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Hak Masyarakat Adat (Indigenous Peoples) atas Sumberdaya Alam: Perspektif Hukum Internasional
Full text linkAbstrak
Selama dekade terakhir, hukum internasional telah berkembang lebih baik dengan mempertimbangkan hak masyarakat adat atas sumber daya alam yang kemudian memengaruhi hukum berbagai negara. Meskipun demikian, dalam praktiknya, hak masyarakat adat atas sumber daya alam tidak selalu dijamin dan ditegakkan. Selain itu, hak masyarakat adat tersebut kurang mendapatkan pengakuan hukum formal meskipun dalam beberapa tahun terakhir beberapa negara telah mengesahkan undang-undang untuk melindungi hak masyarakat adat atas sumber daya alam. Artikel ini berusaha untuk menganalisis kerangka hukum internasional yang memberikan perlindungan secara memadai terhadap isu-isu tentang hak masyarakat adat atas sumber daya alam. Konvensi ILO 169 telah menetapkan beberapa hak masyarakat adat yang penting, seperti free dan informed consent, consultation, dan compensation. Ketentuan konvensi tentang hak atas sumber daya alam memiliki pengaruh terhadap berbagai negara dalam penyusunan instrumen lainnya. Konvensi juga digunakan sebagai referensi dalam kasus hukum domestik, misalnya di Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, dan pengadilan regional. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) merupakan dokumen penting bagi pengakuan dan perlindungan hak-hak masyarakat adat di tingkat internasional. Deklarasi ini mengakui hak-hak kolektif, termasuk the right to self-determination dan the right to cultural heritage and intellectual property. Referensi tentang hak atas tanah dapat ditemukan di seluruh deklarasi. Pasal 26 merupakan salah satu ketentuan utama. Ketentuan ini memiliki visi yang jauh ke depan, terutama pengakuan bahwa masyarakat adat memiliki hak atas tanah yang mereka miliki secara tradisional dan menguasai sumber daya yang mereka miliki. Berdasarkan Pasal 32, negara berkewajiban menerapkan the free, prior and informed consent dari masyarakat adat sebelum memberikan persetujuan proyek-proyek yang dapat memengaruhi tanah mereka.
Abstract
Over the past decade, international law has evolved so as to better take into consideration indigenous peoples' natural resources rights and has influenced in many ways the law of numerous states. However, in practice, indigenous peoples' natural resources rights are not always guaranteed and enforced. Furthermore, most of the indigenous peoples lack formal legal recognition of their natural resources rights, although in recent years some states have adopted legislation to secure indigenous peoples' natural resources rights. This article seeks to analyze whether within the framework of international law, a sufficient protection to indigenous peoples regarding natural resources rights issues has been provided. ILO Convention 169 entrenches important indigenous peoples' rights such as free and informed consent, consultation and compensation. Its provisions on natural resources rights have had an influence on states and on the drafting of other instruments. The Convention has also been used as a point of reference in domestic case law in regional courts (for example in Bolivia, Argentina, and Venezuela). The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) represents an important step towards the recognition and protection of indigenous peoples' rights at international level. It acknowledges numerous collective rights, including the right to self-determination and the right to cultural heritage and intellectual property. References to land rights can be found throughout the Declaration. Article 26 is one of the key provisions; it is far reaching, especially in recognizing that indigenous peoples have a right over the lands they have traditionally owned and have control over the resources that they possess. It also acknowledges that states must give legal recognition to these lands and that customary land tenure must be respected. Article 32 requires states to obtain the free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples before approving projects that can affect their lands
Kekuatan Hukum Sertifikat Tanah (Putusan Mahkamah Syar’iah Banda Aceh Nomor 223/PDT.G/20187MS-BNA)
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kekuatan hukum sertipikat hak atas tanah yang dinyatakan tidak berkekuatan hukum oleh mahkamah syar’iyah; metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini metode normatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penelitian kepustakaan dan penelitian lapangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pendaftaran tanah bertujuan untuk memberikan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan hukum kepada pemegang hak atas suatu bidang tanah, satuan rumah susun dan hak-hak lain yang terdaftar agar dengan mudah dapat membuktikan dirinya sebagai pemegang hak yang bersangkutan. Berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang terdapat di masyarakat, sertipikat hak atas tanah belum sepenuhnya memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan hukum kepada pemegang hak atas tanah. Dalam prakteknya seperti pada kasus dalam putusan m ahkamah Syar’iah Banda Aceh Nomor 223/Pdt.G/2017/MS.Bna hakim menetapkan bahwa penggugat yang merupakan ayah dari tergugat berhak mendapatkan ¼ (seperempat) bagian dan menyatakan bahwa sertipikat hak milik atas tanah No.10146 dinyatakan tidak sah dan tidak mempunyai kekuatan hukum
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The Politics of Law on the Fulfillment of Restitution Rights for Rape Victims Based on the Qanun Jinayat in Aceh
No full textThis study aims to explore the policy of the politics of law and procedure for the effective fulfillment of restitution rights for rape victims in Aceh. For rape victims, restitution is a form of compensation as part of the fulfillment of human rights and legal protection for the disadvantaged party. Providing compensation for rape victims is crucial as generally the victims come from vulnerable groups who have been harmed physically, psychologically, and socially. However, the mechanism for obtaining compensation in the form of restitution for rape victims has been an issue in Aceh. In addition, the question arises on how the implementation of restitution is in the decisions of judges who try rape cases based on the Qanun Jinayat. This study used a normative juridical method, analyzed with the theory of legal politics. The study concludes that the regulation of restitution in the Qanun Jinayat as an additional punishment for rapists needs to be further studied to examine whether restitution as an additional punishment can fulfill a sense of justice for the victims. Moreover, the restitution formulation in the Qanun Jinayat Aceh has not made it easy for rape victims to receive compensation from the perpetrators due to the complicated process and requirements for obtaining restitution. However, in the context of legal politics, the Qanun Jinayat can be understood as a government policy to provide legal certainty and justice. Any shortcoming at present means that more room for improvements in its implementation in the future
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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