22 research outputs found
Keberhasilan rukyatul hilal oleh Muhammad Inwanuddin pada Ramadan 1431 H dan Muharram 1439 H dalam perspektif nalar ‘irfani
No full textDalam pelaksanaan rukyatul hilal, Muhammad Inwanuddin selalu menggunakan mata langsung atau tanpa alat bantu rukyat. Beberapa laporan keberhasilannya dalam melihat hilal dinilai tidak sesuai dengan kriteria imkan ar-rukyat yang dipakai oleh Kementerian Agama RI, seperti pada penetapan awal Ramadan 1431 H dan Muharram 1439 H. Hipotesis awal menunjukkan adanya faktor spiritualitas dan religiusitas yang mempengaruhi keberhasilannya dalam melihat hilal, sehingga penelitian ini bermaksud untuk memahami dan menjawab pertanyaan terkait: 1) Bagaimana keberhasilan rukyatul hilal oleh Muhammad Inwanuddin pada Ramadan 1431 H dan Muharram 1439 H dalam perspektif nalar ‘irfani. 2) Bagaimana relevansi antara nalar ‘irfani oleh Muhammad Inwanuddin dengan fakta scientific dalam keberhasilan rukyatul hilal.
Jenis penelitian ini masuk ke dalam kategori kualitatif dengan kajian penelitian lapangan, kemudian penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan epistemologi ‘irfani dan fenomenologi untuk menguraikan data yang telah diperoleh. Sumber data yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara kepada subjek penelitian sebagai data primer dan berbagai buku, artikel jurnal, karya tulis ilmiah serta dokumen yang berkaitan dengan pembahasan dalam penelitian ini sebagai data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan oleh penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik wawancara semi terstruktur dan teknik observasi partisipan, sedangkan untuk menganalisis datanya penulis menggunakan teknik eksplikasi data.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Nalar ‘irfani yang berkaitan mengenai spiritualitas dan religiusitas yang dilakukan oleh Muhammad Inwanuddin berpengaruh positif dengan tingkat keberhasilan rukyatul hilal, terutama pada pelaksanaan rukyatul hilal awal Ramadan 1431 H dan Muharram 1439 H. 2) Relevansi antara nalar ‘irfani yang berkaitan mengenai spiritualitas dan religiusitas yang dilakukan oleh Muhammad Inwanuddin dengan fakta scientific dalam keberhasilan rukyatul hilal nyatanya terdapat kesesuaian dan signifikansi di antara keduanya.
ABSTRACT:
In the implementation of rukyatul hilal, Muhammad Inwanuddin always uses direct eyes or without rukyat aids. Several reports of its success in seeing the hilal were judged not to be in accordance with the criteria of imkan ar-rukyat used by the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia, such as the initial determination of Ramadan 1431 H and Muharram 1439 H. The initial hypothesis indicated that there were spirituality and religiosity factors that influenced his success in seeing the new moon, so that This study intends to understand and answer related questions: 1) How successful was the rukyatul hilal by Muhammad Inwanuddin in Ramadan 1431 H and Muharram 1439 H in the perspective of 'irfani reasoning. 2) What is the relevance of Muhammad Inwanuddin's 'irfani reasoning with scientific facts in the success of rukyatul hilal.
This type of research is included in the qualitative category with field research studies, then this study uses an epistemological approach of 'irfani and phenomenology to describe the data that has been obtained. Sources of data used by the author in this study were interviews with research subjects as primary data and various books, journal articles, scientific papers and documents related to the discussion in this study as secondary data. The data collection technique used by the author in this study is a semi-structured interview technique and participant observation technique, while to analyze the data the author uses a data explication technique.
The results of this study indicate that: 1) 'Irfani reasoning related to spirituality and religiosity carried out by Muhammad Inwanuddin has a positive effect on the success rate of rukyatul hilal, especially in the implementation of rukyatul hilal at the beginning of Ramadan 1431 H and Muharram 1439 H. 2) Relevance between reasoning ‘irfani related to spirituality and religiosity carried out by Muhammad Inwanuddin with scientific facts in the success of rukyatul hilal in fact there is a match and significance between the two.
