIVOS TURÍSTICOS DE MORRETES/PR CONFIGURADAS A PARTIR DAS REDES DE FLUXOS DE VISITANTES: CATEGORIES OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN MORRETES/PR CONFIGURED FROM THE VISITORS FLOW NETWORKS
No full textRESUMO: A mobilidade dos indivíduos dentro dos destinos turísticos tem relação com o desenvolvimento do turismo local. Destino turístico pode ser entendido como o conjunto de lugares, onde estão contidos os atrativos turísticos, que são os elementos que motivam os indivíduos a se deslocarem. Tanto para destinos quanto para os transportes, os fluxos turísticos são imprescindíveis, pois tratam essencialmente do deslocamento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral identificar as categorias de atrativos turísticos de Morretes/PR de acordo com os fluxos turísticos que cada um recebe, por meio da aplicação da sociometria. A unidade de análise definida para este estudo foi o fluxo de turistas que chega ao município de Morretes/PR. Buscando cumprir o objetivo proposto foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental acerca dos temas e a sociometria para analisar as relações existentes entre os atrativos dos destinos. Por meio da sociometria foi possível categorizar os atrativos, sendo que os restaurantes foram os destaques, possuindo mais relações com os atrativos, atuando como indutores do turismo local, visto que recebem o maior número de turistas e enviam igualmente o maior número de turistas para os demais atrativos, caracterizando-se como atrativos de distribuição de fluxos turísticos. Este estudo apresentou quais os caminhos percorridos pelos visitantes no destino, e quais os atrativos que mais exercem influência nos fluxos turísticos. Essas informações podem ser um instrumento útil para os gestores e atores do turismo local concentrarem seus esforços nos atrativos mais visitados e elevarem o nível de recepção de fluxos dos atrativos menos visitados. Palavras-chave: turismo; fluxos turísticos; sociometria; redes de atrativos turísticos; Morretes/PR.
ABSTRACT: The mobility of individuals within the tourist destinations has relation with the local tourism development. Tourist destination can be understood as a set of places and attractions, where the tourist attractions are contained, that are the elements that motivate the individual to move. For both, destinations and transports, tourist flows are essential, because they deal essentially with the displacement of individuals. The present work aims to identify the tourist attractions categories of Morretes/PR. The object of study of this work were the tourist flows that arrive in Morretes/PR. Seeking to reach the proposed objectives it was used the bibliographic and documentary research about the topics and sociometry to analyze the relations between the destinations. Using sociometry it was possible to categorize tourist attractions, where restaurants were the main attractions, having more relationships with other attractions, and acting as inducers of local tourism, since they receive the tourists and also send the largest number of tourists to the other attractions, being characterized as attractions of distribution of tourist flows. This study presenting which paths the visitors travel in the destination, and which attractions have the most influence on the tourist flows. This information can be a useful tool for local tourism managers and actors to focus their efforts on the most visited attractions and raise the level of reception of flows from the least visited attractions. Keywords: tourism; tourist flows; sociometry; tourist attraction networks; Morretes/PR
Evaluation of formulations and oxidative stability of coconut oil blends
No full textTropical fats such as coconut oil contain medium chain fatty acids which activate lipases, converting fats directly into energy rather than storage in adipose tissue. Implications that these fats may be helpful in reducing obesity and related diseases, and also replace trans fats in foods, have led to interest in developing "healthy" coconut oil-based products for use in table spreads, cooking, and baking applications. This study evaluated effects of water quality, antioxidants, and oil components on thermal and oxidative stability of margarine-type blends (coconut oil, palm shortening, and high oleic sunflower oil with/without polyunsaturated canola and flax seed oils) developed for baking and sautéing applications. Thermal stability was determined by heating blends in an OxipresTM oxygen bomb at 80, 100, 120, and 150C to simulate baking, sautéing, and frying applications, respectively. Refrigerated shelf life was determined in blends stored in glass jars sealed under argon for up to one year. Samples were analyzed periodically for lipid oxidation by conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides (chemical analyses), carbonyls (dinitrophenylhydrazine reaction with high pressure liquid chromatography detection and quantitation), and formation of volatile degradation products (gas chromatography). Thermal and shelf stability varied with unsaturated fatty acid composition of the blends; products were detected from all unsaturated fatty acids present. Handling during preparation and storage, as well as quality of the water used in the blend, was also important in directing stability. No blend tested maintained acceptable peroxide levels when heated at 150C. Blends with higher levels of canola and flax seed oil degraded unacceptably at 100C. Peroxide values did not accurately reflect degradation of tropical fat-based blends. Mixed tocopherols added at levels from 200 to 1000 ppm paradoxically increased peroxide and aldehyde levels during heating and storage. Maximum peroxides were <20 and only low levels of aldehydes were present, yet strong off-odors and flavors were present. Butanal, in particular, was produced in unusually high levels. These results can be explained by alternate oxidation pathways including peroxyl radical addition to double bonds and epoxide formation exceeding hydroperoxide formation and scission. Tocopherols stabilized hydroperoxides by hydrogen bonding and shifted oxidation back to standard pathways.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Emily Nerin
Manor Architecture in Prince’s Prussia and in Warmia a Study of its Origin and Distinctive Features
No full textIn the discussed area, e.i. the province of East Prussia whose borders were established before the conference of Versaille, there were more than 1000 buildings that had the features of manor architecture, 200 of them in Warmia. The number and the state of preservation of the existing buildings as well as the documentation of the lost objects make it possible to undertake general and comparative studies that could introduce the problems of manor architecture to the public again. At present it is even more important because of the serious troubles connected with protecting this category of historical buildings.
