344 research outputs found

    Experimental evolution of high aerobic metabolism results in improved male reproductive success in field conditions.

    No full text
    This file includes the data reported in the paper:"Experimental evolution of high aerobic metabolism results in improved male reproductive success in field conditions." Anni M. Hämäläinen 1,2,*,†, Tanja Hirvonen 2,†, Phillip C. Watts 2 , Tapio Mappes 2, Pawel Koteja 1, Esa Koskela 2Affiliations:1. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland2. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland* Corresponding author: ORCID: 0000-0001-9260-8299, [email protected]† Shared first author</div

    Ionisoivan säteilyn vaikutukset luonnonvaraisten nisäkkäiden mikrobiomeihin

    No full text
    AbstractAll animals host diverse microbial communities (bacteria, fungi, viruses, known as the microbiota) that inhabit external and internal surfaces of the host. Host-associated microbiota provide essential services to their hosts, such as provision of nutrients, protection against pathogens, and toxic compounds. As changes in the microbiota composition can impact delivery of these functions and thus host health, it is important to understand processes that shape host-associated microbiota. In this thesis, I assess the impacts of environmental contamination on the gut and skin microbiota (bacteria) of small mammals inhabiting areas affected by radionuclides derived from the Chernobyl (Ukraine) and Fukushima (Japan) nuclear accidents. I used marker gene sequencing and field studies to test (I) the effects of exposure to radionuclide contamination on the gut and (II) skin microbiota of the bank vole, Myodes glareolus. By conducting a capture-mark-recapture study, I tested (III) the effects of radiation exposure on the temporal dynamics of the bank vole gut microbiota. I also sampled two pairs of mouse species (Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, A. speciosus, A. argenteus) that occur in sympatry in Chernobyl and Fukushima, to quantify (IV) the general influence of radiation exposure on the gut microbiota of rodents. These data indicate that chronic exposure to radionuclide contamination alters bank vole gut microbiota composition, yet has little notable impact on community composition of the skin microbiota: skin and gut microbiota thus respond to different environmental cues. Longitudinal data indicate that radiation exposure can constrain natural, temporal changes in the bank vole gut microbiota, which is potentially a sign of chronic stress. Also, I show that radiation exposure elicits comparable responses in the gut microbiota of different species of rodents, although host lifestyle can modulate the effects of exposure to radiation on gut microbiota composition. As such, exposure to environmental contaminants has clear potential to alter wildlife microbiota community composition. Given that the microbiota are pivotal to host health, it is important to quantify any microbiota changes in response to diverse anthropogenic disturbances if we are to understand the significance of host-environment interactions in a rapidly changing world.Original papersOriginal papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.Lavrinienko, A., Mappes, T., Tukalenko, E., Mousseau, T. A., Møller, A. P., Knight, R., … Watts, P. C. (2018). Environmental radiation alters the gut microbiome of the bank vole Myodes glareolus. The ISME Journal, 12(11), 2801–2806. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0214-xSelf-archived versionLavrinienko, A., Tukalenko, E., Mappes, T., & Watts, P. C. (2018). Skin and gut microbiomes of a wild mammal respond to different environmental cues. Microbiome, 6, 209. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0595-0Self-archived versionLavrinienko, A., Tukalenko, E., Kesäniemi, J., Kivisaari, K., Masiuk, S., Boratyński, Z., … Watts, P. C. (2020). Applying the Anna Karenina principle for wild animal gut microbiota: temporal stability of the bank vole gut microbiota in a disturbed environment. