1,720,965 research outputs found
As cartas de conforto em Portugal
Full text linkOrientação: Nuno Francisco de Sá e Melo Castro MarquesAs cartas de conforto surgiram no seio dos grandes grupos societários com a função de
agilizar o processo de financiamento de uma empresa recente ou desconhecida no mercado,
cuja confiabilidade apenas resultava do facto de pertencer a uma sociedade de reconhecida
solvabilidade. Deste modo, esta sociedade holding, munida do seu estatuto e posição no
mercado, auxilia, assim, a entidade-filha no processo de obtenção de financiamento através
da emissão de uma carta de conforto dirigida a uma instituição de crédito, geralmente um
banco, a fim de criar a confiança necessária para a concretização da operação, sem que para
isso seja necessário a prestação de garantias típicas.
Se por um lado a instituição de crédito pretende obter a garantia mais forte possível de
modo a conceder, manter ou renovar o crédito à patrocinada, o objetivo da emitente recaí,
tão somente, em conseguir a concretização da operação vinculando-se o mais tenuemente
possível, resultando este conflito de interesses em cartas de conforto em declarações
ambíguas e com duplos sentidos, de modo a que os intervenientes consigam retirar da
interpretação das declarações contidas a confiança e o conforto necessários à satisfação dos
seus interesses.
Deste modo, o valor e a eficácia jurídica das cartas de conforto depende do sentido das
declarações concretamente emitidas por quem as subscreve, ou seja, trata-se,
fundamentalmente, de um problema de interpretação e até de integração negocial. Assim,
pelas dificuldades e controvérsias inerentes a esta modalidade de garantia atípica cada vez
mais utilizada, entendemos desenvolver algumas questões pertinentes, tendo como base o
estudo, análise e debate da doutrina e sua aplicação, na prática, na jurisprudência portuguesa.The letters of comfort letters emerged within large corporate groups with the function of
expediting the financing process of a new or unknown company in the market, whose
reliability resulted only from the fact that it belonged to a company of recognized
creditworthiness. Thus, this holding company, armed with its status and position in the
market, assists the subsidiary company in the process of obtaining financing by issuing a
letter of comfort addressed to a credit institution, usually a bank, in order to create the
necessary confidence to carry out the operation, without requiring the provision of typical
guarantees.
While on the one hand, the credit institution intends to obtain the strongest possible
guarantee in order to grant, maintain or renew credit to the sponsored party, the issuer's
objective is only to achieve the completion of the transaction by binding itself as tenuously
as possible. This conflict of interests in letters of comfort results in ambiguous and double speaking statements, so that the parties involved are able to draw from the interpretation of
the statements contained the trust and comfort necessary to satisfy their interests.
Thus, the value and legal effectiveness of comfort letters depends on the meaning of the
statements concretely issued by those who sign them, that is, it is fundamentally a problem
of interpretation and even of negotiating integration. Thus, due to the difficulties and
controversies inherent in this atypical form of guarantee that is increasingly used, we intend
to develop some pertinent issues, based on the study, analysis and discussion of the doctrine
and its application in practice by the Portuguese Courts
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Business Judgement Rule no âmbito das Sociedades Anónimas Desportivas
Full text linkOrientação: Nuno Francisco de Sá e Melo Castro MarquesO futebol profissional, fruto da sua popularidade, desperta a paixão e o fanatismo dos
seus adeptos ao mesmo tempo que atrai o interesse de diversos investidores gerando um
avultado fluxo económico. Assim, surge a necessidade de regulamentar a atividade
desportiva profissional e, para o efeito, atualmente, no nosso País vigora o DL n.º 10/2013.
A presente dissertação pretende, em primeiro lugar, estudar as principais características
das sociedades desportivas focando-se nas sociedades anónimas desportivas em comparação
com o regime geral das sociedades comerciais.
Em segundo lugar, pretende analisar o regime geral da business judgement rule e, por
fim, as especificidades desta regra no seio das sociedades anónimas desportivas.Professional football, as a result of its popularity, stirs the passion and fanaticism of fans
while attracting the interest of several investors, generating a large economic flow. Thus,
there is a need to regulate professional sports activity and, therefore, currently, in our
country, DL n. º 10/2013 is in force.
The present dissertation intends, firstly, to study the main characteristics of sports
companies, focusing on public limited companies in comparison with the general regime of
commercial companies.
Secondly, to analyze the general regime of the business judgement rule and, finally, the
specificities of this rule within the sports public limited companies
Posição dominante no âmbito do direito da concorrência : considerações de eficiência económica
Full text linkA presente dissertação visa o estudo do conceito de posição dominante, no âmbito do direito da concorrência. Durante largos anos, as empresas dominantes viram a sua liberdade de atuação limitada visto que, muitos dos seus comportamentos caíam no campo de aplicação do art. 102º do TFUE, doravante designado de art. 102º. Com a evolução da interpretação deste artigo iniciada em 2005 – aquando do surgimento do Discussion Paper -, um novo paradigma se instaurou na avaliação de condutas, à primeira vista abusivas. Deste modo, possíveis justificações, recorrendo muitas das vezes ao conceito de eficiência económica, passaram a incorporar a análise do art. 102º. Ao longo deste trabalho, dividido em quatro capítulos, serão analisados diversos conceitos fazendo uma articulação, sempre que possível, com a noção de eficiência económica. Em primeiro lugar, será feita uma apreciação de algumas noções introdutórias fundamentais à compreensão dos restantes temas nucleares deste trabalho. Assim, considerações acerca de modelos económicos, a análise dos fundamentos do direito da concorrência e o estudo dos fundamentos para a proibição do abuso, farão parte deste primeiro capítulo. De seguida, no segundo capítulo, será exposta a conceção de posição dominante e os conceitos que lhe são subjacentes. O terceiro capítulo será dedicado à análise do conceito de abuso de posição dominante, assim como ao estudo dos vários tipos de abuso que podem ser verificados nos mercados. Por último, o quarto capítulo, destinar-se-á a uma pormenorizada abordagem à evolução do art. 102º contemplando, como não poderia deixar de ser, considerações de eficiência económica.This dissertation aims to study the concept of dominant position under competition law. For many years, dominant companies have seen their freedom of action limited since many of their behaviors fell within the scope of Article 102º of the TFEU, hereinafter referred to as Article 102º. With the evolution of the interpretation of art. 102º started in 2005 - when the Discussion Paper first appeared -, a new paradigm was established in the evaluation of abusive behaviors at first sight. Thus, possible justifications, often using the concept of economic efficiency, began to incorporate the analysis of the Article 102º. Throughout this work, divided into four chapters, various concepts will be analysed, making an articulation, whenever possible, to the notion of economic efficiency. First, there will be an appreciation of some introductory notions, which is fundamental to the understanding of the remaining core subjects of this work. Thus, considerations about economic models, the analysis of the fundamentals of competition law and the study of the grounds for the prohibition of abuse will be part of this first chapter. Then, in the second chapter, the concept of dominant position and its underlying concepts will be exposed. The third chapter will be devoted to the analysis of the concept of abuse of dominant position, as well as to the study of the various types of abuse that can be found in the markets. Finally, the fourth chapter will be intended to a detailed approach to the evolution of the art. 102, contemplating, as it could not be otherwise, considerations of economic efficiency
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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