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Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas inspiradas na composição do estrato córneo : uma abordagem inovadora para promover o reforço da barreira cutânea
Full text linkOrientação: Catarina Pereira Leite ; coorientação: Catarina RosadoA maioria das funções epidérmicas de barreira são consideradas protetoras e estão diretamente ligadas ao estrato córneo (EC), que possui uma organização e composição única, essencial para a manutenção desta propriedade. Contudo, a desregulação desta função devido a distúrbios na composição e/ou organização lipídica do EC podem potenciar o desenvolvimento de disfunções ou patologias inflamatórias na pele.
O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi o desenvolvimento de nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (SLN) com uma constituição lipídica semelhante ao EC para o tratamento de patologias e disfunções associadas ao comprometimento da barreira epidérmica. Para esse fim, três formulações constituídas por lípidos sólidos diferentes foram produzidas e caracterizadas segundo tamanho, índice de polidispersão (PDI), pH e viscosidade. As nanoformulações foram também submetidas a estudos de estabilidade acelerada e estabilidade a longo prazo. Adicionalmente, efetuaram-se ensaios in vivo para avaliação da compatibilidade cutânea, considerando uma aplicação aberta e sob oclusão das formulações. Por último, a eficácia das SLN desenvolvidas foi estudada em voluntários humanos, em que se avaliou o seu caráter potenciador da hidratação cutânea.
Os resultados obtidos revelaram-se promissores, com valores considerados adequados para aplicação tópica no que se refere ao tamanho, PDI, pH e viscosidade das formulações. Relativamente à sua estabilidade, as mesmas demonstraram estabilidade quando sujeitas a ambientes de stress físico e térmico. Por outro lado, em condições de armazenamento controladas (25 ± 2 °C) durante um período de 90 dias, a formulação SLN_2, constituída por Precirol® ATO 5, foi a que se demonstrou mais promissora, considerando os 4 parâmetros analisados. A aplicação aberta ou sob oclusão das formulações demonstrou ser compatível com a pele, já que não se verificaram alterações nos diversos parâmetros analisados. Adicionalmente, após uma aplicação de 4 h da formulação SLN_2, pode comprovar-se uma melhoria dos níveis de hidratação da pele. Desta forma, estes resultados revelam o caráter promissor que as nanoformulações desenvolvidas possuem para aplicações tópicas em indivíduos portadores de patologias ou disfunções cutâneas associadas ao comprometimento da barreira epidérmica.
Palavras-chave: Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas; aplicação tópica; compatibilidade cutânea; bioengenharia cutâneaMost epidermal barrier functions are considered protective and are directly linked to the stratum corneum (SC), which has a unique organization and composition, essential for maintaining this property. However, the deregulation of this function due to disturbances in the lipid composition and/or organization of the SC may trigger the development of inflammatory pathologies or dysfunctions in the skin.
In this context, the main objective of this dissertation was the development of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) with a lipid constitution similar to SC for the treatment of pathologies and dysfunctions associated with the impairment of the epidermal barrier. For this purpose, three formulations consisting of different solid lipids were produced and characterized according to size, polydispersity index (PDI), pH and viscosity. The nanoformulations were also submitted to accelerated stability and long-term stability studies. Additionally, in vivo tests were carried out to assess their skin compatibility in human volunteers, considering an open or under occlusion application of the formulations. Lastly, the analysis of the efficacy of the developed SLN was carried out also in human volunteers, in which their ability to enhance skin hydration was evaluated.
The results obtained were promising, with values considered adequate for topical application in terms of size, PDI, pH, and viscosity of the formulations. Regarding their stability, they were stable when subjected to environments of physical and thermal stress. On the other hand, in controlled storage conditions (25 ± 2 °C) for a period of 90 days, the SLN_2 formulation, consisting of Precirol® ATO 5, was the most promising, considering the 4 parameters analyzed. The open or under occlusion application of the formulations proved to be compatible with the skin, since there were no changes in the various parameters analyzed. Additionally, after a 4 h application period of the SLN_2 formulation, an improvement in skin hydration levels were observed. Thus, these results reveal the potential of the developed nanoformulations for topical applications in individuals with cutaneous pathologies or dysfunctions associated with the impairment of the epidermal barrier.
Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticles; topical application; skin compatibility; skin bioengineering
Profiles of sexual distress related to sexual function, and psychological distress and sexual pleasure : a person-centered analysis of early maladaptative schemas and psychological inflexibility
No full textBut some people still think that men cannot be raped : a qualitative study on Portuguese Judges’ perceptions regarding rape perpetrated by women against adult men
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Introduction: The perceptions of judges regarding sexual violence perpetrated by women against men (SVWM) have not been approached widely in previous empirical research. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to provide a preliminary understanding of the perceptions of Portuguese judges regarding SVWM. Method: Eight Portuguese judges (men and women) were interviewed in 2020. Data was analyzed using framework analysis. Results: Gender and alcohol had central roles in judges’ accounts, as non-consent, motivations, risk, the impact of violence, and sexual scripts were mostly discussed with these two factors in mind. Narratives oscillated between gender-neutral reflections and depictions of gender stereotypes and male rape myths. Challenges and opportunities of the Justice System were discussed considering the stigma associated with SVWM, while judges’ accounts were shaped by their lack of direct experience with such cases. Conclusions: Participants’ narratives reflected important contradictions between their adherence to some male rape myths and gender stereotypes and their endorsement of the ideal of a gender-neutral rape Law. Policy implications: The results of this study implicate that the impact of gender-based perceptions and rape myths on rape-related attrition rates and sentencing in SVWM cases should be further explored in empirical research. Additionally, public policy efforts should be invested in evidence-based professional training for judges focused on challenging gender stereotypes and male-rape myths.This study is part of the project FEMOFFENCE – The myth of innocence: A mixed methods approach towards the understanding of female sexual offending behavior (PTDC/PSI-GER/28097/2017), supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through national funds granted to the Principal Investigator Joana Carvalho
Transportadores lipídicos nanoestruturados inspirados na composição do estrato córneo : uma abordagem inovadora para promover o reforço da barreira cutânea
No full textOrientação: Catarina Pereira Leite ; coorientação: Catarina RosadoAs alterações na composição lipídica do estrato córneo (EC) estão relacionadas com diversas patologias cutâneas que acometem a integridade da barreira, como a psoríase, a dermatite atópica, a xerose e a ictiose. No entanto, os sistemas de veiculação convencionais à base de corticoides tópicos apresentam algumas limitações, daí a necessidade de investir no desenvolvimento de sistemas inovadores que permitam aumentar a relação risco-benefício do tratamento. Assim, o trabalho experimental realizado teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de transportadores lipídicos nanoestruturados (NLC) como sistemas de veiculação do 21-acetato de hidrocotisona (AH), constituídos por ácidos gordos semelhantes aos presentes naturalmente no EC, de forma a promover o reforço da barreira cutânea.
Inicialmente, foram realizados estudos de pré-formulação para seleção do lípido líquido e do(s) lípido(s) sólido(s), concentração do tensioativo, bem como do tempo de sonicação. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas as propriedades físico-químicas das formulações de NLC, bem como foram realizados estudos de estabilidade acelerada e a longo prazo (90 dias). Para além disso, recorreu-se a testes in vivo para avaliar a segurança e eficácia dos NLCs. Procedeu-se ainda à incorporação do AH nas formulações de NLC mais promissoras, tendo sido realizados estudos de caracterização físico-química, bem como estudos de estabilidade acelerada.
Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os lípidos sólidos incorporados têm influência nas propriedades físico-químicas e na estabilidade dos NLCs, principalmente quando em associação (ácido esteárico:Precirol® ATO5 1:1). Contudo, as nanoformulações mais promissoras, constituídas apenas por Precirol® ATO5, apresentaram propriedades adequadas para aplicação cutânea em termos de tamanho de partícula, índice de polidispersão, pH e viscosidade, bem como boa compatibilidade cutânea e capacidade para promover a hidratação cutânea. No que diz respeito à incorporação de AH e, embora se tenha observado um aumento no tamanho da partícula, as nanoformulações apresentaram valores razoavelmente apropriados para aplicação cutânea. No entanto, os NLCs contendo AH apresentaram sinais de instabilidade (formação de um precipitado), o que poderá indicar a incorporação deficitária do fármaco e/ou problemas ao nível da solubilidade. Ainda assim, os resultados obtidos no geral representam um avanço significativo quanto à utilização deste tipo de nanossistemas para promover um reforço da barreira cutânea.