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13342Self-archived versionLavrinienko, A., Hämäläinen, A., Hindström, R., Tukalenko, E., Boratyński, Z., Kivisaari, K., … Mappes, T. (2020). Comparable response of wild rodent gut microbiome to anthropogenic habitat contamination. Manuscript in preparation.TiivistelmäEläinten mikrobiomi koostuu sen sisällä ja ulkopinnalla elävistä bakteeri-, sieni- ja virusyhteisöistä. Mikrobiomi tuottaa isäntäeliölle olennaisia ravinteita, sekä suojaa taudinaiheuttajia ja myrkyllisiä yhdisteitä vastaan. Koska muutokset mikrobiyhteisöissä voivat vaikuttaa isännän terveyteen, on tärkeää tutkia mikrobiomia muokkaavia tekijöitä. Väitöskirjassani tutkin saastuneen elinympäristön vaikutuksia suoliston ja ihon mikrobiomeihin (bakteerien yhteisöihin) pikkunisäkkäillä Tšernobylin (Ukraina) ja Fukushiman (Japani) ydinvoimalaonnettomuusalueilla. Laajoissa kenttätutkimuksissa selvitin ionisoivalle säteilylle altistumisen vaikutuksia metsämyyrän (Myodes glareolus) (I) suoliston ja (II) ihon mikrobiomeihin. Tutkin myös (III) säteilyaltistuksen vaikutusta ajallisiin muutoksiin metsämyyrän suolistomikrobiomissa pyynti-takaisinpyyntimenetelmällä. Lisäksi tutkin (IV) säteilyaltistuksen vaikutuksia laajemmin jyrsijöiden suolistomikrobiomiin käyttäen sympatrisia hiirilajeja Tšernobylissä (Apodemus flavicollis ja A. sylvaticus) sekä Fukushimassa (A. speciosus ja A. argenteus). Tulosteni mukaan pitkäaikainen altistuminen ympäristön säteilylle muokkaa metsämyyrien suolistomikrobiomin koostumusta, mutta ei vaikuta merkittävästi ihon mikrobiomiin, osoittaen että ihon ja suoliston mikrobiomeihin vaikuttavat erilaiset ympäristötekijät. Säteilyaltistus voi myös rajoittaa metsämyyräyksilöiden suolistomikrobiomissa tapahtuvia luonnollisia ajallisia muutoksia, mahdollisesti johtuen pitkäaikaisesta stressialtistuksesta. Lisäksi osoitan, että ympäristösäteilylle altistumisen vaikutukset suolistomikrobiomiin ovat samankaltaisia eri jyrsijälajeilla, mutta mikrobiomiin vaikuttavat myös lajien väliset erot elintavoissa. Tutkimukseni siis osoitti, että ympäristön saasteet voivat muokata luonnonvaraisten eläinten mikrobiomien koostumusta. Isäntäeliön ja sen ympäristön vuorovaikutus voi oleellisesti vaikuttaa eläinyksilöiden ja niiden populaatioiden terveyteen ja edelleen niiden kykyyn vastata ihmisen aiheuttamiin ympäristömuutoksiin.OsajulkaisutOsajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon.Lavrinienko, A., Mappes, T., Tukalenko, E., Mousseau, T. A., Møller, A. P., Knight, R., … Watts, P. C. (2018). Environmental radiation alters the gut microbiome of the bank vole Myodes glareolus. The ISME Journal, 12(11), 2801–2806. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0214-xRinnakkaistallennettu versioLavrinienko, A., Tukalenko, E., Mappes, T., & Watts, P. C. (2018). Skin and gut microbiomes of a wild mammal respond to different environmental cues. Microbiome, 6, 209. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0595-0Rinnakkaistallennettu versioLavrinienko, A., Tukalenko, E., Kesäniemi, J., Kivisaari, K., Masiuk, S., Boratyński, Z., … Watts, P. C. (2020). Applying the Anna Karenina principle for wild animal gut microbiota: temporal stability of the bank vole gut microbiota in a disturbed environment. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13342Rinnakkaistallennettu versioLavrinienko, A., Hämäläinen, A., Hindström, R., Tukalenko, E., Boratyński, Z., Kivisaari, K., … Mappes, T. (2020). Comparable response of wild rodent gut microbiome to anthropogenic habitat contamination. Manuscript in preparation.Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Health and Biosciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in building Seminarium, old festival hall S212, University of Jyväskylä, on 30 October 2020, at 12 noonAbstract All animals host diverse microbial communities (bacteria, fungi, viruses, known as the microbiota) that inhabit external and internal surfaces of the host. Host-associated microbiota provide essential services to their hosts, such as provision of nutrients, protection against pathogens, and toxic compounds. As changes in the microbiota composition can impact delivery of these functions and