1,720,957 research outputs found
The president Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal in the eyes of Wiktor Podoski
No full textFranklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal purpose was to stop the Great Depression. The article task is to show knowledge of Polish diplomacy about the program. It is based on Wiktor Podoski’s elaboration Nowy ład Roosevelta. Author was an employee of Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In his book he describes realization of New Deal from 1933 to 1936. The article presents how Podoski showed the program and each act. He shows, in great detail, some of the reforms and biggest institutions appointed under the New Deal: National Recovery Administration, Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Public Works Administration. Many of the reforms were skipped or only mentioned by author. Information showed by him weren’t always accurate. Some of the reforms of the second phase of the program are described with author’s opinion about their future. Article also shows, as a summary reforms of New Deal of the years 1936–1937.Nowy Ład Franklina Delano Roosevelta miał na celu powstrzymanie wielkiego kryzysu. Artykuł ma za zadanie pokazać wiedzę polskiej dyplomacji na temat programu. Jest on oparty na opracowaniu Wiktora Podoskiego Nowy ład Roosevelta. Autor był pracownikiem polskiego Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych. Opisuje on realizację Nowego Ładu od 1933 do 1936 r. W artykule odzwierciedlone zostało to, jak Podoski przedstawił program oraz poszczególne ustawy. Szczegółowo ukazuje on niektóre reformy, a także największe instytucje powołane w ramach Nowego Ładu: National Recovery Administration, Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Federal Emergency Relief Administration oraz Public Works Administration. Wielu ustaw autor pominął lub tylko o nich wspomniał. Przedstawione przez niego informacje nie zawsze były niedokładne. Niektóre z reform drugiej fazy programu zostały opisane wraz z opinią autora na temat ich przyszłości. W artykule zostały również ukazane, jako podsumowanie, reformy Nowego Ładu z okresu 1936–1939
British policy towards Japan in the shadow of the outbreak of World War II
No full textIn the summer of 1939, Anglo-Japanese relations were extremely tense. A major change in the situation occurred with the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the outbreak of World War Two. These events completely remodeled the existing system of alliances. Britain and Japan started to seek the possibility of rapprochement. However, due to a conflict of interests in China, the anti-Japanese attitude of the United States and general distrust in both countries towards each other, a reset in Anglo-Japanese relations could not be reached
БРИТАНСКАЯ ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКАЯ И ВОЕННАЯ ПОДГОТОВКА К ВОЙНЕ НА ТИХОМ ОКЕАНЕ С 17 ОКТЯБРЯ ПО 7 ДЕКАБРЯ 1941 Г.
No full textThe assumption of the post of Prime Minister of Japan by General Tojo Hideki on 17 October 1941 was interpreted in London as a prelude to further aggressive actions on the part of Tokyo. The purpose of this article is to examine what steps the British government took to prepare for a potential confrontation in diplomatic and military fields. A key reinforcement of British forces was the creation of the Far East Fleet squadron intended to serve as a primary deterrent, which was done at the expense of weakening the position of the British Navy in other areas. In contrast, land troops in the Malay region received only token support. The Air Force was in the worst position, as there were far too few aircraft for defensive purposes and they were not of the best quality. However, due to the involvement on other fronts and supplying military equipment to the Soviet Union, it was impossible to deliver more weapons to Southeast Asia. In the area of diplomacy, the main effort was directed at securing guarantees of support from the United States. However, due to the Neutrality Acts and the general reluctance of the American public to participate in the war, only verbal promises of assistance were obtained. Cooperation with the Dutch East Indies authorities went much better and they remained the most important ally for the British Empire in the area. In addition, attempts were made to enlist the cooperation of Thailand, but London’s offer to that country remained extremely unattractive, as the British were unable to provide guarantees of territorial integrity for the Thais. All these factors, combined with a misreading of Japanese intentions, meant that Britain entered the armed conflict with Japan poorly prepared, leading to the defeat at the Battle of Malaya and the fall of SingaporeObjęcie stanowiska premiera Japonii przez generała Tojo Hideki 17 października 1941 r. zostało odczytane w Londynie jako zapowiedź kolejnych agresywnych kroków ze strony Tokio. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie jakie działania podjął brytyjski rząd, aby przygotować się do potencjalnej konfrontacji z Japonią na polu dyplomatycznym i militarnym. Kluczowym wzmocnieniem było utworzenie eskadry Floty Dalekowschodniej, mającej w założeniu funkcjonować jako podstawowy czynnik odstraszający. Dokonało się to kosztem osłabienia pozycji brytyjskich sił morskich na innych obszarach. Wojska lądowe na obszarze Malajów otrzymały natomiast jedynie symboliczne wsparcie. W najgorszej sytuacji było lotnictwo, gdyż samolotów było zdecydowanie zbyt mało dla celów obronnych, ponadto nie były to jednostki o najlepszej jakości. Ze względu jednak na zaangażowanie na innych frontach oraz na dostarczanie sprzętu wojskowego do Związku Radzieckiego niemożliwe było wysłanie większej ilości uzbrojenia do Azji Południowo-Wschodniej. Na obszarze dyplomacji starano się przede wszystkim o zapewnienie gwarancji wsparcia ze strony Stanów Zjednoczonych. Ze względu jednak na Ustawę o Neutralności oraz ogólną niechęć amerykańskiego społeczeństwa do udziału w wojnie, udało się jedynie uzyskać werbalne obietnice pomocy. O wiele lepiej układała się współpraca z władzami Holenderskich Indii Wschodnich, które pozostawały najistotniejszym sojusznikiem dla Imperium Brytyjskiego na tym obszarze. Poza tym próbowano pozyskać do współpracy Tajlandię, jednak oferta Londynu dla tego kraju pozostawała wyjątkowo nieatrakcyjna. Brytyjczycy nie byli w stanie zapewnić gwarancji integralności terytorialnej dla tego kraju. Te czynniki, w połączeniu z niewłaściwym odczytaniem japońskich intencji sprawiły, że Wielka Brytania przystępowała do starcia z Japonią słabo przygotowana, czego skutkiem była klęska w bitwie o Malaje i upadek Singapuru.Вступление в должность премьер-министра Японии генерала Тодзио Хидэки 17 октября 1941 г. было воспринято в Лондоне как заявление о дальнейших агрессивных шагах со стороны Токио. Цель статьи - рассмотреть, какие действия предприняло британское правительство для подготовки к возможной конфронтации с Японией в дипломатической и военной областях. Ключевым усилением стало формирование эскадры Дальневосточного флота, призванной выполнять функции основного средства сдерживания. Это было сделано за счет ослабления позиций британских военно-морских сил на других направлениях. В области дипломатии были предприняты усилия, чтобы заручиться гарантиями поддержки со стороны США. Однако из-за Закона о нейтралитете и общего нежелания американской общественности участвовать в войне были получены только устные обещания помощи. Гораздо лучше было сотрудничество с властями Голландской Ост-Индии, которая оставалась важнейшим союзником Британской империи в этой области. Кроме того, предпринимались попытки склонить Таиланд к сотрудничеству, но предложение Лондона для этой страны оставалось крайне непривлекательным. Британцы не смогли предоставить гарантии территориальной целостности страны. Эти факторы в сочетании с неправильным истолкованием намерений японцев означали, что Великобритания вступила в столкновение с Японией плохо подготовленной, что привело к поражению в битве при Малайе и падению Сингапура
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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