31 research outputs found
From livelihoods to citizenship: the redistributive land reform in Zimbabwe
No full textA thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography and Environmental Studies to the Faculty of Science, School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2021The launch, process and outcomes of the fast track land reform programme (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe have been highly
contentious nationally and internationally. There are arguments that FTLRP was a large-scale program and the first
of its kind in Southern Africa, hence it could not escape controversies. However, researchers should move away
from the evaluation of the divisive process of ‘fast track’ to the evaluation of its livelihood outcomes. However,,
evaluation of the ‘agri-livelihood’ outcomes of FTRLP brought more controversies than before, making
contemporary researchers to argue for the need to look for more indicators on which the policy can be measured.
Controversies also emanate from the narrow view of the developmental and poverty reduction role of FTRLP in
economistic terms. There is an argument that the new notion of development now embeds the citizenship concept
and poverty should be defined as a multidimensional term referring also to lack of feelings and practices of
citizenship (like belonging, identity and participation in local development).
The broad objective of this study was to understand how FTLRP as a development policy had shaped perceptions
and practices of citizenship among beneficiary communities. The study was conducted in Maware and Peter
Wenhamo A1 farms of Chiredzi district, Masvingo province in Zimbabwe. It used a qualitative ethnographic design
to understand how FTLRP had shaped perceptions and practices of citizenship by A1 settlers. A total of 40
households and some few key informants were interviewed on their experiences of ‘fast track’, its impact on
livelihoods, feelings and practices of citizenship. Results show that resettled households felt that ‘fast track’ had led
to substantial land gains, ‘liberation’ of land resources and many people ‘caged’ in communal areas. Households
also condoned farm invasions and showed trust of the informal institutional framework as it led to an inclusive land
allocation. Such institutions were more concerned with having more people on land to evade evictions thereby
ignoring political and ethno-regional traits of potential beneficiaries during land allocation. While informal
institutions were ‘celebrated’ for advancing the notion of political and ethno-regional inclusivity, they were gender
insensitive and led to ‘gendered belonging’. Results also showed that land beneficiaries had tenure insecurity
though they evaded it by offering overwhelming support to the ruling party. Settlers felt the support being offered to
the ruling party was a peaceful ‘practice of citizenship’ to uphold and defend their land gains and rights against
reversal of FTLRP by ‘proxies’ of colonialists.
iv
Land beneficiaries also expressed satisfaction with their incomes, agricultural land, livestock and farm implement
ownership despite lack of some social services, unmet rights, food and water insecurity. These challenges faced post
resettlement did not affect their sense of general well-being, an indication that land was more than an asset and an
ingredient for livelihood outcomes. This led to the third research objective which sought to understand how land
access through FTLRP had shaped feelings and practices of citizenship among beneficiary communities. Feelings of
improved well-being in the face of some challenges in A1 farms show that well-being is not only a product of
satisfaction of livelihood outcomes. Access to land brought a sense of belonging among the landless who joined the
community of landowners. It also made them belong to the ‘community of commercial farmers’ which was all
‘white’ before FTLRP. Access of many rights remained a principle despite a constitutional provision stating that
land reform enables households to re-assert their rights. Partisan politics during fast track, delays in regularising land
ownership and limited budgetary ‘fought’ the very rights land reform was supposed to promote. However,
actualization of the settlers’ rights to land, work and ‘property’ was enough to inculcate feelings of belonging. These
economic rights overshadowed other rights that had not been made real. Settlers’ long history of landlessness and
land ‘hunger’ made them to regard some economic rights as ‘more equal’ than other rights. Households felt the
government had done its part by formalizing land invasions. It was now their role to actualize their other rights,
improve their national belonging and sense of well-being by participating in local economic development.
