177,341 research outputs found
R Code and Output Supporting "Accounting for individual-specific variation in habitat-selection studies: Efficient estimation of mixed-effects models using Bayesian or frequentist computation"
No full textSee readme.txt for a description of the files in this repository.This repository contains data and R code (along with associated output from running the code) for fitting resource-selection functions and step-selection functions with random effects, supporting all results reported in:
Muff, S., Signer, J. and Fieberg, J., 2018. Accounting for individual-specific variation in habitat-selection studies: Efficient estimation of mixed-effects models using Bayesian or frequentist computation. bioRxiv, p.411801.Muff, Stefanie; Signer, Johannes; Fieberg, John R. (2019). R Code and Output Supporting "Accounting for individual-specific variation in habitat-selection studies: Efficient estimation of mixed-effects models using Bayesian or frequentist computation". Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://doi.org/10.13020/8bhv-dz98
Caracladus zamoniensis Frick & Muff, 2009, spec. nov.
No full text<i>Caracladus zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. <p>(Figs 48–58)</p> <p> <i>Caracladus avicula,</i> Lessert 1907: 108, figs 5–6, ♂ misidentified; Lessert 1910: 160, figs 98–99, ♂ misidentified.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> <b>HOLOTYPE: Switzerland:</b> <i>Grisons</i>: Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♂ 24.x.2007, litter sieving, close to the edge of a subalpine forest of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>), leg. H. Frick, P. Muff, S. Klopfstein, det. H. Frick (NMBE Ar6741). <b>PARATYPES: Switzerland:</b> <i>Grisons</i>: Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 3♂ 4♀ 24.x.2007, litter sieving, close to the edge of a subalpine forest of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>), leg. H. Frick, P. Muff, S. Klopfstein, det. H. Frick (NMBE AR 6742); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'09.01'' N, 9°38'50.07'' E], 1♀ 17.x.–06.v.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMBE Ar6736) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♂ 19.ix.–16.x.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMBE Ar6735) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♀ 27.v.-24.vi.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (MHNG) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♂ 21.v.–24.vi.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (MHNG) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.50'' N, 9°38'41.89'' E], 1♂ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2005, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMB 2795b) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♀ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2006, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMB 2795a) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.50'' N, 9°38'41.89'' E], 1♂ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2005, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (SMF) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'09.24'' N, 9°38'47.74'' E], 1♀ 19.ix.-16.x.2005, pitfall trap, alpine timberline, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (SMF) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007).</p> <p> <b>Examined material. Austria:</b> <i>Vorarlberg</i>: Montafon, Garneratal, close to Gaschurn, 1560 m [46°57'56'' N, 10°00'40'' E], 1♂ 19.vii.–29.viii.2000, leg., det. and coll. W. Breuss (Breuss unpubl.). <b>France:</b> <i>Rhône- Alpes</i>: Haute-Savoie, Chamonix, montagne des Posettes (Montroc), 1600 m [45°59'40'' N, 6°56'03'' E], 1♀ 18.viii.1993, spruce forest with some birch trees, ground dwelling, leg., det. and coll. J.-C. Ledoux (Ledoux unpubl.); Vallorcine, entrance to the canyon of Bérard, 1680 m [46°02'30'' N, 6°56'10'' E], 1♂ 17.viii.1993, underbrush of larch trees, in litter, leg., det. and coll. J.-C. Ledoux (Ledoux unpubl.). <i>Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur</i>: Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Banon, ca. 800 m [44°02'16'' N, 5°37'40'' E], 1♂ 11.v.1986, leg. P. Poot, det. and coll. R. Bosmans (Bosmans unpubl.); Hautes-Alpes, Ceillac, ca. 1650 m [44°40'03'' N, 6°46'39'' E], 1♀ 04.viii.1980, leg. P. Poot, det. and coll. R. Bosmans (Bosmans unpubl.). <b>Switzerland:</b> <i>Bern</i>: Axalp, 1550 m [46°43'00'' N, 8°02'20'' E], 1♂ vi., leg. R. de Lessert, det. H. Frick (MHNG) (Lessert 1907). <i>Grisons</i>: Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.50'' N, 9°38'41.89'' E], 3♂ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2005, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (NMBE AR 6740) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♂ 21.v.