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Sources spatiales des inégalités et déterminants de la redistribution
No full textLes inégalités de richesse ont augmenté dans plusieurs pays. Le patrimoine immobilier étant une composante majeure de la richesse totale, il est fondamental d'étudier ce qui détermine sa valeur pour comprendre la dynamique de la répartition de la richesse. De plus, étant donné le niveau élevé des inégalités, une compréhension plus approfondie des déterminants de la redistribution est nécessaire. Cette thèse se développe selon ces deux axes de recherche. Le chapitre 1 étudie l'impact des contraintes d'emprunt et des choix résidentiels des ménages sur les inégalités de richesse. Nous trouvons que les contraintes d'emprunt peuvent générer des inégalités et un tri spatial des individus qui peuvent persister à long terme. Dans le chapitre 2, j'étudie l'impact du pouvoir de vote des communes dans les conseils intercommunaux sur l'offre de logements. Je trouve que les communes avec un pouvoir de vote plus élevé ont tendance à construire moins de logements multifamiliaux et plus de logements unifamiliaux. Le chapitre 3 analyse les préférences en matière de redistribution des résidents américains appartenant aux 20% supérieurs et inférieurs de la distribution des revenus. Nous constatons que les participants redistribuent davantage lorsque les individus pauvres (bénéficiaires de la redistribution) sont décrits comme des travailleurs acharnés, tandis que les caractéristiques des personnes aisées n'influencent que les décisions des participants à haut revenu. Le chapitre 4 analyse comment les choix de redistribution des décideurs politiques sont influencés par leur propre idéologie et par les préférences des électeurs en utilisant une expérience en ligne avec des élus locaux français. Les résultats soulignent l'importance des préférences des électeurs dans les choix fiscaux et les raisons pour lesquelles les décisions des décideurs politiques s'écartent de ces préférences.Wealth inequalities surged in several countries. Since housing wealth is a significant component of total wealth, it is fundamental to study what determines its value to comprehend the dynamics of the wealth distribution. Moreover, given the high level of inequalities, a deeper understanding of the determinants of redistribution is necessary. This dissertation develops along these two research lines. Chapter 1 investigates the impact of borrowing constraints and households' residential choices on wealth inequalities. We find that borrowing constraints can generate inequalities and individuals' spatial sorting that can persist in the long run. In chapter 2, I study the impact of French municipalities' voting power in the intermunicipal councils on housing supply. I find that municipalities with a higher voting power tend to build less multi-family and more single-family housing. Chapter 3 analyzes preferences for redistribution of US residents from the top and bottom 20% of the income distribution. We find that participants redistribute more when poor individuals (beneficiaries of redistribution) are described as hard workers, while the characteristics of the affluent influence only high-income participants' decisions. Chapter 4 analyses how policymakers' redistributive choices are impacted by their own ideology and by voters' preferences using an online experiment with French local politicians. The results highlight the importance of voters' preferences in tax choices and why policymakers' decisions deviate from these preferences
Les citadins ne se mélangent pas : en ville, nous vivons près de ceux qui ont le même revenu
No full textDynamics of social norms in the city
No full textInternational audienceWe study how in a city either opposite social norms remain or a particular code of behavior spreads and ultimately prevails. We develop a multicommunity model with overlapping generations. When young, an individual chooses a certain level of educational effort. The crucial feature is that the decision is influenced by peers living in the area who favor a social norm either valuing education or discrediting it. When an adult, an individual who cares about both her offspring’s expected income and the social norm chooses the family’s location. Endogenous location leads to different patterns of social norms in the city. We identify two types of urban equilibrium: a culturally-balanced city where social norms are distributed evenly among urban areas and where the rate of education is the same in each urban area and a culturally-divided city where urban areas oppose on their prevailing social norm and exhibit different rates of education. We then study the dynamics of social norms. We show that there are multiple long-run patterns of social norms. A particular steady state is achieved depending on the initial distribution support for social norms in the population. Finally, we show that a public policy promoting social integration can lead, in the long run, to a population unanimously discrediting education. Enforcing social integration can obtain less education than allowing the culturally-divided city to arise
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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