Architecture, independent of its own meaning, is an excellent, very well understood even today, illustration of settlement and civilisation processes. In the former Prussian areas it is a testimony about their multi-ethnical and multi-cultural character; it also reveals the moments in history when they participated in the transformation of European art. This is one of the motifs undertaken in the study. The author discusses selected groups of buildings and particular residences, from the earliest ones belonging to the period of late Renaissance, to works from the borderland of the baroque and classical styles. In many cases the categories of style prove to be useless for evaluating this architecture.
Among the oldest buildings only the body of the Renaissance manor of the zu Eulenburg family in Galiny near Bartoszyce built in the 80-ties of the 16th century (re-built in the 18th century) has been preserved. The peripheral walls of the mannerist palace of the zu Dohna family in Słobity built in the years 1622-24 were used during the extension of the residence at the break of the 17th century. The von Rauters’ late-Renaissance manor in Wilkowo Wielkie near Kętrzyn built in the years 1596-1606, in whose place von Dönhoffs built a completely new monumental palace, is known from cataloguing drawings. Residences in Prussia at that time were fortified, according to an old custom. The buildings we know, built at the end of the 16th and in the first half of the 17th centuries, are completely isolated works with universal forms encountered in the architecture of Silesia (Galiny), north and south Germany (Wilkowo Wielkie), and even Denmark and the Netherlands (Słobity).
Evolution of the manor architecture in Prussian lands from the second half of the 17th century was going on under the influence of the Elector’s and then the King’s court in Berlin. In this way Ducal Prussia found its place among the contemporary creative transformations of art in this part of Europe. In the upper layer of the architecture of Ducal Prussia at the end of Elector Friedrich Wilhelm’s rule at first the ‘clear’ Dutch trend dominated, and then French influences proved decisive. From the valuable country residences of that period only Chancellor Johann von Kospoth’s one-story mansion in Licze near Kwidzyn (1664) has been preserved; it is the oldest preserved example of this kind of architecture. Also the mansions in Willkûhnen and Wundlacken near Königsberg are worth mentioning. The brick face that was characteristic of those buildings remained one of the significant means of aesthetic expression of Prussian noblemen’s abodes incessantly until the 20th century. Von Lehndorffs’ palace in Sztynort (designed before 1689, partially realized) and the Warmia bishops’ two residences in Lidzbark (at the castle and in the garden) have their closest analogies in the works of the excellent Dutchman Tylman of Gameren, working in Poland (died 1706). The bishops’ buildings, because of their novelty and originality of their composition and construction solutions may be numbered among the most interesting architectural projects of those times in the area of the Polish Republic.
Towards the end of the 17th century architects ever more courageously passed from following Dutch and French models to forming their own identity in architecture; a significant role was played here by the main architect of the Berlin court, Johann Arnold Nering (1659- 1695), who built the Charlottenburg palace. As the only one from the group of the most excellent Berlin architects he participated in transforming Königsberg from a declining provincial centre to the rank of the real co-capital of the state, as from 1701 it was the coronation city of the Prussian kings. Architects connected with the court designed the most important at that time buildings in Ducal Prussia. The design of the hunters’ palace Gross Holstein near Königsberg that was built as a suburb residence for Elector Friedrich III (1693- 1697) is attributed to Nering. Joachim Schultheis von Unfried (1678-1753) built the king’s palace as the eastern wing of the castle (1704-1713). Also Huguenots, Jean Baptiste Broebes (about 1670-1720) and Jean de Bodt (1670-1745), numbered among those who gave Berlin a new look, marked their presence. The former formulated the concept of extension of the Dohns palace in Słobity (1695). De Bodt designed the palace in Gładysze (built in 1701-1704) for the zu Dohns and the Friedrichstein palace (1709-1714) for the Dönhoffs. John von Collas (1678-1753) from Lorraine used the project of Friedrichstein for building another residence for the Dõnhoffs in Drogosze (the proper name of the Dönhoffstädt property, 1710-1714). Attention should be paid to the numerous works by the less known architect, Johann Caspar Hindersin (1677-1738) who worked for zu Dohn’s family in Markowo and Słobity before starting work for the state. It is still unknown who is the author of the most famous and also probably most outstanding Prussian residence – the Finckensteins-Dohns’ palace in Kamieniec Suski (1716-1720), well known for the fact that in 1807 the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Maria Walewska stayed there.
Soon after 1700 two basic models were formed of the Prussian country residence, compact and functional, adjusted to the severe climate and not yielding to unambiguous criteria of the style. The first one, on a regular two-way projection with a big entrance-hall and the living room on the axis, was reduced to a two-story form with slightly stressed middle two-sided break, covered with a mansard or hip-roof. The second model, on an analogous projection, was limited to a one-story building with a two-story break; the attic was always habitable. Mansions having such a form were usually distinguished by a high basement that had various household functions. They were still built at the beginning of the 19th century, also in Warmia. In the article special features are discussed of the occurring types of buildings and the most valuable ones are presented in detail. Always when there are close connections between the buildings and European architecture the author tries to show the
