1,721,487 research outputs found
Analysing Educational Waste in the Punjab Schools
Full text linkThis paper examines educational waste in the Punjab Public Schools. The paper focuses upon three areas: schools’ internal efficiency, school capacity utilisation and student teacher ratio. By using cohort analysis technique, the paper measures waste in flows of students in the education cycle. The results show that repetition and dropout are more prevalent in class I and middle school classes. This implies that after having studied for five to six years in schools, a student finds themselves in a blind alley, not knowing where it all would end up. This also suggests that majority of the schools are located at large distance from the most of the population of the Punjab and students have to travel long distance for attending the schools. The under-utilisation of school capacity is more prevalent in rural area than that of urban areas and girls schools are more under-utilised than the boys schools. The under-utilisation is more widespread in boys schools of urban areas than the girls schools located in same vicinity and girls school in rural areas are more under-utilised than the boys schools. The pervasive theme emerged from results is that girls schools and teachers are mostly under-utilised. This reflects that disadvantage that girls face in Pakistan which may also cause under-utilisation of girls schools.
Local search methods for constraint problems
Full text link© 2008 Muhammad Rafiq Bin Muhammad.This thesis investigates the use of local search methods in solving constraint problems. Such problems are very hard in general and local search offers a useful and successful alternative to existing techniques. The focus of the thesis is to analyze the techniques of invariants used in local search. The use of invariants have recently become the cornerstone of local search technology as they provide a declarative way to specify incremental algorithms. We have produced a series of program libraries in C++ known as the One-Way-Solver. The One-Way-Solver includes the implementation of incremental data structures and is a useful tool for the implementation of local search. The One-Way-Solver is applied to two challenging constraint problems, the Boolean Satisfiability Testing (SAT) and university course timetabling problems
Processing and characterisation of aramid/carbon hybrid fibre reinforced polypropylene composites / Muhammad Rafiq bin Mohd Isa
Full text linkHybrid composites of aramid fibre/carbon fibre/polypropylene (PP) with three total fibre volume fraction (Vf) and five fibre proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 V:V %) were prepared by extrusion and injection moulding. The moulded composite specimens were characterised for thermal, dynamic mechanical and mechanical properties. The results from the analysis were supported by scanning electron microscope images. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the hybridisation of fibres produces hybrid composites with better thermal properties compared to the single fibre composites. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) study showed that the incorporation of the fibres did not significantly alter the melting behaviour of the composites. The crystallinity of the matrix was found to be greatly affected by the total Vf. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed an increase in the storage modulus (E’) indicating higher stiffness in the hybrid composites as compared to the aramid fibre composites. Carbon fibre content showed a strong influence on the magnitude of E’. The tensile properties of some hybrid composites exceed the properties of the single fibre composites. However, based on the SEM image of the fractured surface, it was found that the interfacial interaction between the matrix and fibres is weak. On the other hand, hybridisation reduced the flexural properties of the composites compared to its single fibre counterpart. Flexural properties were found to be more sensitive to total Vf, where composites with higher total Vf would have better flexural modulus. For all composites tested, the peak load (P) and critical stress intensity factor (Kc) increased with increasing carbon fibre contents. By contrast, the fracture energy (W) and critical strain energy release rate (Gc) were decreased with increasing carbon fibre content in hybrid composites. The hybrid composite showed superior impact properties when compared to its non-hybrid counterpart. In a nutshell, hybridisation of the fibres improved the impact properties of the composites
Strategi Pendistribusian Dana Zakat Oleh Baznas Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu di Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Full text linkABSTRAK
Nama : Muhammad Rafiq
Jurusan : Manajemen Dakwah
Judul : Strategi Pendistribusian Dana Zakat Oleh Baznas Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu di Masa Pandemi Covid-19.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kasus positif Covid-19 yang tinggi di Indonesia, yang mengakibatkan berbagai penyesuaian pada kegiatan bermasyarakat, salah satunya adalah pelaksanaan penyaluran zakat yang dilakukan oleh Baznas Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu. Penyaluran zakat harus tetap berlangsung dalam keadaan apapun termasuk dalam keadaan yang sulit sekalipun seperti ditengah pandemi Covid-19, sehingga perlu bagi Baznas Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu untuk menyiapkan strategi dalam pendistribusian dana zakat di masa pandemi Covid-19. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui strategi yang diterapkan oleh Baznas Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu dalam mendistribusian dana zakat selama masa pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Informan dalam penilitian ini adalah pengurus Baznas Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu, yang berjumlah 5 orang yaitu Wakil Ketua I, Wakil Ketua II, Wakil Ketua III, Ketua Pelaksana, dan Staff Divisi Perencanaan Keuangan dan Pelaporan. Data yang diperoleh bersumber dari hasil wawancara, observasi, serta dokumentasi dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif. Hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat penyesuaian pada pada strategi pendistribusian zakat selama pandemi Covid-19 yang dilakukan oleh Baznas Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu. Penyesuaian tersebut terjadi pada program pendistribusian zakat, dengan penambahan jumlah mustahiq yang mengalami kesulitan ekonomi akibat pandemi. Penyesuaian selanjutnya terjadi pada proses pendistribusian zakat secara door to door kepada mustahiq serta bekerjasama dengan pemerintahan daerah untuk menyediakan tempat khusus penyaluran zakat yang sesuai dengan ketetapan pemerintah mengenai protokol kesehatan di masa pandemi Covid-19.