Palavras-chave: estrato córneo; transportadores lipídicos nanoestruturados; glucocorticoides tópicos; patologias cutâneasVariations in stratum corneum (SC) lipid composition are related to several skin diseases that affect the barrier integrity, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, xerosis and ichthyosis. However, conventional delivery systems based on topical corticosteroids have some limitations, hence the need to invest in developing innovative systems that increase the treatment’s risk-benefit ratio. Thus, the experimental work carried out aimed to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) as delivery systems for hydrocortisone 21-acetate (HA), consisting of fatty acids similar to those naturally present in SC, to promote the skin barrier reinforcement.
Initially, pre-formulation studies were performed to select the liquid lipid and solid lipid(s), surfactant concentration, as well as sonication time. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of the NLC formulations were evaluated, and studies on accelerated and long-term (90 days) stability were performed. In addition, in vivo tests were used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the NLCs. AH was also incorporated into the most promising NLC formulations, and physicochemical characterization studies were performed, as well as accelerated stability studies.
The data obtained indicated that the solid lipids incorporated have an influence on the physicochemical properties and stability of NLCs, especially when in association (stearic acid:Precirol® ATO5 1:1). However, the most promising nanoformulations, made of Precirol® ATO5, showed suitable properties for cutaneous application in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, pH, and viscosity, as well as good skin compatibility and capacity to promote skin hydration. Regarding AH incorporation, even though an increase in particle size was observed, the nanoformulations showed reasonably appropriate values for cutaneous application. However, the AH-containing NLCs showed signs of instability (formation of a precipitate), which may indicate deficient incorporation of the drug and/or solubility problems. Nevertheless, the results obtained represent a significant advance regarding the use of this type of nanosystems to promote the reinforcement of the skin barrier.
Keywords: stratum corneum; nanostructured lipid carriers; topical corticosteroids; cutaneous pathologie
Affective States, Domains of Difficulties With Emotion Regulation, and Proximity and Their Association With Sexual Distress Related to Sexual Function: Preliminary Correlational Results
No full textIntroduction: Sexual distress related to sexual function (SDRSF) refers to the emotional suffering associated with difficulties or dissatisfaction in sexual functioning. Previous research has shown that it is closely linked to anxiety and depression, demonstrating its broader psychological relevance. Despite this, the transdiagnostic factors that may underlie the emotional suffering across these conditions remain understudied. Understanding these factors could help provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind SDRSF and identify potential targets for interventions. Objective: This study aims to examine the associations between SDRSF and emotion regulation difficulties, affective states, and relational proximity. Methods: After IRB approval, cross-sectional data collected online was used to develop preliminary correlational data derived from self-report measures: the Factor 1 of the Sexual Function Evaluation Questionnaire (SFEQ) to measure SDRSF; the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) to evaluate psychological distress; the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) assessing Positive Affect and Negative Affect; the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) measuring Awareness, Clarity, Goals, Impulse, Non-Acceptance, and Strategies; and the Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale (IOS) to assess relational proximity. All measures and their subscales proved to be reliable (Cronbach’s alpha > .70). Results: A total of 660 people (500 women) participated in the study, 170 reporting the experience of SDRSF, and the preliminary analysis showed moderate correlations (r > .20 and < .50) of all variables with SDRSF. After a closer inspection of the assumptions, the results of a latent profile analysis will be presented, along with an analysis aimed at understanding the specificities of the results for those who experience and do not experience SDRSF. Conclusions: Our preliminary results support the need to consider the role of emotional and relational variables to understand SDRSF. They are consistent with previous studies that associate sexual and psychological distress and advocate not only for interventions that are aimed at cross-diagnostic processes such as emotion regulation difficulties and affective states, but also for an integrative approach that places relationship factors as features and factors that cannot be overlooked in both the evaluation and the intervention. The results also highlight that theoretical and practical training in comprehensive models of mental health may contribute to a more accurate intervention in the context of Sex Therapy
