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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Bronkioliitti : Hoito ja riskitekijät vaikealle taudinkuvalle
No full textBronkioliitti eli ilmatiehyttulehdus on yleisin alle vuoden ikäisten lasten sairaalahoidon syy. Sen aiheuttajana on useimmiten respiratory syncytial virus. Vaikka bronkioliitti on tavallinen ja hyvin tunnistettu tauti, ei sille ole kansainvälisesti yhtenäistä määritelmää tai yhtenäisiä hoitosuosituksia. Bronkioliitin ensimmäiset oireet muistuttavat tavallista ylähengitystieinfektiota ja vasta muutaman päivän sisällä ilmaantuvat alahengitystieinfektion oireet: hengityksen tihentyminen, kylkivälivetäymät ja poikkeava keuhkojen kuuntelulöydös. Kolme prosenttia alle vuoden ikäisistä lapsista tarvitsee sairaalahoitoa bronkioliitin vuoksi ja heistä 2-6 prosenttia tarvitsee tehohoitoa. Viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana bronkioliittia on hoidettu monenlaisilla lääkkeillä kuten kortikosteroideilla, hengitettävillä lääkkeillä salbuta¬molilla, adrenaliinilla ja keittosuolalla ja antikolinergeillä. Kaikki nämä on todettu tutkimuksissa kuitenkin tehottomiksi. Tämänhetkiset näyttöön perustuvat hoitosuositukset suosittelevat supportiivista hoitoa. Hengitysvaikeutta hoidetaan tarvittaessa hengitystuella. Tutkimusten mukaan näytteenoton vähentäminen, lääkehoitojen karsiminen ja non-invasiivisten hengitystukihoitojen käyttö eivät johda huonompaan lopputulokseen.
Väitöskirjani tavoitteena on kuvata bronkioliitin määritelmää, hoitoa sekä hoidon muutosta suhteessa näyttöön perustuviin hoitosuosituksiin. Lisäksi työssä arvioidaan vaikean tehohoitoa vaativan bronkioliitin ilmaantuvuutta ja riskitekijöitä tehohoitoon joutumiselle ja hengitystukihoidolle.
Kyselykaavake lähetettiin kaikkiin lastensairaaloihin Suomessa ja Ruotsissa ja bronkioliitin hoidosta vastaavaa lastenlääkäriä pyydettiin vastaamaan bronkioliitin määritelmää ja hoitoa koskevaan kyselyyn. Vastaukset painotettiin alueella asuvien alle vuoden ikäisten lasten määrän mukaan. Kyselyalueet kattoivat 74 prosenttia Ruotsin ja 100 prosenttia Suomen alle vuoden ikäisistä lapsista. Retrospektiivisen tapaus-verrokkitutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin Tampereen yliopistollisesta sairaalasta vuosilta 2000-2015.
Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin tehohoitoon ja hengitystukihoitoon joutumisen riskitekijöitä bronkoliittipotilailla. Yhteensä 16 vuoden aikana 105 lasta oli hoidettu teho-osastolla bronkioliitin vuoksi. Jokaista tehohoidettua potilasta kohden kerättiin kaksi bronkioliittia sairastanutta verrokkia päivystyspoliklinikka käynneistä: yksi ennen tapausta ja yksi tapauksen jälkeen. Tapaus-verrokkiaineistosta tutkittiin tehohoidon muutosta jakamalla aineisto kolmeen ajanjaksoon: 2000-2005, 2006-2010 ja 2011-2015. Aineisto raseemisen adrenaliinin käytöstä kerättiin neljän yliopistosairaalan sairaala-apteekkien rekistereistä vuosilta 2012-2016.
Bronkioliitin määritelmän yläikärajan keskiarvo oli 12.7 kk Suomessa ja 12.5 kk Ruotsissa. Adrenaliini-inhalaatioiden käyttö oli yleistä molemmissa maissa, mutta Ruotsissa lastenlääkärit suosivat levo-adrenaliinia, kun taas Suomessa suosittiin raseemista adrenaliinia. Kortikosteroideja käytettiin harvoin. Alle vuoden ikäisillä lapsilla keskimääräinen ikävakioitu ilmaantuvuus vaikealle tehohoitoa vaativalle bronkioliitille oli 1.5/1000/vuosi. Itsenäisiä riskitekijöitä tehohoidolle olivat alle 2 kuukauden ikä, syntymäpaino alle 2000 g, synnynnäiset sydänsairaudet, hengitys¬katkokset ja hengityksen vinkumisen puuttuminen. Lisäksi itsenäisiä riskitekijöitä hengitystuen tarpeelle olivat alle 2 kk:n ikä, syntymäpaino alle 2000 g ja synnynnäinen sydänsairaus. Ajanjaksoina 2000-2005, 2006-2010 ja 2011-2015, inhaloitavien beeta-agonistien ja systeemisen kortikosteroidin käyttö laski. Sen sijaan raseemisen adrenaliinin ja hypertonisten keittosuolainhalaatioiden käyttö lisääntyi Tampereen yliopistollisessa sairaalassa. Raseemisen adrenaliinin käyttö kuitenkin väheni yliopistollisissa sairaaloissa vuosina 2012-2016. Tämä muutos näkyi selvimmin sairaaloissa, joissa käyttö oli ollut yleisintä.