Kata Kunci: Baznas; Covid-19; Distribusi; Zaka
The role of kenaf and montmorillonite clay on the enhancement of the properties of polyhydroxybutyrate composites / Muhammad Rafiq Mohd Isa
No full textKenaf reinforced and montmorillonite (MMT) modified polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) composites were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and injection moulding machine. The influence of reinforcement content and surface treatment on the composites' mechanical, rheological and thermal properties was investigated. The samples were moulded into a bar and dumb-bell shaped specimens and subjected to dry-as-moulded, indoor, outdoor and soil burial conditions for four months. The composites were characterised for thermal, rheological and mechanical properties. The results were supported by images obtained from microscopy techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM). Weibull analysis of single fibre tensile test results indicates fibre damage due to a high concentration of sodium hydroxide or longer soak time. Kenaf reinforced PHB exhibited up to 21% improvement in Young’s modulus. The presence of fibres in the polymer melt modified its flow behaviour from Newtonian (in pure PHB melt) to shear thinning behaviour. Fracture energy and critical strain energy release rate of the kenaf reinforced composite was increased with the addition of 20% kenaf fibres. FESEM image showed gaps between the PHB matrix and treated kenaf fibres, indicating that interfacial adhesion is still poor. However, the melt behaviour, such as the complex viscosity and storage modulus obtained through the rheological study of the treated kenaf PHB composites, shows improvement in interaction. Long term mechanical properties of treated kenaf composites also showed better performance. Energy dispersive X-ray mapping revealed that nanocomposites with clay content of 3 phr exhibited better dispersion than nanocomposites with higher clay content. The mechanical properties of the MMT-modified PHB, such as the tensile and flexural modulus, were enhanced compared to neat PHB. From the rheological study, PHB and PHB nanocomposites modified with untreated MMT exhibited Newtonian fluid behaviour in the tested frequency range. However, for nanocomposites modified with acid-treated MMT, shear-thinning behaviour was observed at higher clay content. The nanocomposites also exhibited higher complex viscosity compared to PHB. From transmission electron microscopy analysis, exfoliation of the MMT was observed for the treated MMT nanocomposites at all clay loading. MMT-modified PHB has lower melting temperature when compared to neat PHB. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of MMT influenced the crystallisation behaviour of PHB. The presence of acid-treated MMT also reduced the degree of crystallinity with increasing clay content. MMT modification of PHB was shown to reduce the rate of PHB biodegradation when buried in the soil
sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605221127215 – Supplemental material for A Vignettes-Based Exploration of Attitudes of Parents Toward Reporting of Child Sexual Abuse in Ghana
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-jiv-10.1177_08862605221127215 for A Vignettes-Based Exploration of Attitudes of Parents Toward Reporting of Child Sexual Abuse in Ghana by Joshua Amo-Adjei, Antoine Deliege, Anastasiya Nurzhynska, Ruth Essuman and Muhammad Rafiq Khan in Journal of Interpersonal Violence</p
Roof sprinkler cooling system / Muhammad Rafiq Roslan & Mohd Nazren Abd Wahab
Full text linkGlobal warming is continuously rising increasing the average temperature of the earth's climate system. For human kind, the global warming can give effect on our health and daily activities. The weather Malaysia can be categorized as hot, beside many houses in Malaysia use zinc as their roof especially in rural area. Zinc absorb sun's heat that cause home become hotter and we need to consume high rate of electricity to reduce the heat. There are many technologies that were created in order to give comfort to human when they are at home such as air condition. Air conditioning system is expensive and only those with high income can afford it. Therefore, we propose another system that can lower the temperature in the house but with cheaper cost, which is roof sprinkler cooling system. Roof cooling is as an alternative to the conventional rooftop not only keep a roof and its indoor environment at lower temperatures, but also can save money and energy, improve air quality, and mitigate the urban heat island effect. It is increasingly becoming more feasible and integrated because of the less initial cost investments and low maintenance cost. Hence, we expect to design a roof cooling system which is important in reducing the heat in the house while saving the household expenses. For this project we use Proteus, Multism, Orcad and Express PCB software to do simulation and MPLAB for the programming. Then, in the hardware implementation we use a microcontroller, PIC 16F877A to control the input and output of the system especially sensor driver, LM35 to detect the temperature. As a result, the system have been working properly in reducing the heat in a house. As a conclusion, we have made an environmental-friendly innovation which is feasible to be commercialized
The impact of multimedia learning approach on mastering skateboarding skills: a study among beginner skateboarders in Kuala Lumpur / Muhammad Rafiq Akmal Abd Rahman
Full text linkThe impact of multimedia learning on skateboarding skill mastery among novice skateboarders in Kuala Lumpur is investigated in this thesis. Quantitative surveys were carried out using a mixed-methods methodology. Participants' exposure to multimedia learning resources and perceptions of their effects on skill development were evaluated via surveys. The interviews gave participants' experiences and views of multimedia learning additional context. The results support sports education by guiding the development of successful learning interventions for newbie skateboarders. The knowledge gained can help educators, trainers, and instructional designers improve skill development and maximize learning opportunities for novice skateboarders in Kuala Lumpur
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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