–24.vi.2005, pitfall trap, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (coll. H. Frick, SP _0362) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Sur, Alp Flix, Salategnas, 1960 m [46°31'11.00'' N, 9°38'46.00'' E], 1♀ 17.x.2005 – 06.v.2006, pitfall traps, in spruce forest, leg. P. Muff, det. H. Frick (coll. H. Frick, SP _0363) (Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007); Trins, Mulins, above Purcs, ca. 1800 m [46°50'42.32'' N, 9°21'11.41'' E], 1♂ 2♀ 01.viii.1930, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933); Trins, Mulins, Bargis–Rischiglus–Furca–Flimserstein [46°51'30'' N, 9°17'30'' E], 1♀ 11.viii.1930, alpine zone, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933); Trins, Mulins, Belmont–Bargis, ca. 1550–2000 m [46°51'10'' N, 9°18'40'' E], 1♀ 21.vii.1930, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933); Trins, Mulins, below Alp Mora, ca. 1800 m [46°50'44'' N, 9°21'10'' E], 1♂ 2♀ 11.viii.1931, upper forest part, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933); Trins, Mulins, Si Munt-Uaul Sec, ca. 1200 m [46°50'0'' N, 9°21'10'' E], 1♂ 1♀ 04viii.1930, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795f) (Schenkel 1933). <i>Nidwalden</i>: Bruniswaldalp close to Altzellen,> 1400 m [46°51'20'' N, 8°23'20'' E], 1♂ 4♀ viii., leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795g) (Schenkel 1923). <i>Ticino</i>: Val Bedretto, Bedretto to Alpe di Folcra, 1400–1800 m [46°30'8'' N, 8°30'59'' E], 1♀ 11.–22.vii.1927 /1928, forest slope on the right valley side, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795e) (Schenkel 1929). <i>Valais</i>: close to Fiesch, Rafgarten – Ober Titer, 1500 m – 1600 m [46°30'50'' N, 8°18'20'' E], 6♀ 15.vii.1925, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795c) (Schenkel 1926); Fionnay, 1500 m [46°01'54'' N, 7°18'26'' E], 1♂ 2♀ ix.1906, in moss of spruce forest, leg. R. de Lessert, det. H. Frick (MHNG) (Lessert 1907; Thaler 1972); Leukerbad, ca. 1400 m [46°22'30'' N, 7°37'30'' E], 1♂ 4♀ viii.1930, leg. R. de Lessert, det. H. Frick (MHNG), 1♂ 1♀ viii.1930, leg. R. de Lessert, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795h) (Lessert 1930); Lötschental, close to Ried, 1500 m – 1600 m [46°24'50'' N, 7°48'20'' E], 1♂ 11♀ vii.1938, leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 2795i) (Schenkel 1939); Saas-Tal, Saas-Tal below Saas-Fee, Almagell–Saas-Fee, ca. 1600 m [46°06'30'' N, 7°55'40'' E], 1♂ vii./viii., leg. E. Schenkel, det. P. Muff (NMB 810d) (Schenkel unpubl.).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. is most similar to <i>C. avicula</i> but differs in the shape of the male and female genitalia and the shape of the male cephalic lobe.</p> <p> <i>Males</i>: Cephalic lobe of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. more robust than in <i>C. avicula</i>: the neck-like prolongation of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. is of equal diameter directly below and above the eye-field (AME, ALE, PLE) (Fig. 54) but much thinner below the eye-field in <i>C. avicula</i> (Fig. 23); distance between sulcus and AME is below 0.11 mm in <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. (Fig. 53) and above 0.12 mm in <i>C. avicula</i> (Fig. 22); sulcus cup-like in <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. and channel-like in <i>C. avicula</i>. Embolus of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. short, broad and robust basally, thin and U-shaped distally (Figs 49, 50); <i>C. avicula</i> with long, straight and whip-like embolus that narrows constantly towards the end (Figs 18, 19). <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. tibia I proximally bent and dorsally with glabrous area on the proximal half (Fig. 55) and no macroseta, in <i>C. avicula</i> with one dorsal macroseta in small glabrous field (Fig. 24).