Intrinsic feelings of improved social identity and belonging did not only shape citizens with a developmental
mindset but also environmentally responsible. Though households had been resettled near conservancies and in
former game ranches, they had adopted environmentally friendly methods to safeguard their assets, lives and crops
against stray wild animals. There was an improvement in knowledge of environmentally friendly methods to reduce
human-wildlife conflicts, dispelling allegations that settlers engaged in unsustainable behaviors.TL (2021
Gendered perspective on water security, rights and conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
No full textThe 2017 Global Risk Report ranked water crisis third among the top six global risks that greatly impact society. While the water crisis is disproportionately distributed worldwide, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has more people (most of whom are women) who face water problems compared to other regions worldwide. Through the application of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol version 2020, a systematic review examining the connection between gender and water security, rights, and water conflicts in SSA was done. A total of 24 out of 229 articles made it into the final analysis. Previous research studies on gender politics in the water sector have done so in a fragmented way, focusing on specific water security parameters. The emerging findings show that 14 years after the adoption of an enforceable human right to water and about 6 years prior to the cut-off date for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, matters of gender and water in SSA are far from being addressed. Rural people, especially women, still face multiple water-related challenges and conflicts, including discriminatory practices upholding male hegemony in water governance. It is recommended that actors in the water sector precede the implementation of water projects by understanding contextual settings that influence gendered water security. Furthermore, the implementation of the water Sustainable Development Goal (SGD 6) should be done in the context of SDG 5 (Gender Equity) and the prioritization of procedural water justice and governance, access to technical skills, and water conveyance technologies.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.prisma-statement.org/
Geographical and Historical Observations on the old North Israelite Gideon tale in Judges
No full textAbstractIn this paper we deal with the Gideon story in the Book of Judges. We first propose identification of the different layers in the text: the old, heroic North Israelite tale; the work of the North Israelite author (of the »Book of Saviors«) who put the story in writing in the first half of the 8</jats:p
COMPLIANCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REGULATIONS BY A GOLD MINING COMPANY IN ZAKA DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE - A TRAVESTY OR TRIBUTE TO ENVIRONMENTAL DEMOCRACY AND JUSTICE
No full textZimbabwe’s Environmental Management Act has provisions promoting the conduct of environmental impact assessment (EIA) prior to project implementation to protect the environment and environmental rights. Using data collection methods inspired by phenomenological study, this paper discusses if EIA processes by a gold mining company had mainstreamed or marooned ‘access rights’ which are the cornerstone of environmental democracy. While the Zimbabwe’s EIA policy is applauded for covertly mainstreaming environmental democracy, research findings suggest that there exist gaps in the policy framework, policy and practice in promoting comprehensive environmental democracy. EIA processes are done to fulfil legal obligations but with little motivation to protect community interests as participation is symbolic. It is recommended to redesign EIA policy and embed broader attributes of environmental democracy such as locals’ participation in all EIA stages and inclusion of experts on community issues in the EIA review panel to promote fairness, inclusivity, transparency during EIA.
Article visualizations
Disaster Risk Management by Local Governments in the Global South
No full textThe increasing frequency and severity of disasters worldwide have underscored the critical role of local governments (LGs), which are the political authority closest to local communities and are rooted at the local level where disasters occur. While many studies have conducted systematic literature reviews on disaster risk management (DRM), there is a lack of systematic reviews on the role of LGs across the entire DRM value chain in the Global South, despite the region\u27s high disaster susceptibility. This study is the first systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on LGs’ role in DRM, aiming to synthesise findings and inform future research and policies. The systematic review of 32 peer-reviewed articles across three databases was guided by the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Analysis of articles was conducted using Atlas.ti, yielding 199 codes, which were grouped into six themes. The study reveals that while LGs in the Global South have made progress in establishing DRM units, significant challenges, including a lack of political will, reactive disaster responses, insufficient resources, and limited capacity building, persist. The findings indicate a bias towards pre-disaster measures, particularly disaster preparedness and community awareness, while other stages of the DRM value chain receive relatively less attention. The study calls on local-level policymakers to prioritize DRM by integrating it into LG programs and ensuring adequate resources and funding for all stages of the DRM value chain. Community resilience can be strengthened by moving beyond basic disaster awareness to community-led initiatives that empower local communities
Análise descritiva das duas traduções brasileiras do conto The invisible man de G. K. Chesterton