الملخص
في تنفيذ رئية الهلال ، يستخدم محمد عنوان الدين دائمًا عيونًا مباشرة أو بدون مساعدات رئيات. تم الحكم على عدة تقارير عن نجاحها في رئية الهلال على أنها لا تتوافق مع معايير إمكان الرئيات التي تستخدمها وزارة الدين في جمهورية إندونيسيا ، مثل التحديد الأولي لشهر رمضان ١٤٣١ هـ ومحرم ١٤٣٩ هـ. أشارت الفرضية الأولية إلى أن هناك عوامل روحانية وتدين أثرت في نجاحه في رئية الهلال ، بحيث تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى فهم والإجابة على الأسئلة ذات الصلة: ١) ما مدى نجاح رئية الهلال لمحمد عنوان الدين في رمضان ١٤٣١ هـ ومحرم. ١٤٣٩ هـ في منظور عرفاني. ٢) ما علاقة منطق العرفاني لمحمد عنوان الدين بالحقائق العلمية في نجاح رئية الهلال.
يندرج هذا النوع من البحث ضمن الفئة النوعية مع الدراسات البحثية الميدانية ، ثم تستخدم هذه الدراسة المنهج المعرفي للعرفاني والظواهر لوصف البيانات التي تم الحصول عليها. كانت مصادر البيانات التي استخدمها المؤلف في هذه الدراسة هي المقابلات مع موضوعات البحث مثل البيانات الأولية والكتب المختلفة والمقالات الصحفية والأوراق العلمية والوثائق المتعلقة بالمناقشة في هذه الدراسة كبيانات ثانوية. تقنية جمع البيانات المستخدمة من قبل المؤلف في هذه الدراسة هي تقنية مقابلة شبه منظمة وتقنية ملاحظة المشاركين ، بينما لتحليل البيانات يستخدم المؤلف تقنية شرح البيانات.
تشير نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أن: ١) استنتاج عرفاني للروحانية والتدين الذي قام به محمد عنوان الدين كان له تأثير إيجابي على معدل نجاح رئية الهلال ، خاصة في تنفيذ رئية الهلال في بداية شهر رمضان ١٤٣١ هـ. محرم ١٤٣٩ هـ ٢) الصلة بين التفكير العرفي المرتبط بالروحانية والتدين الذي قام به محمد عنوان الدين مع الحقائق العلمية في نجاح رئية الهلال في الواقع هناك تطابق ودلالة بين الاثنين
Akuitas mata dalam kriteria visibilitas hilal
No full textTingkat Akuitas (ketajaman) mata manusia dalam melihat sebuah objek berbeda-beda. Hal ini berdampak pada tingkat keberhasilan perukyat dalam rukyatul hilal. Judhistira AU dan Binta menerapkan faktor akuitas ini ke dalam visibilitas hilal Kastner. Faktor tersebut dipakai sebagai klaim atas kasus pengamatan hilal yang tak terbantahkan. Hal ini merupakan corak pemikiran baru, terutama bagi perkembangan pemahaman visibilitas hilal di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini penulis ingin mengetahui beberapa hal yaitu: 1) Bagaimana teori akuitas mata dalam visibilitas hilal? 2) Mengapa akuitas mata jarang dipakai dalam perumusan kriteria visibilitas hilal?. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data diambil dengan teknik dokumentasi, wawancara dan observasi. Sementara untuk analisis data menggunakan metode deskriptif, eksplanatif dan komparatif.
Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Modifikasi yang dilakukan oleh Judhistira AU dan Binta dalam visibilitas Kastner secara umum telah sesuai dengan ilmu Astronomi dan Fisika Optik, meskipun ada beberapa koreksi yang tidak diterapkan karena keterbatasan alat dan teknologi seperti glare, penglihatan warna, adaptasi gelap terang, bentuk dan durasi melihat. 2) Kriteria visibilitas hilal yang ada selama ini bersifat global dan memang diterapkan untuk tujuan terciptanya kalender global tunggal, namun sayangnya harus mengabaikan faktor-faktor ilmiah seperti akuitas mata, karena secara ilmiah memang tidak ada kriteria yang dapat berlaku secara global. Dengan observasi sederhana penulis juga telah memperoleh kriteria visibilitas hilal untuk akuitas mata normal dalam bentuk parameter fisis (ARCV, ARCL, Umur, Lag Time, Lebar Hilal, dan DAz). Kriteria ini bersifat dinamis dan masih dapat berubah sesuai dengan jumlah data pengamatan, dan secara keilmuan, kriteria ini seharusnya dapat diterima karena telah sesuai dengan beberapa kriteria yang ada.