</p> <p> <i>Females</i>: Epigyne of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. with two anterior pouches formed by the ventral and dorsal plate, anterior borders highly sclerotised (Fig. 56). Pouches in <i>C. avicula</i> much larger and less sclerotised (Fig. 26). <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. with ventrally visible square dorsal plate, sclerotised parts of the vulva visible in transparency through ventral and dorsal plate defining a bright hourglass-like form centrally (Fig. 56). <i>C. avicula</i> with rectangular dorsal plate without sclerotised parts visible in transparency through dorsal plate but lateral to it (Fig. 26). Vulva of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. without copulatory duct, those of <i>C. avicula</i> with. Vulva of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. simple with hook-like sclerotised pouch borders, originating anterior and mesal to the receptacula (Figs 57, 58), in <i>C. avicula</i> shapes more complex (Figs 27, 28).</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Male</i></b> (Holotype, NMBE Ar 6741): Total length 2.18 mm. Cephalothorax: honey brown (138 U); reticulated; broad oval; 0.85 mm long without cephalic lobe (Fig. 54), 1.22 mm long with cephalic lobe (Fig. 54); 0.65 mm wide. Cephalic lobe: honey brown (138 U); shaft with few long hairs (Fig. 52); shaft constantly thick, at thinnest part below the eye-field 0.10 mm wide laterally, 0.11 mm wide dorsally (Figs 52, 54); tip of lobe laterally flattened with many short, stout and few long, slender hairs anterior to the PME (Figs 52, 54); sulcus 0.08 mm below AME (Fig. 53). Eyes: PME topmost on the cephalic lobe; AME projecting forward, lateral eyes besides the AME; one long macroseta projecting forward between AME (Fig. 54). Clypeus: directed obliquely backwards. Sternum: very fine brown (469 U) pigmentation on yellow (124 U) ground, dark brown (469 U) on the margins; 0.47 mm long; 0.51 mm wide; shield-shaped. Chelicerae: yellow (124 U); promargin with 5 teeth; retromargin with 5 denticles; stridulatory striae very dense and fine. Legs: yellow to light brown (120 U); formula 4-1-2-3; tibia I proximally bent and dorsal with glabrous area from proximal to more than half its length (Fig. 55), tibia III–IV with one dorsal proximal macroseta (0-0-1-1); metatarsi I–III with one trichobothrium, Tm I: 0.54 mm, metatarsus IV without trichobothria. Pedipalp: patella two times longer than broad, tibia retrolateral with expansion (round glabrous area, Fig. 51), one retrolateral and one prolateral trichobothrium (Fig. 51); paracymbium a simple clasp; tegulum distal with short and long papillae on protegulum (Fig. 48); suprategular apophysis semi-circular; marginal suprategular apophysis rather small, emerging close to the tip; distal suprategular apophysis robust, highly sclerotised (Figs 49, 50); column broad; embolic membrane slender; radix simple without any processes other than the elongated radical tailpiece and the embolus; embolus strongly sclerotised, twisted; broad at the base; very thin, curved tip (Fig. 50). Abdomen: dark olive green-brown (125 U); booklung covers very light brown (467 U); scaly.</p> <p> <i>Female</i> (Paratype, NMBE Ar 6742): Total length 1.81 mm. Cephalothorax: honey brown (138 U); reticulated; 0.89 mm long; 0.65 mm wide. Eyes: posterior row slightly procurved; anterior row straight. Sternum: very fine brown (469 U) pigmentation on yellow (124 U) ground, dark brown (469 U) on the margins; 0.46 mm long; 0.46 mm wide; shield-shaped. Chelicerae: honey brown (138 U); promargin with 5 large teeth; retromargin with 5 denticles; stridulatory striae very fine and dense. Legs: yellow (122 U); formula 4-1-2-3; tibia I–IV with one dorsal proximal macroseta (1-1-1-1); metatarsi I–III with one trichobothrium, Tm I: 0.52 mm, metatarsus IV without trichobothria. Epigyne: simple with hook-like sclerotised pouch borders, originating anteriorly and mesally to the receptacula (Figs. 57, 58); dorsal plate square, fully visible in ventral view; sclerotised parts of vulva visible in transparency through ventral and dorsal plate, defining a bright hourglass-like form centrally (Fig. 56). Vulva: without copulatory duct; receptacula globular, incoming dorsally. Abdomen: dorsal olive green-brown (119 U), ventral darker (147 U).</p> <p> <b>Variation</b>. The measurements are based on all type material (10♂ 9♀) plus specimens from the NMB (810i: 1♂ 2♀) and the MHNG (Axalp: 1♂; Fionnay: 1♂ 1♀).</p> <p> <i>Males</i> (n=13, means in brackets): The coloration is variable. Total length 1.91–2.18 mm (2.09 mm). Cephalothorax: 0.73–0.86 mm (0.82 mm) long without cephalic lobe, 1.10–1.23 mm (1.18 mm) long with cephalic lobe; 0.61–0.69 mm (0.65 mm) wide. Cephalic lobe: at thinnest part below the eye-field 0.10–0.13 mm (0.11 mm) wide laterally, 0.09–0.11 mm (0.11 mm) wide dorsally; sulcus 0.07–0.11 mm (0.08 mm) below AME (Fig. 53). Legs: Tm I: 0.50–0.59 mm (0.54 mm).</p> <p> <i>Females</i> (n=12, means in brackets): The colorations are variable. Total length 1.62–2.00 mm (1.82 mm). Cephalothorax: 0.75–0.89 mm (0.82 mm) long; 0.60–0.65 mm (0.62 mm) wide. Legs: Tm I: 0.48–0.60 mm (0.53 mm).