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da TraduçãoO presente estudo almeja identificar as normas dominantes por trás das estratégias tradutórias em duas traduções brasileiras do conto policial The Invisible Man do autor inglês G.K.Chesterton, sendo uma edição de 1997 e a segunda de 2006; e consequentemente verificar o tipo e a extensão de equivalência entre as traduções. As traduções foram analisadas, comparadas entre si e com o texto em inglês a partir de ocorrências tabuladas confirmando as hipóteses levantadas nos três níveis de análise: preliminar, macroestrutural e microestrutural. O referencial teórico sustenta-se nos norteadores dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução, em especial no conceito de normas desenvolvido por Gideon Toury (1995). Como metodologia para análise do objeto de estudo, utilizou-se o método descritivo, para analisar traduções, sugerido por José Lambert & Van Gorp (1985). O resultado da análise apontou tanto as normas tradutórias e editoriais quanto o tipo e a extensão de equivalência das edições traduzidas.The present study aims to identify prevailing norms behind the translational strategies of two Brazilian translations (1997 and 2006) of the detective story The Invisible Man by the British author G. K. Chesterton. The type and extent of equivalence will be analyzed by comparing the translations with each other and with the English text by means of occurrences arranged side by side in tables. The hypothesis was explored in three stages: preliminary, macro- and micro-levels. Descriptive Translation Studies serves as the theoretical basis for the study, especially the concept of norms introduced by Gideon Toury (1995). Lambert & Van Gorp.s (1985) descriptive approach was used as methodology for the object of analysis. The results indicated the influence of both translational and publishing norms as well as the type and extent of equivalence in the translations
Dialect, drama and translation : a socio-cultural investigation into the factors influencing the choice of strategies in German-speaking Europe
No full textThis thesis examines the translation of dialect in drama in German-speaking Europe,
exploring the complex influences on the choice of strategies by practitioners. Utilising
paradigms of Descriptive Translation Studies, polysystem theory and norms theory, it
investigates how the target culture influences dialect translation practice.
The study offers, for the first time, a systematic overview of the functions of dialect in
drama, and the translation strategies available, identifying the influences on dialect
translation practice in northern Germany, German-speaking Switzerland and Scotland.
Based on these, three research areas are explored, focussing on northern Germany,
German-speaking Switzerland and Luxembourg:
- the sociolinguistic situation and the emergence of oral standard;
- the use of dialect in German-language drama as a stylistic device in particular
genres and, especially, for socio-political functions;
- how the translation process illuminates the norms for drama and dialect translation
and their connection with both sociolinguistic factors and norms of German drama
production.
Three case studies exemplify the findings, illustrating the complexity of targetculture-
related factors that had an impact on translating three British plays into
standard and into Swiss German, Low German and Luxembourgish: Stephen
Greenhorn’s Passing Places, John Millington Synge’s The Playboy of the Western
World and Ray Cooney’s Run for Your Wife.
This study offers a unique insight into drama and dialect translation in Germanspeaking
Europe. It demonstrates that the introduction of an oral standard mitigates
against dialect use in German original drama and translations; that changing
relationships between German-speaking countries, nationalist movements and efforts
to raise the status of a dialect encourage its use in drama; and that genres like comedy,
murder mystery, farce, but also Naturalist, Realist and folk plays are more likely to
use, and be translated into, dialect. It suggests similar projects for other countries, and
will be of relevance to theatre and translation practitioners
Phantoms of Anglo-Confederate commerce : an historical and archaeological investigation of American civil war blockade running
No full textDuring the American Civil War Wilmington, North Carolina and the
Bermudian ports of St. Georges and Hamilton served as vital links in a
complex trading network that developed to facilitate the exchange of southern
agricultural products for war materials and civilian merchandise through a
Union blockade of the Confederacy. Although that material contributed
significantly to the Confederate war effort, Anglo-Confederate blockade
running has received limited scholarly attention. Much of the associated
literature is based on memoirs rather than scholarship and does not accurately,
reflect that necessarily clandestine trade. The primary goal of this thesis is to
produce a more comprehensive and detailed picture of blockade running, the
cargoes carried through the Union blockade and the powerful steam vessels
that made Anglo-Confederate commerce possible. Unlike previous treatments,
this thesis combines the results of both archival and archaeological research.
The results illustrate the evolution of strategies involved in both establishing
and maintaining the blockade and those developed for running the blockade.
Assessment of the vessel remains and historical data associated with the
construction and procurement of steamers identifies the vessel types and
confirms that blockade runners adapted extant technology. Contrary to the
popularly held impression, no technological innovations were specifically
developed to address the demands of the trade. The spatial distribution of
wrecks and the minimal amount of cultural material surviving in association
with them, provides strong evidence that cargoes were more valuable than the
vessels. That premise influenced the strategy adopted by blockade runners.