ABSTRACT
The sharpness level of the human’s eye in seeing an object are varies, and will impact on the success rate in observation. Judhistira AU and Binta have modified the Kastner’s visibility with eye’s acuity factor. This factor is used as a claim for a controversial case of observation. This is a new thinking, especially for the development of understanding of crescent’s visibility in Indonesia. In this study the authors research: 1) How the theory of eye’s acuity in crescent’s visibility applied? 2) Why eye’s acuity is rarely used in the formulation criteria of crescent’s visibility?. The type of this research is a qualitative research with case study approach. Data were taken with documentation, interview and observation techniques. While for data analysis use descriptive, explanative and comparative method.
The results of this study indicate that: 1) The modifications made by Judhistira AU and Binta in Kastner's visibility are generally consistent with Astronomy and Optical Physics term, although some corrections are not applied due to the limitations of tools and technologies such as glare, color vision, adaptation, object’s shape and duration of view. 2) The existing criteria of crescent’s visibility is a global criteria, and is applied for the purpose of creating a single global calendar, but unfortunately it ignores scientific factors such as eye’s acuity, because there is no criteria that can apply globally. With a simple observation the author has also formulated the crescent’s visibility criteria for normal eye’s acuity in the form of physical parameters (ARCV, ARCL, Age, Lag Time, Crescent’s Width, and DAz). This criterion is dynamic and can still change according to the amount of observational data, and scientifically, this criterion should be acceptable because it is in accordance with several criteria
Peningkatan kontras astrofotografi hilal dengan buffle dan infrared filter : studi ukur fotometri astrofotografi dengan Algoritma Michelson contrast pada Aplikasi AstroImageJ
No full textBanyak pelaku rukyatulhilal yang telah menggunakan teknologi terbaru astrofotografi hilal. Susahnya rukyatulhilal akibat pengaruh sebaran cahaya senja yang mengganggu ketampakan Hilal mendasari penulis untuk menguji penggunaan instrumen tambahan guna peningkatan kontras hilalnya. Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) Bagaimana penerapan fotometri perumusan Michelson Contrast guna uji kontras hilal menggunakan Aplikasi AstroImageJ? (2) Bagaimana pengaruh perubahan kontras hilal pada penggunaan astrofotografi hilal dengan Buffle dan Infrared Filter?. Studi ini menggunakan metode kualitatif lapangan dengan pendekatan multidisipliner dan menggunakan analisis deskriptif untuk memberi penggambaran umum terkait peningkatan kontras menggunakan instrumen tambahan berupa Buffle dan Infrared Filter, dan juga menarik kesimpulan.
Hasil analisis 24 data dari 4 tanggal rukyatulhilal pada penelitian ini memiliki kondisi hilal termuda berumur 31 jam setelah konjungsi dengan nilai elongasi 16º, simpulannya adalah (1) Penerapan fotometri kontras pada astrofotografi Hilal membutuhkan prosedur berupa pengukuran sistematis dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. (2) Pengaruh perubahan pada peningkatan kontras hilal sangat baik berdasar penggunaan Buffle atau Infrared Filter serta penggunaan keduanya secara bersamaan. Dampak pada penggunaan instrumen tersebut terdapat kesamaan dan perbedaan berdasar karakternya masing-masing.
Kata Kunci: Kontras Hilal, Michelson Kontras, Buffle, Infrared Filter
ABSTRACT:
Many rukyatulhilal practitioners have used the latest hilal astrophotography technology. The difficulty of rukyatulhilal is due to the influence of the distribution of twilight light, which interferes with the appearance of the Hilal and motivates the author to test the use of additional instruments to increase the contrast of the crescent moon. The problems studied in this research are as follows: (1) How is the photometry formulation of the Michelson Contrast applied for the hilal contrast test using the AstroImageJ Application? (2) How does the change in hilal contrast affect the use of hilal astrophotography with Buffle and Infrared Filter? This study uses qualitative field methods with a multidisciplinary approach. It uses descriptive analysis to provide a general description of contrast enhancement using additional instruments in the form of Buffle and Infrared Filter, and it also concludes.
The analysis of 24 data from 4 rukyatulhilal dates in this study showed that the youngest Hilal was 31 hours after conjunction with an elongation value of 16º. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The application of contrast photometry in Hilal astrophotography requires procedures in the form of systematic and accountable measurements. (2) The effect of changes in increasing the contrast of the Hilal is perfect based on the use of Buffle or Infrared Filter and the use of both simultaneously. The impact of using these instruments has similarities and differences based on their respective characteristics.