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Endemic to the Alps, occurring in the Western- and Central Alps in France, Switzerland and Austria (Fig. 59). The Eastern distribution border seems to be in Western Austria. Checking of specimens of <i>C. avicula</i> collected west of Vorarlberg (Austria) revealed no misidentifications.</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. occurs in the litter layer of Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>) forests at the alpine timberline. Most sampling sites were inside the forest with no direct sunlight under branches of Norway spruce. The collection site and its surroundings were sampled intensively in two previous studies (Frick <i>et al.</i> 2006; Frick <i>et al.</i> 2007; Muff <i>et al.</i> 2007). We found no specimens of <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. around stand alone trees in the dwarf-shrub heath with a similar microclimate as the closed forests. <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. seems to avoid the open land. We only found two specimens in more open areas in the dwarf-shrub heath close to the subalpine forest. <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. was never collected together with <i>C. avicula</i> in the same pitfall trap but already in pitfall traps about 20 m away from <i>C. avicula</i>. The locus typicus is approximately 50 m away from the alpine timberline in the subalpine deciduous forest. We found the type specimens in litter under snow close to the tree trunk under a Norway spruce (Fig. 47) at 1960 m a.s.l. Other specimens were found between 1400–2000 m in litter and moss of spruce forests (e.g. Schenkel 1939). One record was much lower at app. 800 m in France (Bosmans pers. comm.).</p> <p> <b>Phenology.</b> This species seems to be eurychronous. All records of other authors at altitudes from 1400 m to 1800 m were between July and September. However, at the type locality (1960 m) specimens were exclusively found between September and June. This corresponds with the time between the first snow fall and the beginning of the snow free time.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The cephalic lobe of the male is morphologically very similar to the noses of the so called dwarf pirates and other imaginary figures from “Zamonia”. Zamonia is a continent inhabited by freaky creatures in the novel “The 13 ½ Lives of Captain Bluebear” by the German writer Walter Moers (2000). Translated, the species name means “ <i>Caracladus</i> from Zamonia”.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. lacks a copulatory duct. The insertion of sperm is assumed to take place through a space between the ventral and the dorsal plates which are supposed to be pressed apart during copulation.</p> <p> The specimens that Lessert (1907, 1910) shows have been evaluated by H.F. The figures of males in Lessert (1907: figs 5, 6) and reprinted in Lessert (1910: figs 98, 99) show <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. and not <i>C.</i></p> <p> <i>avicula</i>. The female mentioned in Lessert (1907: fig. 7) and Lessert (1910: fig. 100) shows <i>Diplocentria bidentata</i> (Emerton, 1882) (Thaler 1972).</p> <p> The specimen that was pictured by Pesarini (1996: figs 9–10) was not available to the authors. A definite assignment to either <i>C. avicula</i> or <i>C. zamoniensis</i> spec. nov. is not possible. However, his records are referred to as <i>C. avicula</i> in the distribution map (Fig. 59) and the list of records.</p> <p> The remaining pictures so far named as <i>C. avicula</i> in Heimer and Nentwig (1991: figs 350.1–350.5), Millidge (1977: fig. 162), Simon (1884: figs 408, 409 and fig. 8 on plate 27) and Thaler (1969: figs 16–21, 1972: figs 7–11) are correctly assigned to <i>C. avicula</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Frick, Holger & Muff, Patrick, 2009, Revision of the genus Caracladus with the description of Caracladus zamoniensis spec. nov. (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae), pp. 1-37 in Zootaxa 1982</i> on pages 20-26, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/185321">10.5281/zenodo.185321</a>
PENGEMBANGAN GANY CHIPS DAN GANY MUFF DENGAN SUBTITUSI TEPUNG GANYONG
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (1) Menemukan resep Gany Chips, (2) Menemukan resep Gany Muff, (3) Mengetahui penerimaan masyarakat terhadap produk chocochips cookies dan cheese lemon muffin dengan subtitusi tepung ganyong.