Diversity in partner number sexuality via Sexual Configurations Theory
Full text linkPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.“Partner number sexuality” (P#S) refers to how many partners individuals have/are interested in having. Those with P#S outside of monogamous desires and/or practices commonly face stigma in North America and elsewhere. Yet theories of sexuality do not always make room for diverse P#S. One theory that does is sexual configurations theory (SCT), which visually models gender/sex and sexuality (van Anders, 2015). In this study, we investigated what insights SCT could provide into P#S, whether SCT was useful to those with minoritized P#S, and how those with minoritized P#S made use of SCT. To do so, we conducted online interviews, asking participants (N = 26) to complete two SCT diagrams and report on their experience. We used template analysis to analyze transcripts and compiled “SCT heatmaps,” aggregates of SCT diagrams. We constructed 11 major themes, including diverse understandings of eroticism and romantic/platonic relationships, the impacts of hermeneutical injustice (the injustice of knowledge systems) on participants’ abilities to conceptualize and discuss their P#S, and how SCT facilitated conversations about P#S. The heatmaps showed that participants made use of most of both SCT diagrams, showing branchedness in P#S between “eroticism” and “nurturance,” and between status, identity, and orientation. Our study highlights that the lived experience of partnering, especially of those with minoritized P#S, extends far beyond commonly understood categories, and that SCT is a useful tool that can accurately reflect diversity in P#S.This research was funded by the Canada 150 Research Chairs program to Sari M. van Anders, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada grants RGPIN-2019-05655 and DGECR-2019-00469
Líquidos iónicos como uma vantagem em transferossomas contendo rutina
Full text linkOrientação: Catarina Pereira Leite ; coorientação: Tânia Santos de AlmeidaA administração tópica de fármacos para o tratamento de diversas patologias tem-se revelado muito atrativa pois pode representar menos efeitos adversos associados a um bom desempenho dos princípios ativos, mesmo os pouco solúveis em água. Para tal, o estudo de novas formulações promissoras, eficientes e com o melhor desempenho possível associado a uma boa estabilidade é incessante.
Os líquidos iónicos (LI) têm sido amplamente estudados como promotores da solubilidade, estabilidade e desempenho de diversas formulações cutâneas. Em particular, LI com catião de colina ou de imidazol têm-se demonstrado bastante promissores para modular as propriedades de nanossistemas de veiculação.
Assim, este estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto da inclusão de LI em transferossomas em termos das suas propriedades físico-químicas e da sua estabilidade coloidal. Para tal, procedeu-se ao estudo da incorporação de três LI, nomeadamente [Cho][Gly], [Emim][Gly] e [Emim][Br] e das suas misturas, em formulações transferossomais contendo rutina, um bioflavonóide promissor pelas suas propriedades pleiotrópicas com potencial para aplicação tópica. O carácter inovador deste trabalho reside ainda na utilização de um método de produção inovador quanto à fase em que os LI foram incorporados no nanossistema vesicular.
Os resultados obtidos revelam que os LI melhoraram consideravelmente a eficiência de associação (AE) e a capacidade de carga (LC) da rutina, assim como o potencial zeta (ZP) das vesículas, diminuindo o tamanho dos transferossomas. Entre os LI estudados, os LI de glicinato revelaram ser os mais promissores para melhorar as características físico-químicas dos transferossomas, como o LC e o ZP. Mais ainda, o método de produção utilizado neste trabalho permitiu melhorar a estabilidade coloidal das formulações transferossomais armazenadas sob refrigeração durante 30 dias.
Assim, este trabalho demonstrou que, de facto, a incorporação de LI em transferossomas contendo rutina pode ser vantajosa. Por outro lado, a escolha do método de produção destes nanossistemas deve ser criteriosa para se obterem transferossomas com as melhores propriedades possíveis. No geral, os nanossistemas vesiculares desenvolvidos são promissores para veicular compostos ativos destinados à administração tópica.
Palavras-chave: Líquidos iónicos, transferossomas, rutina, sistemas vesicularesThe topical administration of drugs for the treatment of various pathologies has proven to be very attractive because it may represent fewer adverse effects associated with a good performance of the active compounds, even those poorly soluble in water. To this end, the study of promising and efficient new formulations with the best possible performance associated with good stability is incessant.
