20 research outputs found
Conflict of law and the methodology of Tarjīẖ : a study in Islamic legal theory
No full textIslamic law never achieved unity but expressed itself in, at least, four surviving schools. More interestingly, contemporary Muslim communities are still divided among themselves on a number of issues related to their laws. This work describes how problem of legal conflicts have been tackled by Muslim jurists. It is an attempt to examine closely the phenomenon of conflict in Islamic law from the standpoint of usūl-al-fiqh or Islamic legal theory. In fact, much is heard nowadays of the contradiction in the body of Islamic law. Whilst in contrast, little is presented in terms of the methodology of removing this conflict. The present work therefore, attempts to redress this balance. The emphasis of the work will be concerned primarily with tarjīh methodology ; how to give preference to one piece of evidence or argument over the other when they conflict. Nevertheless, considerable concern is given to investigating the background to the conflict of law in the Shari'ah.
This study of a neglected area in Islamic legal scholarship will be an important source of reference to students, both practising and theoretical jurists or to anyone who merely wishes to increase his knowledge of legal themes, particularly legal conflict. The very aim of the work is to argue that conflict is a natural and unavoidable consequence of legal study because legal conflict is only conflicting principles and arguments adduced by both the classical and modern jurists to reach what is actually intended by God in the target case. Therefore, conflicts are inevitable in most of the cases in fiqh owing to the variety of principles set out to deal with one piece of legal evidence, let alone with all the pieces of legal evidence in question.
Tarjīh is therefore, an important and workable instrument in the re-examination of these conflicts and in arriving at the most accurate principle for establishing the law for as long as this is possible. It is hoped that the discovery of new facts and the increase of knowledge which results from the broadening and deepening of the research will positively contribute to the process of unification of Islamic law
PRARANCANGAN PABRIK CUMENE DARI PROPILEN DAN BENZENE MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS BETA ZEOLIT DENGAN KAPASITAS 10.000 TON/TAHUN
No full textCumene (C9H12) adalah senyawa yang sangat penting bagi perkembangan industri kimia diantara kegunaannya antara lain sebagai bahan baku pembuatan fenol, aseton, acetophenone, resin, solven dan asam terepthalat sedangkan untuk industri mekanik senyawa cumene digunakan untuk pembuatan zat aditif pada bahan bakar dengan tujuan meningkatkan kemampuan mesin piston pesawat terbang. Pabrik C9H12 berkapasitas 10.000 ton/tahun beroperasi selama 330 hari/tahun dan dibangun tahun 2022 di Kecamatan Cilegon, Kabupaten Serang, Provinsi Banten. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah propilen (C3H6) dan benzene (C6H6) menggunakan bantuan katalis beta zeolit.
Reaktor pembuatan cumene (C9H12) beroperasi pada suhu masuk reaktor 350 oC dan tekanan 25 atm. Reaktor yang digunakan adalah reaktor fixed bed multitube reaksi bersifat eksotermis (mengeluarkan panas). Produk keluaran reaktor yang masih mengandung produk samping DIPB (C12H18) selanjutnya akan direaksikan kembali di reaktor kedua fixed bed multitube yang beroperasi pada suhu 300 0C dan tekanan 1 atm kemudian dialirkan ke menara distilasi untuk memisahkan produk dari impuritis. sehingga diperoleh produk cumene (C9H12) dengan kemurnian 99,5%.