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam pembuatan produk ini yaitu R&D ( Research and Development ) dengan model pengembangan 4D yang meliputi: (1) Define adalah mencari resep acuan dari masing-masing produk yang akan disubtitusi, (2) Design adalah tahap mencari jumlah subtitusi tepung ganyong yang tepat untuk masing-masing resep acuan terpilih, (3) Develop adalah tahap pengembangan resep yang telah dipilih nilai subtitusinya serta validasi I dan II, (4) Disseminate adalah tahap publikasi produk hasil kembangan dan rekapitulasi penerimaan produk. Tempat dan waktu penelitian yaitu Laboratorium Program Studi Boga Fakultas Teknik Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta di mulai dari bulan Januari sampai Juni 2016. Bahan pengujian berupa sampel dari masing-masing produk. Sedangkan alat pengujian berupa berupa borang. Data di analisis secara deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif.
Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) Resep yang tepat pada pembuatan produk Gany Chips yaitu dengan mengganti total tepung terigu dengan tepung ganyong. Perbandingan tepung ganyong dan tepung maizena sebesar 80%:20%, menggunakan teknik olah creaming method dan diselesaikan dengan teknik olah baking selama 50 menit dengan suhu 1600C. Penyajian Gany Chips menggunakan toples transparan. 2) Resep yang tepat pada pembuatan Gany Muff dengan perbandingan subtitusi tepung ganyong dan tepung terigu sebesar 50%:50%, menggunakan teknik olah metode muffin dan diselesaikan dengan teknik olah baking , selama 30 menit, penyajian Gany Muff menggunakan cup casess . 3) daya terima masyarakat terhadap produk Gany chips terhadap warna 3,53, aroma 3,28, tekstur 3,35, rasa 3,33 dan keseluruhanya 3,43 sedangkan daya terima produk Gany muff terhadap warna 3,43, aroma 3,53, tekstur 3,53, rasa 3,65 dan keseluruhan 3,43, produk Gany chips dan Gany muff menunjukan bahwa kedua produk tersebut dapat diterima oleh masyarakat
Accounting for individual‐specific variation in habitat‐selection studies: Efficient estimation of mixed‐effects models using Bayesian or frequentist computation
No full text1. Popular frameworks for studying habitat selection include resource‐selection functions (RSFs) and step‐selection functions (SSFs), estimated using logistic and conditional logistic regression, respectively. Both frameworks compare environmental covariates associated with locations animals visit with environmental covariates at a set of locations assumed available to the animals. Conceptually, slopes that vary by individual, that is, random coefficient models, could be used to accommodate inter‐individual heterogeneity with either approach. While fitting such models for RSFs is possible with standard software for generalized linear mixed‐effects models (GLMMs), straightforward and efficient one‐step procedures for fitting SSFs with random coefficients are currently lacking.
2. To close this gap, we take advantage of the fact that the conditional logistic regression model (i.e. the SSF) is likelihood‐equivalent to a Poisson model with stratum‐specific fixed intercepts. By interpreting the intercepts as a random effect with a large (fixed) variance, inference for random‐slope models becomes feasible with standard Bayesian techniques, or with frequentist methods that allow one to fix the variance of a random effect. We compare this approach to other commonly applied alternatives, including models without random slopes and mixed conditional regression models fit using a two‐step algorithm.
3. Using data from mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) and Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra), we illustrate that our models lead to valid and feasible inference. In addition, we conduct a simulation study to compare different estimation approaches for SSFs and to demonstrate the importance of including individual‐specific slopes when estimating individual‐ and population‐level habitat‐selection parameters.