Keywords: Hilal Contrast, Michelson Contrast, Buffle, Infrared Filter
ملخّص
استخدم العديد من ممارسي ركياتولهلال أحدث تقنيات التصوير الفلكي الهلالي. إن صعوبة الركيات بسبب تأثير توزيع ضوء الشفق الذي يتداخل مع مظهر الهلال يدفع المؤلف إلى اختبار استخدام أدوات إضافية لزيادة تباين الهلال. المشاكل التي تمت دراستها في هذا البحث هي (1) كيف يتم تطبيق الصيغة الضوئية لتباين ميكلسون في اختبار تباين الهلال باستخدام تطبيق AstroImageJ؟ (2) كيف يؤثر التغير في تباين الهلال على استخدام التصوير الفلكي للهلال باستخدام Buffle وInfrared Filter؟ تستخدم هذه الدراسة أساليب ميدانية نوعية ذات نهج متعدد التخصصات وتستخدم التحليل الوصفي لتقديم وصف عام لتعزيز التباين باستخدام أدوات إضافية في شكل Buffle ومرشح الأشعة تحت الحمراء، وكذلك استخلاص النتائج.
نتائج هذا البحث هي (1) إن تطبيق قياس التباين الضوئي في التصوير الفلكي للهلال يتطلب إجراءات في شكل قياسات منهجية ومسؤولة. (2) تأثير التغيرات في زيادة تباين الهلال جيد جداً اعتماداً على استخدام Buffle أو Infrared Filter واستخدام كليهما في وقت واحد. إن تأثير استخدام هذه الأدوات له أوجه تشابه واختلاف بناءً على خصائص كل منها.
الكلمات الرئيسية: تباين الهلال، تباين ميكلسون، بوف، مرشح الأشعة تحت الحمرا
An analytical study of the theatre of the Syrian playwright Saadallah Wannous, with particular emphasis on the plays written after the 1967 war
No full textThis study is an examination of the life and work of
the Syrian dramatist Saadallah Wannous (1941-1997). Wannous's name is virtually unknown in the West; only two academic studies of any significance have appeared in English on this eminent and challenging writer, who was honoured by UNESCO at the end of his life. Even in the Arab world his standing rests largely upon his celebrity as a cultural icon, since professional performances of his plays are rare due to the decline of the theatre in the region, and little attention has been devoted to theatre studies by Arab academics. The two studies in English do not attempt to be comprehensive but focus on particular stages of Wannous's career. This study is, therefore, the first to encompass the full range of Wannous's work. To do so it combines an account of his life which seeks to comprehend the various forces that shaped his thinking with an analysis of his dramatic works. The study concentrates on the plays written in the years following the trauma inflicted on the Arab world by the catastrophe of their
defeat in the Arab-Israeli war of June, 1967. Wannous's career can be divided into three phases: the immature plays of his young manhood which are influenced by European models and generally focus on the social condition of the individual; his middle period - the `theatre of politicisation', when his Marxist politics were the main
factor shaping his drama; and his late works, which are characterised by an extraordinary freedom of thought and expression. The introduction places Wannous in his historical and sociocultural context and provides a brief background explaining the literary and theatrical traditions of the Arab world that influenced his activity as a dramatist. Each phase is then examined in turn and the plays are analysed in accordance with the focus of the study. This means that emphasis is given to the middle period,
but no significant work is neglected. The study aims to trace the trajectory of Wannous's development using a
variety of sources: the plays themselves, Wannous's own journalism and critical writings, interviews with his widow, his friends and colleagues, and numerous
journals, books and articles, some of which contain
important interviews with Wannous that shed light on his thought and ways of working. Use is also made of the
two studies mentioned above. The study shows that Wannous's theatre was influenced by the key political, social and cultural developments of his time, and that he
constantly sought to find forms that would express those transformations in dramatic terms
Penolakan sidang isbat terhadap hasil isbat ru’yat al-hilal akhir Ramadan di Jepara dan Cakung pada tahun 2011 M / 1432 H perspektif hukumah dan astronomi
No full textData hisab yang dihasilkan oleh Mujab di Jepara menghasilkan tinggi hilal sebesar 1,5° dan hilal terlihat diantara kabut tebal. Setelah mendengarkan keterangan kesaksian oleh Mujab hal ini dianggap sudah sesuai dengan hukum acara yang ada meskipun diprotes oleh banyak pihak. Di sisi lain, terdapat dua orang santri Al-Husainiyah di Cakung yang menggunakan metode hisab dari Kitab al-Sulam al-Nayyirain menghasilkan ketinggian hilal 3°,dan hilal terlihat dari hal tersebut mengasilkan dua pertanyaan 1. Mengetahui tinjauan Hukumah mengenai hasil rukyat akhir Ramadan tahun 2011 M/1432 H di Jepara dan Cakung 2. Mengetahui Bagaimana tinjauan Astronomi mengenai hasil rukyat akhir Ramadan tahun 2011 M/1432 H di Jepara dan Cakung
Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Dalam penelitian ini penulis melakukan pendekatan deskriptif analitik karena data diperoleh secara kualitatif, Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah menggunakan metode pengumpulan data (Descriptive Research) memakai sumber karya kepustakaan