thus host health, it is important to understand processes that shape host-associated microbiota. In this thesis, I assess the impacts of environmental contamination on the gut and skin microbiota (bacteria) of small mammals inhabiting areas affected by radionuclides derived from the Chernobyl (Ukraine) and Fukushima (Japan) nuclear accidents. I used marker gene sequencing and field studies to test (I) the effects of exposure to radionuclide contamination on the gut and (II) skin microbiota of the bank vole, Myodes glareolus. By conducting a capture-mark-recapture study, I tested (III) the effects of radiation exposure on the temporal dynamics of the bank vole gut microbiota. I also sampled two pairs of mouse species (Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, A. speciosus, A. argenteus) that occur in sympatry in Chernobyl and Fukushima, to quantify (IV) the general influence of radiation exposure on the gut microbiota of rodents. These data indicate that chronic exposure to radionuclide contamination alters bank vole gut microbiota composition, yet has little notable impact on community composition of the skin microbiota: skin and gut microbiota thus respond to different environmental cues. Longitudinal data indicate that radiation exposure can constrain natural, temporal changes in the bank vole gut microbiota, which is potentially a sign of chronic stress. Also, I show that radiation exposure elicits comparable responses in the gut microbiota of different species of rodents, although host lifestyle can modulate the effects of exposure to radiation on gut microbiota composition. As such, exposure to environmental contaminants has clear potential to alter wildlife microbiota community composition. Given that the microbiota are pivotal to host health, it is important to quantify any microbiota changes in response to diverse anthropogenic disturbances if we are to understand the significance of host-environment interactions in a rapidly changing world.Tiivistelmä Eläinten mikrobiomi koostuu sen sisällä ja ulkopinnalla elävistä bakteeri-, sieni- ja virusyhteisöistä. Mikrobiomi tuottaa isäntäeliölle olennaisia ravinteita, sekä suojaa taudinaiheuttajia ja myrkyllisiä yhdisteitä vastaan. Koska muutokset mikrobiyhteisöissä voivat vaikuttaa isännän terveyteen, on tärkeää tutkia mikrobiomia muokkaavia tekijöitä. Väitöskirjassani tutkin saastuneen elinympäristön vaikutuksia suoliston ja ihon mikrobiomeihin (bakteerien yhteisöihin) pikkunisäkkäillä Tšernobylin (Ukraina) ja Fukushiman (Japani) ydinvoimalaonnettomuusalueilla. Laajoissa kenttätutkimuksissa selvitin ionisoivalle säteilylle altistumisen vaikutuksia metsämyyrän (Myodes glareolus) (I) suoliston ja (II) ihon mikrobiomeihin. Tutkin myös (III) säteilyaltistuksen vaikutusta ajallisiin muutoksiin metsämyyrän suolistomikrobiomissa pyynti-takaisinpyyntimenetelmällä. Lisäksi tutkin (IV) säteilyaltistuksen vaikutuksia laajemmin jyrsijöiden suolistomikrobiomiin käyttäen sympatrisia hiirilajeja Tšernobylissä (Apodemus flavicollis ja A. sylvaticus) sekä Fukushimassa (A. speciosus ja A. argenteus). Tulosteni mukaan pitkäaikainen altistuminen ympäristön säteilylle muokkaa metsämyyrien suolistomikrobiomin koostumusta, mutta ei vaikuta merkittävästi ihon mikrobiomiin, osoittaen että ihon ja suoliston mikrobiomeihin vaikuttavat erilaiset ympäristötekijät. Säteilyaltistus voi myös rajoittaa metsämyyräyksilöiden suolistomikrobiomissa tapahtuvia luonnollisia ajallisia muutoksia, mahdollisesti johtuen pitkäaikaisesta stressialtistuksesta. Lisäksi osoitan, että ympäristösäteilylle altistumisen vaikutukset suolistomikrobiomiin ovat samankaltaisia eri jyrsijälajeilla, mutta mikrobiomiin vaikuttavat myös lajien väliset erot elintavoissa. Tutkimukseni siis osoitti, että ympäristön saasteet voivat muokata luonnonvaraisten eläinten mikrobiomien koostumusta. Isäntäeliön ja sen ympäristön vuorovaikutus voi oleellisesti vaikuttaa eläinyksilöiden ja niiden populaatioiden terveyteen ja edelleen niiden kykyyn vastata ihmisen aiheuttamiin ympäristömuutoksiin

    Metals, pathogens, and islands : how the environment shapes the gut microbiota of wild bank voles