Pemasaran C9H12 diutamakan untuk konsumsi dalam negeri agar tidak mengimpor lagi. Sistem kerja karyawan sebanyak 108 orang dibagi dalam regu dan shift. Hasil analisa ekonomi memberikan hasil TCI sebesar Rp 300.396.696.497 dan diperoleh hasil penjualan Rp 4.074.878.248.409,34. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan analisis ekonomi, yaitu didapatkan nilai POI 7%, ROI 14%, POT 4,46 tahun, NVP Rp 3.436.649.327, IRR 12,27%, BEP 40,45% dan SDP 20,50%.. Berdasarkan pertimbangan hasil analisis kelayakan ekonomi BEP dan SDP memenuhi syarat, maka pabrik C9H12 kapasitas 10.000 ton/tahun layak dibangun
Pengaruh Partisipasi Anggaran Dan Penekanan Anggaran Terhadap Kesenjangan Anggaran (Studi Kasus Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Majene)
No full textThis study aims to find out how budget participation and budget emphasis affect budget gaps in majene district government. The population in this study was all official offices in Majene Regency, which amounted to 20 offices. The sample selection method is purposive sampling. The sample of this research amounted to 60 samples. Data analysis using multiple linear regression test analysis tools, data validity and realibility test and classical assumption test consisting of normality test, multicholinearity test, heteroskedasticity test, . Hypothesis testing is carried out by partial testing (t), simultaneous testing (f), and determination (R2 ). The results of data analysis or multiple linear regressions show that partially (t) the variables of budget participation and budget emphasis affect budget lengths, Simultaneously (f) budget participation, and budget emphasis affects jointly on budget lengths. In the adjusted column R square is 0.470 or 47%, which means budget participation and budget emphasis in explaining the budget equivalent variable of 47% while 53% is explained by other variables not described in this study
Model of Groundwater Flow Using Boltzmann Lattice-Gas Automation Method In Maros Karst Region, Indonesia
No full textAbstract. In this study, modeling of mineral resources of underground water in karst mountain area of Maros-Pangkep, Indonesia was made by the Boltzmann lattice-gas automata method. This method was applied to solve the problem of groundwater flow by viewing them as a lattice gas. Simula tion models of groundwater flow in the form of 16 and 32 particle size with a barrier particles form a circle on the plate and different variations of time to reach steady its state. The simulation results showed that the greater the time duration, the mor e different fluid motion pattern. For the state of the karst region, this means that the heterogeneous medium karst very unstable and affect the movement of the particles. In addition, karstification process takes place in a relatively long time with adequate rainfall.
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Energy Efficiency Analysis of Wheat Crop under Different Climate- and Soil-Based Irrigation Schedules
No full textUse of energy in the agriculture sector has directly or indirectly been intensified to increase crop production to fulfill the food demand of the growing population. Considering the energy and water scarcity in Pakistan, the present study was carried out to assess wheat production efficiency with regard to energy consumption. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted at the Water Management Research Centre (WMRC), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, to compare two irrigation scheduling techniques (climatic- and soil moisture-based) and farmers’ practice. All the inputs, except volume of irrigation water, were the same for all treatments. Energy equivalents (extracted from a scientific source) were used to calculate the energy balance and indices (energy use efficiency, energy productivity (kg MJ−1), specific energy (MJ kg−1), net energy (MJ ha−1) and water productivity (kg m−3)). The results show that soil moisture-based treatment (at 30% management allowable depletion (MAD)) gave 7.94% and 27.94% more yield compared to climate-based treatments (20 mm cumulative pan evaporation (CPE)) and farmers’ practice respectively. Pumping water for irrigation was the highest energy consumption input for wheat production after chemical fertilizers. T1 = 30% MAD and T4 = 20 mm CPE treatments saved 33.71% and 35.72% energy, respectively, compared to farmers’ practice, due to water being saved. T1 and T4 treatments increased energy output by 11.40% and 6.38%, respectively, compared to farmers’ practice, in terms of grain yield and biological yield. The highest net energy (155,557.95 MJ ha−1), energy use efficiency (7.478), energy productivity (0.181 kg MJ−1) and water productivity (1.875 kg m−3) were achieved with T1 (30% MAD); however, the highest specific energy (8.148 MJ kg−1) was achieved with farmers’ practice. The results thus obtained help the farmers, stakeholder agencies and researchers to make informed decisions when choosing different treatments
Analisis Perencanaan Dan Pengawasan Biaya Operasional Pada PT. Adira Finance Cabang Wonomulyo
No full textSetiap perusahaan pada umumnya memiliki keinginan atau tujuan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan yang maksimal dari usaha yang dijalankannya. Keuntungan yang di dapat oleh perusahaan, tentunya sangat dibutuhkan atau membantu bagi perusahaan dalam usahanya untuk mengembangkan perusahaan pada saat sekarang ataupun di masa yang akan datang. Perencanaan dan pengawaasan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan suatu perusahaaan harus memadai dengan besarnya perusahaan tersebut. Kegiatan- kegiatan dalam perusahaan semacam ini merupakan kegiatan yang saling berkaitan antara satu dengan yang lain. Sehingga rencana kegiatan yang satu akan selaras dengan yang lainnya. Dan begitu juga dengan kegagalan pelaksanaan salah satu kegiatan akan mempunyai akibat terhadap kegiatan yang lain dalam suatu bagian atau bahkan dengan bagian lain yang ada di perusahaan itu. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai perencanaan dan pengawasan biaya operasional pada PT. Adira Finance Cabang Wonomulyo. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perencanaan dan pengawasan pada anggaran biaya operasional PT.Adira Finance Cabang Wonomulyo sudah dijalankan cukup efektif dan efesien, serta dapat dicapainya tujuan dari perusahaan yaitu laba.