Ionic liquids (IL) have been widely studied as promoters of solubility, stability, and performance of various skin formulations. In particular, choline- and imidazole-based IL have shown great promise for modulating the properties of nanodelivery systems.
Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the inclusion of IL in transferosomes in terms of their physicochemical properties and colloidal stability. To this end, we studied the incorporation of three IL, namely [Cho][Gly], [Emim][Gly], [Emim][Br], and their mixtures, in transfersomal formulations containing rutin. It is a promising bioflavonoid due to its pleiotropic properties with the potential for topical application. The innovative character of this work also lies in the use of a novel production method, as to the phase in which the IL was incorporated into the vesicular nanosystem.
The results obtained reveal that the IL considerably improved the association efficiency (AE) and the loading capacity (LC) of rutin, as well as the zeta potential (ZP) of the vesicles, decreasing the size of the transfersomes. Among the IL studied, the glycinate-based IL proved to be the most promising for improving the physicochemical characteristics of transfersomes, such as LC and ZP. More so, the production method used in this work allowed to improve the colloidal stability of the transfersomal formulations stored under refrigeration for 30 days.
Thus, this work demonstrated that, indeed, the incorporation of IL into rutin-containing transfersomes can be advantageous. On the other hand, the choice of the production method of these nanosystems should be judicious to obtain transfersomes with the best possible properties. Overall, the vesicular nanosystems developed herein are promising to load active compounds intended for topical administration.
Keywords: Ionic liquids, transfersomes, rutin, vesicular system
Proposal to conduct an eight-session mindfulness-based CBT intervention for women experiencing low sexual desire in a Portuguese hospital outpatient setting
No full textIntroduction: Sexual problems and dysfunctions can be distressing and harm both psychological and physical health. Low sexual desire is a common sexual problem among women, with research indicating that it affects up to one-third of them. Studies and expert guidelines (e.g., International Consultation on Sexual Medicine) emphasise that mindfulness-based treatments have strong evidence for effectively addressing low sexual desire in women, whether delivered in group, couples, or individual formats. However, to our knowledge, such interventions have not yet been investigated in group settings within Portuguese hospital outpatient clinics, despite evidence supporting the cost-effectiveness of group programmes. Also, many people experiencing sexual difficulties do not seek treatment; one of the barriers is the long healthcare waiting lists, which makes a group intervention for sexual desire problems valuable. Therefore, we plan to conduct a group intervention for women with low sexual desire in a hospital setting, addressing the question: “Is an eight-session mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) program feasible, acceptable, and potentially effective for women with low sexual desire in a Portuguese hospital outpatient setting?” Objective: This proposal involves a single-arm intervention conducted by a CBT sex therapist and a CBT clinical psychologist in a hospital outpatient setting to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and limited effectiveness of an eight-session mindfulness-based CBT group intervention designed for women experiencing low sexual desire. Methods: The expected sample includes 6–8 cisgender women aged 18–65 years, experiencing distress related to absent or low sexual desire, and in a monogamous relationship for at least six months (timeline for diagnosis of sexual dysfunction, DSM-5). Exclusion criteria include current treatment for psychological or sexual difficulties and sexual desire problems primarily attributable to pain-related conditions. Limited efficacy is expected to be evaluated using a pre- and post-treatment design with self-administered measures, where the primary outcome is sexual desire (SDI-2) and secondary outcomes include levels of sexual distress (SDS), sexual pleasure (SPS) and sexual function (FSFI). At the beginning of each session, we will ask participants to anonymously identify what they liked most and least through a brief questionnaire about the previous session. Additionally, we plan to gather participants' qualitative feedback after the intervention, including which components they found most and least helpful, their perceived difficulty of homework assignments, and any improvements they experienced. Results: This cost-effective intervention is expected to show preliminary improvements in key variables of interest. Conclusions: Expected findings will assess whether the intervention is feasible and acceptable in this hospital setting, guiding the design of a future randomised controlled trial focused on women's sexual desire. Due to the expected small sample size and single-arm design, results should be interpreted cautiously, considering limitations such as the preliminary nature of the data on improvements, potential selection bias (i.e., the intervention involving patients seeking professional help in a hospital setting), and challenges in controlling confounding variables (e.g., medication)
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) : a scientific (counter)model for research in comparative education?