While Confederate salvors left little evidence of cargo, historical research
revealed a wealth of new insight into the specific nature of that material. This
new evidence provides a more accurate and detailed picture of Anglo-
Confederate blockade running and the strategies, ships and cargoes that made
blockade running between Wilmington and Bermuda a success
A tradução da comédia teatral em The Importance of Being Earnest: tradução comentada e anotada
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da TraduçãoEsta dissertação consiste em uma discussão sobre a tradução teatral de textos de humor seguida da tradução comentada e anotada de The Importance of Being Earnest, de Oscar Wilde. No primeiro capítulo, são discutidas questões a respeito da tradução teatral, partindo-se do conceito de concretizações textuais de Patrice Pavis, como as noções de speakability e performance. No segundo capítulo, é feito um estudo sobre duas outras traduções da peça para o português brasileiro, analisando-se as escolhas feitas pelos tradutores bem como a evolução da tradução dessa peça ao longo da segunda metade do século vinte. O trabalho culmina com a discussão de questões pertinentes a minha tradução da peça, onde são tecidos os comentários pertinentes às escolhas ou mudanças realizadas na tradução apresentada: as questões dos nomes próprios, dos pronomes de tratamento e do humor. A nova tradução, que apresenta uma cena inédita ao público de língua portuguesa, e suas notas, encontra-se no apêndice deste trabalho. This dissertation consists of a discussion on theatrical translation of humoristic texts followed by a noted and commented translation of Oscar Wilde#s The Importance of Being Earnest. In the first chapter, questions related to theatrical translation are discussed starting from Patrice Pavis#s concepts of textual concretizations, such as the notions of speakability and performance. In the second chapter, there are analyses of two other translations of the play into Brazilian Portuguese focusing upon the translator#s choices as well as the evolution of the play#s translation through the second half of the twentieth century. This dissertation ends with a discussion on questions related to my translation of the play. In this final chapter, we can find commentaries concerning the choices and changes made in the translation presented, such as the question of the names of the characters, the personal pronouns, addresses and humour. The retranslation, which presents a new scene to Brazilian audiences, and the notes are in the appendix of this dissertation
Towards automated sample collection and return in extreme underwater environments
No full text© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Billings, G., Walter, M., Pizarro, O., Johnson-Roberson, M., & Camilli, R. Towards automated sample collection and return in extreme underwater environments. Journal of Field Robotics, 2(1), (2022): 1351–1385, https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022045.In this report, we present the system design, operational strategy, and results of coordinated multivehicle field demonstrations of autonomous marine robotic technologies in search-for-life missions within the Pacific shelf margin of Costa Rica and the Santorini-Kolumbo caldera complex, which serve as analogs to environments that may exist in oceans beyond Earth. This report
focuses on the automation of remotely operated vehicle (ROV) manipulator operations for targeted biological sample-collection-and-return from the seafloor. In the context of future extraterrestrial exploration missions to ocean worlds, an ROV is an analog to a planetary lander, which must be capable of high-level autonomy. Our field trials involve two underwater vehicles, the SuBastian
ROV and the Nereid Under Ice (NUI) hybrid ROV for mixed initiative (i.e., teleoperated or autonomous) missions, both equipped seven-degrees-of-freedom hydraulic manipulators. We describe an adaptable, hardware-independent computer vision architecture that enables high-level automated manipulation. The vision system provides a three-dimensional understanding of the workspace to inform manipulator motion planning in complex unstructured environments. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the vision system and control framework through field trials in increasingly challenging environments, including the automated collection and return of biological samples from within the active undersea volcano Kolumbo. Based on our experiences in the field, we discuss the performance of our system and identify promising directions for future research.This work was funded under a NASA PSTAR grant, number NNX16AL08G, and by the National Science Foundation under grants IIS-1830660 and IIS-1830500. The authors would like to thank the Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and Energy and National System of Conservation Areas for permitting research operations at the Costa Rican shelf margin, and the Schmidt Ocean Institute (including the captain and crew of the R/V Falkor and ROV SuBastian) for their generous support and making the FK181210 expedition safe and highly successful. Additionally, the authors would like to thank the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs for permitting the 2019 Kolumbo Expedition to the Kolumbo and Santorini calderas, as well as Prof. Evi Nomikou and Dr. Aggelos Mallios for their expert guidance and tireless contributions to the expedition