    No full text
    Abstract Wild animals inhabit a complex world that affects every aspect of their biology, including their microbial symbionts. One of the best-studied communities of microbial symbionts in animals is the gut microbiota as it affects many of the host’s physiological processes such as metabolism and immune response. Understanding the drivers of variation in gut microbiota diversity and composition in wild animals is therefore a crucial component of understanding the possible impacts of different environmental conditions on the health and ecology of wild animals. This is particularly the case when considering the scale of environmental changes arising from human activities, such as pollution or habitat fragmentation. In my thesis, I examine how the gut microbiota of wild bank voles (Myodes syn. Clethrionomys glareolus) is impacted by three important features of the environment: (1) exposure to environmental metal pollution, (2) systemic pathogen burden and coinfection, and (3) habitat size and isolation (i.e. island biogeography). In the first chapter of my thesis, I found that exposure even to a low level of multi-metal pollution affects the gut microbiota diversity and composition. In the second chapter of my thesis, I found that systemic pathogens can affect gut microbiota despite the lack of direct interaction between the pathogen and gut microbiota; furthermore, I found that coinfection affects the observed pathogen-microbiota interactions in a pathogen-specific way, showing that failing to account for possible coinfections can affect the detection of pathogen-microbiota interactions. Last, in the third chapter of my thesis, I show that host-associated microbiota may exhibit large-scale biogeographical patterns and thus I demonstrate that some key principles of the theory of island biogeography, typically applied to macro-organisms or free-living microbes, may apply to the gut microbiota of rodents. Together, the findings of my thesis contribute to the research showing that many aspects of the host’s environment can affect the gut microbiota of wild animals. Original papers Brila, I., Lavrinienko, A., Tukalenko, E., Ecke, F., Rodushkin, I., Kallio, E. R., Mappes, T., &amp; Watts, P. C. (2021). Low-level environmental metal pollution is associated with altered gut microbiota of a wild rodent, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Science of The Total Environment, 790, 148224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148224 Self-archived version Brila, I., Lavrinienko, A., Tukalenko, E., Kallio, E. R., Mappes, T., &amp; Watts, P. C. (2023). Idiosyncratic effects of coinfection on the association between systemic pathogens and the gut microbiota of a wild rodent, the bank vole Myodes glareolus. Journal of Animal Ecology, 92(4), 826&ndash;837. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13869 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13869 Self-archived version Brila, I., Wang, Y. X. G., H&auml;m&auml;l&auml;inen, A. M., Mappes, T., Watts, P. C., &amp; Kallio, E. R. (2023). Gut microbiota of insular rodents: testing the island biogeography theory. Manuscript in preparation. Tiivistelmä Villieläimet elävät moniulotteisessa ympäristössä, jonka ominaisuuksilla on laaja vaikutus niiden biologiaan, mukaan lukien niiden symbioottiset mikrobit. Eräs parhaiten tutkituista symbioottisten mikrobien yhteisöistä on eläinten suoliston mikrobisto, joka vaikuttaa moniin isäntäeläimen fysiologisiin prosesseihin, kuten aineenvaihduntaan ja immuunivasteeseen. Tästä syystä on tärkeää ymmärtää villieläinten suoliston mikrobiston monimuotoisuuden ja koostumuksen vaihtelua ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia mekanismeja voidaksemme hahmottaa erilaisten ympäristöolosuhteiden mahdollisia vaikutuksia villieläinten terveyteen ja ekologiaan. Tämä on erityisen tarpeellista tarkasteltaessa ihmisen toiminnasta aiheutuvan ympäristömuutoksen laajuutta, kuten saasteita tai elinympäristöjen pirstoutumista. Väitöskirjassani tutkin, kuinka kolme tärkeää ympäristön ominaisuutta: (1) altistuminen ympäristön metallisaasteille, (2) systeeminen