No full textSince the launch of PISA in 2000, the success of this OECD-led evaluation has been particularly remarkable. In fact, PISA does not shy away from introducing itself in its reports as a leading reference in comparative education. This chapter analyses precisely the issues raised by the adoption of the PISA methodology as research model in comparative education. Three major issues will be analysed to describe how the PISA publications stray from the common scientific norms: from the perspective of taking into account the critical studies that has been carried out on PISA; from the perspective of the shift from analyzing relationships between variables and results to causal links; from the perspective of a more or less implicit reference to a globalising or even neoliberal political understanding. Through a critical analysis of these issues raised by PISA, this chapter will highlight the importance of reflexivity in comparative education to support other approaches to education and research in the face of a dominant discourse on a worldwide scale.This work was supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P. by project reference UIDB/04114/2020 and DOI identifier https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04114/2020
Perfil parasitário gastrointestinal e broncopulmonar de ovinos adultos na região do Alentejo Central
No full textA produção de ovinos em regime extensivo é uma prática tradicional e de grande relevância económica no sul de Portugal, nomeadamente no Alentejo. Estes animais são dependentes do pastoreio, o que os expõe a elevados riscos de parasitismo. Este cenário levanta preocupações sanitárias, com impacto direto na produtividade e bem-estar do animal. Pretendeu-se, com o presente trabalho, caracterizar o perfil parasitário de ovinos adultos em 13 explorações no concelho de Montemor-o-Novo e compreender os fatores de risco para o grau de carga parasitária, de forma a promover uma abordagem terapêutica mais racional e eficaz no uso de antiparasitários. Para tal, procedeu-se à recolha de amostras fecais de 530 ovinos e à sua análise laboratorial utilizando as técnicas de diagnóstico coprológico, McMaster, Willis, Sedimentação e Baermann. Através destas metodologias, observou-se parasitas gastrointestinais e broncopulmonares. A quantificação dos ovos, com uma média de 5027, e a observação de larvas, com uma média de 5, considerando a média obtida a partir de todas as técnicas aplicadas nas 13 explorações estudadas, permitiram avaliar o grau de parasitismo e proceder à comparação entre explorações. Concluiu-se que o parasitismo gastrointestinal é altamente prevalente, mas nem sempre associado a sinais clínicos visíveis, o que evidencia a importância da realização periódica de exames parasitológicos. A utilização frequente de antiparasitários sem confirmação laboratorial pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de resistências. Assim, torna-se fundamental adotar estratégias integradas de controlo, ajustadas à realidade de cada exploração, promovendo o uso consciente de antiparasitários e práticas responsáveis a longo prazo.Extensive sheep farming is a traditional practice of great economic importance in southern Portugal, particularly in the Alentejo region. These animals depend on grazing, which exposes them to high risks of parasitism. This scenario raises health concerns, with a direct impact on productivity and animal welfare. The aim of this study was to characterize the parasitic profile of adult sheep on 13 farms in the municipality of Montemor-o-Novo, with the aim of promoting a more rational and effective therapeutic approach to the use of antiparasitic drugs. To this end, fecal samples were collected from 530 sheep and analyzed in the laboratory using coprological diagnosis techniques, McMaster, Willis, Sedimentation, and Baermann. Through these methodologies, several gastrointestinal and bronchopulmonary parasites were observed. The quantification of eggs, with an average of 5027, and the observation of larvae, with an average of 5, considering the average obtained from all techniques applied in the 13 farms studied, allowed us to assess the degree of parasitism and compare farms. It was concluded that gastrointestinal parasitism is highly prevalent but not always associated with visible clinical signs, which highlights the importance of periodic parasitological examinations. Frequent use of antiparasitic drugs without laboratory confirmation may favor the development of resistance. Therefore, it is essential to adopt integrated control strategies, tailored to the reality of each farm, promoting the conscious use of antiparasitic drugs and responsible practices in the long term