Yhteenvetona bronkioliitin määritelmä ja annettu hoito olivat hyvin yhdenmukaisia Suomessa ja Ruotsissa. Nuori ikä, alhainen syntymäpaino ja synnynnäinen sydänsairaus olivat itsenäisiä riskitekijöitä vaikealle tehohoitoa ja hengitystukea vaativalle taudille. Vuosien 2000-2015 aikana tehottomaksi todetut hoidot vähenivät tutkimustiedon ja hoitosuositusten vaikutuksen myötä. Neljässä yliopistollisessa sairaalassa raseemisen adrenaliinin käyttö vaihteli merkittävästi. Käypä hoito -suosituksen myötä raseemisen adrenaliinin käyttö väheni sairaaloissa ja merkittävin muutos oli nähtävissä yksiköissä, joissa käyttö oli ollut runsainta.Bronchiolitis is the primary reason for the hospitalisation of infants younger than 12 months worldwide and respiratory syncytial virus its most common causative agent. Even though bronchiolitis is both common and clinically important, there is no unified consensus on either its treatment or its diagnostic criteria. Its primary symptoms resemble those of an upper respiratory tract infection prior to the onset of typical symptoms of breathing difficulty—such as tachypnoea, chest retraction and auscultatory findings.
Hospitalisation due to bronchiolitis is required for 3% of infants less than 12 months of age, of which 2-6% necessitate admission to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). For decades, bronchiolitis has been treated with different medications that included corticosteroids, inhaled agents (such as salbutamol, adrenaline, and saline) and anticholinergic agents, while respiratory failure has been treated with non-invasive and invasive support if needed. However, most of the medications previously used have failed to improve the course of the disease and opting fewer diagnostic tests and less invasive respiratory supports has not led to worse outcomes. Hence, the current guidelines recommend only supportive treatment for bronchiolitis.
The aim of this thesis is to describe a definition for bronchiolitis and its management in Finland and Sweden, as well as to evaluate the changes in its management with a special focus on the influence of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. In addition, this thesis also examines the incidences of severe bronchiolitis treated in the Tampere district PICU, the risk factors for PICU admission and the need for respiratory support in infants with bronchiolitis.
Several methods have been used to conduct the research and gather the data for this thesis. A questionnaire on treatment strategies and bronchiolitis definition was sent to paediatricians who were responsible for the treatment of bronchiolitis in Finland and Sweden. Their responses were weighted by the number of infants living in their catchment areas. The questionnaire covered 74% and 100% of Swedish and Finnish infants younger than 12 months, respectively. Subsequently, a retrospective case-control study on the risk factors for intensive care admission and respiratory support requirement was performed at the Tampere University Hospital, covering the period from 2000 to 2015. All infants with bronchiolitis needing admission to the PICU were identified (n = 105), as well as two controls with bronchiolitis for each case: the first, arriving to the emergency department immediately before the case needing admission to the PICU and the second arriving immediately afterwards (n = 210). For the case-control study, the multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors for PICU admission. Three time periods were distinguished (2000–2005, 2006–2010, and 2011–2015) and used to describe the changes in the management of severe bronchiolitis. The data on the use of racemic adrenaline in four attending university hospitals in Finland were collected from their hospital pharmacy registers for the 2012–2016 period.
On average, the upper age limit for bronchiolitis diagnosis was 12.7 months in Finland and 12.5 months in Sweden. Adrenaline inhalations were given to patients in both countries, but the Swedish paediatricians preferred using inhaled levo-adrenaline while inhaled racemic adrenaline was the preferred choice of the Finnish paediatricians. Corticosteroids were used rarely. The average annual age-specific incidence of infants with bronchiolitis who were younger than 12 months and required admission to the PICU was 1.5/1,000/year during the 16-year follow-up period in the Tampere district. The independent significant risk factors for PICU admission included: being less than two months old, a birth weight of less than 2,000 g, a presence of congenital heart disease (CHD), a presence of apnoeas and the absence of wheezing.
Correspondingly, the independent significant risk factors for respiratory support included: being less than two months old, a birth weight of less than 2,000 g and a presence of CHD. When the three study periods (2000-2005, 2006-2010 and 2011-2015) were compared, the use of inhaled beta-agonists and systemic corticosteroids decreased, while the use of racemic adrenaline and hypertonic saline inhalations increased in the Tampere University Hospital. In contrast, the use of racemic adrenaline was reduced in the four attending university hospitals during the 2012-2016 study period, particularly in the two hospitals where the baseline consumption was highest.
The definitions of and treatment strategies for infant bronchiolitis were found to be rather similar in Finland and Sweden. A young age, low birth weight and CHD were independent significant risk factors for severe cases of the disease that need intensive care and respiratory support. During the 16-year period, the influences of the current literature and guidelines is observed in the management of the disease, as the use of unproven medications diminished. Substantial differences existed in the yearly consumption of racemic adrenaline between the four participating university hospitals, both before and after the publication of the Finnish Current Care Guidelines for bronchiolitis in 2014
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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