4. By providing coded examples using integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) and Template Model Builder (TMB) for Bayesian and frequentist analysis via the R packages R‐INLA and glmmTMB, we hope to make efficient estimation of RSFs and SSFs with random effects accessible to anyone in the field. SSFs with individual‐specific coefficients are particularly attractive since they can provide insights into movement and habitat‐selection processes at fine‐spatial and temporal scales, but these models had previously been very challenging to fit.acceptedVersionLocked until 27.8.2020 due to copyright restrictions. This is the peer reviewed version of an article, which has been published in final form at [https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13087]. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Relative variable importance: A comparison between R^2 decomposition and variable importance in machine learning
No full textI en regresjonsanalyse er vi ofte interessert i hvilke parametere som har størst påvirkning på responsvariabelen. Selv om det er gjort mye forskning på dette området når det kommer til lineære regresjonsmodeller, er det fortsatt en del som kan utforskes når det kommer til blandede modeller. I lineære regresjonsmodeller er det vanlig at viktigheten til parameterene er en dekomposisjon av variansen som er forklart av modellen. I blandede modeller er det ikke åpenbart hvor stor andel av variansen som er forklart av faste effekter og hvor stor del som er forklart av blandede effekter.
Formålet med denne avhandlingen er å diskutere en utvidelse av en eksisterende metode for å bestemme relative viktighet i lineære regresjonsmodeller, og sammenligne den utvidede metoden med relativ viktighet fra random forests. Metoden vil bli illustrert på to eksempler, et simulert datasett og en studie av aktivitetsnivået til barn (SPLASHY).
Random forests er en statistisk læringsmetode som naturlig kan gi et mål på relativ viktighet. Selv om det å håndtere blandede effekter i trær ikke er helt rett frem, er det mulig å kode blandede effekt variable som kategoriske variable for å gjøre de mer håndterbare for trær. Estimatet av variabelviktighet fra random forests kan da bli brukt som en sammenligning for det relative variabelviktighetsmålet fra de blandede modellene. Siden viktighetene som blir tildelt variablene i en random forest ikke dekomponerer en modellstatistikk, og størrelsen på viktighetene avhenger av skalaen til responsen, blir viktighetene standardiserte før sammenligning.
Den eksisterende metoden for å tildele relativ variabelviktighet i vanlige lineære modeller, kalt LMG-metoden, krever et godhetsmål (goodness-of-fit) på modellen. Det er vanlig å bruke forklart varians, R^2. For blandede lineære modeller er det i midlertid flere måter man kan definere R^2. Viktigst er skille mellom marginal og betinget R^2, hvor marginal kun tar hensyn til variansen forklart av de faste effektene, mens betinget tar hensyn til variansen forklart av både de blandede og de faste effektene.
En R pakke med funksjoner for å beregne de relative viktighetene i tilfeldig skjæringspunktmodeller er også et produkt av denne avhandlingen. En beskrivelse for hvordan installere og bruke denne pakken finnes i Appendix A
Letter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer, Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, October 2, 1942
No full textLetter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer at The Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, regarding property owned by Dave Tatsuno. Zellick mentions a dispute between current tenants and Tatsuno, and that Tatsuno has asked Goodman to help locate trustworthy tenants.Personal correspondence, organizational records, government documents, publications, and other papers created or collected by Joseph R. Goodman documenting the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, as well as organized resistance to incarceration. Included in the collection are records of the Japanese Young Men's Christian Association and the Japanese American Citizens' League in San Francisco, including papers of the Japanese YMCA's executive secretary Lincoln Kanai; Sakai family papers; Goodman's correspondence to and from Japanese American incarcerees, organizations opposing forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans, the War Relocation Authority, and others; publications, photographs, and ephemera from the Topaz Relocation Center, where Goodman taught high school; War Relocation Authority records and publications; and newspaper clippings, pamphlets, and reports about forced removal and incarceration created by various government, religious, and civic organizations, in California and nationwide
Calcitonin gene products and the kidney
No full textCalcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is localized in capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibres in the kidney and urogenital tract whereas calcitonin reaches the kidney through the general circulation. Systemic infusion of CGRP and perfusion of isolated rat kidney reduces vascular resistance, and increases renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. CGRP stimulates renin secretion in vivo and in vitro and inhibits contraction of isolated rat mesangial cells by angiotensin II. Calcitonin does not affect vascular resistance, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration, and is less potent in stimulating renin secretion, and does not alter contraction of isolated rat mesangial cells by angiotensin II. CGRP also exerts renal tubular effects brought about probably through interaction with calcitonin receptors. To this end, increased excretion of sodium and chloride, and stimulation of urinary flow are less pronounced with CGRP than with calcitonin. Calcitonin, moreover, stimulates the fractional urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate
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