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa (1) Berdasarkan analisis hokumah, kedua tempat kesaksian ru’yat al-hilal di Jepara dan di Cakung sah ditolak karena yang pertama Kemenag RI berpedoman pada Peraturan Presiden Nomor 81 tahun 2009 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Instansi Vertikal Kementerian Agama, Peraturan Presiden Nomor 47 tahun 2009 mengenai Pembentukan dan Organisasi Kementerian Negara, Peraturan Presiden Nomor 24 tahun 2010 tentang Kedudukan, Tugas dan Fungsi Eslon I Kementerian Negara, serta Peraturan Menteri Agama Nomor 10 tahun 2010 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Agama (Berita Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 2010 nomor 592). Kedua berkaitan dengan SOP, pelaksanaan dikedua tempat tersebut, sehingga Kementerian Agama dalam memutuskan perkara Isbat bergantung kepada para pakar astronomi, falak dan BMKG. Berdasarkan analisis astronomi di kedua tempat, kesaksian ru’yat al-hilal di Jepara dan di Cakung dapat ditolak dikarenakan tidak sesuai dengan kriteria MABIMS, hilal akan tampak bila sudah memenuhi kriteria terebut.
ABSTRACT:
The reckoning data produced by Mujab in Jepara resulted in the height of the hilal of 1.5 ° and the hilal being seen in thick fog. After listening to Mujab's testimony, this was considered to be in accordance with the existing procedural law despite protests from many parties. On the other hand, there are two Al-Husainiyah students in Cakung who use the Hisab method from the al-Sulam al-Nayyirain book to produce a 3° hilal height, and the hilal can be seen Studies are intended to answer the problem of Knowing the review of Hukumah regarding the results of the early rukyat Syawal in 2011 AD / 1432 H in Jepara and Cakung, and also Knowing how the astronomical review of the results of the early rukyat Syawal in 2011 AD/1432 H in Jepara and Cakung
This type of research is qualitative. In this study, the author took a descriptive analytical approach because the data was obtained qualitatively, the approach used was to use the data collection method (Descriptive research) using the source of literature work
The results of this study show that (1) Based on legal analysis, the two places of testimony of ru’yat al-hilal in Jepara and in Cakung were legally rejected because the first one of the Ministry of Religion was guided by Presidential Regulation Number 81 of 2009 concerning the Organization and Work Procedures of Vertical Agencies of the Ministry of Religion, Presidential Regulation Number 47 of 2009 concerning the Establishment and Organization of state ministries, Presidential Regulation Number 24 of 2010 concerning Position, Duties and Functions of Eslon I of the Ministry of State, as well as Regulation of the Minister of Religious Affairs Number 10 of 2010 concerning the Organization and Work Procedures of the Ministry of Religion (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia in 2010 number 592). The second is related to the SOP, the implementation of the two places, so that the Ministry of Religion in deciding the Isbat case depends on astronomical experts, falak and BMKG. Based on astronomical analysis in both places, the testimony of ru’yat al-hilal in Jepara and in Cakung can be rejected because it does not match the mabims criteria, hilal will appear if it meets the criteria
’’بیرک نامہ‘‘ میں چھپا مزاح نگار: صوبیدار افضل تحسین
No full textSubedar Afzal Tahseen was born in 1972 in Mouza Bin Cotal Murree. His real name was Muhammad Afzal. He was a prominent poet, author amp; humorist of Urdu language. Humor was a weapon of his style and taste. Although in his early life, he was much worried due to the death of his father and wife, but through all his life he enjoyed the people especially his colleagues by military humor. Mostly he wrote in “Hilal”. So, he took military subjects in his humor poetry. In other words, military traditions were the main subject of his poetry. His best-known work is “Barik Nama”. He has also a separate place in the field of character humor (annoying act). He tried to present each and every character of Army in a humorous way. And also described the characteristic of each. If, it is said the king of “annoying act” to Afzal Tahseen, there will be no objection
Modern Arabic literary biography : a study of character portrayal in the works of Egyptian biographers of the first half of the twentieth century, with special reference to literary biography
No full textIn Chapter one, I presented a comparative definition of the meaning of Sirah (PI.Siyar), Tarjamah (Pl. Tarajim), Manaqib, Tabaqat and Maghazi as they were understood in antiquity. I also showed how the meaning of Sirah in modern times has only narrowly developed. Although the method of biographical writing continuously developed in Europe, it hardly progressed in Modem Arabic Literature. The only exception was seen in the writings by the pioneers of enlightenment in Egypt at the beginning of the twentieth century. This change of direction relied on borrowing European methodology in biographical writing.