Keywords:
biaya operasional, Perencanaan dan Pengawasa
KONSEP FANA' MENURUT ABU ‘ABDULLAH AL-ANṢĀRĪ AL-HARAWI
No full textArtikel ini berupaya menjelaskan konsep fanā’ dalam pandangan Abu `Abdullah al-Ansari al-Harawi, seorang tokoh sufi bermadzhab Hanbali dari Herat. Beliau adalah seorang ulama yang sangat keras menentang bid‘ah, namun beliau juga dikenal sebagai seorang sufi yang taat dan terkenal kebijaksanaannya. Pada awal kemunculannya, bahkan sampai saat ini, konsep fanā’ dinilai sebagai ajaran yang menyesatkan yang membuat seorang muslim bisa meninggalkan Syari‘at dengan dalih pencapaian fanā’. Untuk itu, peneliti mencoba menganalisis konsep fanā’ melalui kajian literatur tasawuf, kitab Manāzil al-Sāirīn karya al-Harawi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analitik yang akan digunakan untuk menguraikan teori dan konsep, serta mengujinya dengan data yang telah dikumpulkan oleh peneliti. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan merujuk kepada berbagai literatur tokoh tasawuf yang membahas tentang fanā’ untuk dapat mengambil kesimpulan. Kajian ini mendapati bahwa konsep fanā’ dalam pandangan al-Harawi lebih dapat diterima dan relevan untuk dijadikan pedoman pada saat ini. Dalam hal ini, al-Harawi telah meletakkan dasar-dasar ontologis, epistemologis, dan aksiologis fana’ dalam tradisi intelektual dan spirituali Islam. Usaha yang telah dirintis ini dapat memudahkan generasi berikutnya dalam memahami dan menjalani tahapan spritual untuk mencapai fana’ serta berdampak positif pada peningkatan dan penguatan keimanan dan keyakinan terhadap Syariat Ilahi
EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY OF WHEAT CROP SOWN OVER PERMANENT BEDS UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS
No full textThe present study was carried out at Water Management Research Centre (WMRC), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan to optimize the water usage for wheat crop in water scare regions of the country. Two main irrigation scheduling approaches i.e soil-moisture-based and climatic based were adopted and compared. There were overall six treatments; three treatments were for testing of climatic approach of irrigation scheduling i.e. application of irrigations at 20 mm (TC1), 30 mm (TC2) and 40 mm (TC3) Cumulative Pan Evaporations (CPE), and three treatments were for soil-moisture-based approach of irrigation scheduling i.e. 30% (TS1), 45% (TS2) and 60% (TS3) of Management Allowable Depletion (MAD) levels, and one farmer’s practice (Fp). Another aspect of the study was to check the ability of an in-season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measurements to predict wheat yield potential. Results showed that the soil-moisture-based treatments significantly increased wheat grain yields over climate-based treatments (TC2 and TC3) and non-significantly over TC1. Results of NDVI measurements showed that it can be used for accurate in-season wheat grain yield estimation with R2, RMSE, Cv, ME, RE, Bias and NSE estimated 0.768, 17, 4.4, 0.07, 0.019, 0.073 and 0.84 respectively and can be used as a valuable crop management tool
EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY OF WHEAT CROP SOWN OVER PERMANENT BEDS UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS
No full textThe present study was carried out at Water Management Research Centre (WMRC), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan to optimize the water usage for wheat crop in water scare regions of the country. Two main irrigation scheduling approaches i.e soil-moisture-based and climatic based were adopted and compared. There were overall six treatments; three treatments were for testing of climatic approach of irrigation scheduling i.e. application of irrigations at 20 mm (TC1), 30 mm (TC2) and 40 mm (TC3) Cumulative Pan Evaporations (CPE), and three treatments were for soil-moisture-based approach of irrigation scheduling i.e. 30% (TS1), 45% (TS2) and 60% (TS3) of Management Allowable Depletion (MAD) levels, and one farmer’s practice (Fp). Another aspect of the study was to check the ability of an in-season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measurements to predict wheat yield potential. Results showed that the soil-moisture-based treatments significantly increased wheat grain yields over climate-based treatments (TC2 and TC3) and non-significantly over TC1. Results of NDVI measurements showed that it can be used for accurate in-season wheat grain yield estimation with R2, RMSE, Cv, ME, RE, Bias and NSE estimated 0.768, 17, 4.4, 0.07, 0.019, 0.073 and 0.84 respectively and can be used as a valuable crop management tool