In chapter two, I reviewed the early attempts at writing biographies in the nineteenth century by Abd al Rahman al- Jabarti and Ali Mubarak. Although both were the first
pioneers in this respect, yet they followed the footpath of classical approach above all that of al-Maqarizi from whom -Ali Mubarak derived inspiration in his book Al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyyah.
In chapter three, I studied the twentieth century, starting with traditional biography writers who could not employ European methodologies and whose writings oscillated between biographical notes and biographical sketches; or whose texts were more of a literary study than a biography proper.
In chapters four to nine, I selected the most renowned, productive writers who best represented methodologies of biography writing. Perhaps certain writers have not
been mentioned in this period of study. This is not out of negligence but simply because their texts were totally out of reach, or their writings did not exhibit the
required literary criteria.
All methodologies representing the theory of biography writing in Egypt have been analysed in these chapters. All, in fact, form a digestion or assimilation of French,English and German schools. In Egypt, Taha Husayn is considered the chairman of the French school, al-Mazini and al-Aqqad of the English/German schools, al-Nuwaihi of the psychoanalytical/anatomical school and Sidqi who employed both. By contrast, al Iryan was the trailblazer of the distinguished biographical novel.
In these chapters, I tried to lay out the general outlines these writers have produced in the production of biographical texts, and how these attempts were a successful step on the road of presenting literary biographies characterized by high world standards.
Chapter ten may well seem traditional, but it is important to give a comparative outlook on the views of biography writers themselves when they study and analyse
the same character.
Among the characters studied ,I selected Bashsliar, Abu Nuwas, Ibn al-Run-i, al-Mutanabbi and al-Maarri. These are outstanding landmarks in the history of Arab verse and the subject of a multitude of studies as well. Modern biographers took these figures as a test field for the deployment and employment of biographical methodologies. I selected these examples to provide comparisons and explain how far these biographies were successful in producing a biography or a profile of those classical poets.
The conclusion and the bibliographical list arrived at the end of research.
I wish, however, to clarify one important point here. It seems that I could not fix the year 1950 as the temporal parameter of my research but took some textswhich were
published shortly beyond that point. The reason for this obvious extension was either to give additional useful details or simply because chapters of such texts had already
been published prior to that year and were known to the readership.
At times I would satisfy myself with analysing the part rather than the whole. This again was meant to eschew repetition or was due to the fact that the book in question
was not available
Astrology in literature: how the prohibited became permissible in the Arabic poetry of the mediaeval period
No full textThis thesis is concerned to position the art of astrology within the context of classical Arabic poetry, primarily by investigating and elucidating attitudes to the notion of
qadar (fate) and the ideology in which it was embedded. These attitudes were revelatory of the broader world view of the Arabs of those periods, and their shifts from those held in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras tell us a good deal about the importance given to the nature and role of fate and about the various understandings of its influence. The pre-Islamic Arab's notion of qadar was in some ways similar to that of the early Muslims: both emphasised predetermination and the irresistible power of fate. But while the jahilf (Pre-Islamic) Arabs identified fate with the malign power of dahr (Time), the Muslims believed the power of fate lies in the hands of God the
Omnipotent, who alone is responsible for the fate of the whole universe. Thus the astrology of the pre-Islamic era was one aspect of divination (kihana) and claimed to be
able to reveal in advance an individual's destiny, which could be avoided by taking certain precautions. These precautions, however, were considered effective only in
relatively trivial cases; they were useless in the areas of major impact: a person's happiness or misery (shaqiiwa aw sa ada), sustenance (rizq) and one's term (ajal), the
three inevitable and irresistible manifestations of fate. In the Islamic period not only these major aspects of life are governed and controlled by the Omnipotent; the destiny
of the universe, in even its most minute details, is determined and controlled by God alone. Astrology was considered to be of no value whatsoever, and its practitioners were subject to the death penalty. These two irreconcilable views are evident in early Islamic poetry, which reflected clearly the response of poets, and society, to astrology from the perspective of qadar.
When the orthodox caliphate was replaced by dynastic rule the status of astrology was changed dramatically. The idea that the stars, as indicators, play a role in the life of
human beings found popowerful supporters in some governors of the Islamic world, who allowed astrology to fulfil a public function regardless of the hostility of the official
religion of that society. This social phenomenon generated rich material of a controversial character in the realm of literature. Investigating the factors, motivations
and impact of mediaeval political, theological and philosophical attitudes to astrology, in relation to the notions of free will and predestination, is the concern of this study
Perancangan Prototype Sistem Pengontrol Otomatis Kadar Garam Menggunakan Arduino Uno
No full textPerancangan ini menggambarkan dampak kemajuan Teknologi Informasi (TI) pada sektor perikanan di Kota Palopo,dengan fokus pada tambak rumput laut. Era Industri 4.0 memberikan kontribusi signifikan melalui otomatisasi, kendali,dan monitoring sistem yang terkoneksi internet. Dalam konteks ini, peneliti mengusulkan Sistem Otomatis PengontrolKadar Garam Pada Tambak Rumput Laut Menggunakan Arduino Uno sebagai solusi untuk mengatasi masalah fluktuasikadar garam akibat cuaca, terutama saat musim penghujan. Perancangan ini menyoroti peran vital Arduino Uno, sebuahmikrokontroler dengan keunggulan dapat diprogram sesuai kebutuhan, dalam mengontrol kadar garam tambak. Kendalaterkait musim penghujan, yang dapat menyebabkan pertumbuhan rumput laut terganggu oleh serangan hama lumut danpenurunan kadar garam, menjadi fokus utama. Alat ini bertujuan menjaga kadar garam optimal (521-549 ppm) untukmendukung pertumbuhan rumput laut yang baik. Hasil perancangan menunjukkan bahwa tambak dengan kadar garam diatas 550 ppm rentan terhadap serangan lumut, sementara yang di bawah 520 ppm menghambat pertumbuhan. Oleh karenaitu, sistem otomatis ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi budidaya rumput laut di Kota Palopo, memastikan kualitasdan pertumbuhan yang optimal. Kesimpulan dari perancangan ini mencerminkan pentingnya integrasi teknologi untukmengatasi tantangan dalam sektor perikanan, khususnya dalam konteks tambak rumput laut.Perancangan Prototype Sistem Pengontrol Otomatis Kadar GaramMenggunakan Arduino Un
QIBLA DIRECTION WITH THE CONSTELLATION (STUDY OF DETERMINATION OF QIBLA DIRECTION WITH GUBUG PENCENG)
No full textIn the ethnography of Javanese society, Gubug penceng is used as a southern constellation. With a declination value of -63º 05’ 57”, the appearance of this gubug penceng is a bit unique, because it can only be observed by observers who are south of the tropic. However, with a magnitude value of 0.77 and a shape that is easy to remember, it makes the gubug becomes a star that is easily visible to the naked eye. The author here will examine the use of the gubug penceng for determining the direction of the Qibla. Previous writers will take into account the azimuth of the Qibla and the azimuth of the acrux star which is the brightest star in the constellation of the thinner, then determine the direction of the Qibla by referring to the difference between the azimuth acrux and the qibla. This research is a field research which is included in qualitative numerical research. The author will compare the results of the Qibla direction from this gubug penceng with the Qibla direction determined with the help of the azimuth of the Sun. The results of this study found that the gubug penceng can be used as a reference to determine the direction of the Qibla. The qibla direction of the measurement results is quite accurate, because the object of aiming is in the form of a central point of the star. The difference between the direction of the Qibla between using the reference hut is not more than 24 minutes, so the results are quite accurate