patogeenitaakka ja rinnakkaisinfektio, ja (3) elinympäristön koko ja eristyneisyys (eli saaribiogeografia) vaikuttaa villien metsämyyrien (Myodes syn. Clethrionomys glareolus) suoliston mikrobistoon. Väitöskirjani ensimmäisessä luvussa osoitan, että jopa alhaisen tason altistus monimetallisaasteelle vaikuttaa suoliston mikrobiston monimuotoisuuteen ja koostumukseen. Toisessa luvussa havaitsin, että systeemiset patogeenit voivat vaikuttaa suoliston mikrobistoon, vaikka suoraa vuorovaikutusta patogeenin ja suoliston mikrobiston välillä ei ole; lisäksi havaitsin, että rinnakkaisinfektioiden vaikutukset havaittuihin vuorovaikutuksiin patogeenien ja mikrobiston vaihtelevat riippuen patogeenilajista. Tämä tulos osoittaa, että mahdollisten rinnakkaisinfektioiden huomiotta jättäminen voi vaikuttaa patogeeni-mikrobisto vuorovaikutusten havaitsemiseen. Lopuksi, väitöskirjani kolmannessa luvussa osoitan, että myyrien mikrobistossa on havaittavissa laajamittaisia biogeografisia rakenteita, ja siten esitän, että jotkut saarimaantieteen teorian keskeiset periaatteet, jotka tyypillisesti sovelletaan makro-organismeihin tai vapaasti eläviin mikrobeihin, saattavat päteä jyrsijöiden suoliston mikrobistoon. Yhdessä väitöskirjani löydökset edistävät tutkimusta, joka osoittaa, että monet ympäristöpiirteet voivat vaikuttaa villieläinten suoliston mikrobistoon. Osajulkaisut Brila, I., Lavrinienko, A., Tukalenko, E., Ecke, F., Rodushkin, I., Kallio, E. R., Mappes, T., &amp; Watts, P. C. (2021). Low-level environmental metal pollution is associated with altered gut microbiota of a wild rodent, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Science of The Total Environment, 790, 148224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148224 Rinnakkaistallennettu versio Brila, I., Lavrinienko, A., Tukalenko, E., Kallio, E. R., Mappes, T., &amp; Watts, P. C. (2023). Idiosyncratic effects of coinfection on the association between systemic pathogens and the gut microbiota of a wild rodent, the bank vole Myodes glareolus. Journal of Animal Ecology, 92(4), 826&ndash;837. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13869 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13869 Rinnakkaistallennettu versio Brila, I., Wang, Y. X. G., H&auml;m&auml;l&auml;inen, A. M., Mappes, T., Watts, P. C., &amp; Kallio, E. R. (2023). Gut microbiota of insular rodents: testing the island biogeography theory. Manuscript in preparation. Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Programme Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in Old Festival Hall (S212), Seminarium building, University of Jyväskylä, on 31 May 2024, at 12 noonAbstract Wild animals inhabit a complex world that affects every aspect of their biology, including their microbial symbionts. One of the best-studied communities of microbial symbionts in animals is the gut microbiota as it affects many of the host’s physiological processes such as metabolism and immune response. Understanding the drivers of variation in gut microbiota diversity and composition in wild animals is therefore a crucial component of understanding the possible impacts of different environmental conditions on the health and ecology of wild animals. This is particularly the case when considering the scale of environmental changes arising from human activities, such as pollution or habitat fragmentation. In my thesis, I examine how the gut microbiota of wild bank voles (Myodes syn. Clethrionomys glareolus) is impacted by three important features of the environment: (1) exposure to environmental metal pollution, (2) systemic pathogen burden and coinfection, and (3) habitat size and isolation (i.e. island biogeography). In the first chapter of my thesis, I found that exposure even to a low level of multi-metal pollution affects the gut microbiota diversity and composition. In the second chapter of my thesis, I found that systemic pathogens can affect gut microbiota despite the lack of direct interaction between the pathogen and gut microbiota; furthermore, I found that coinfection affects the observed pathogen-microbiota interactions in a pathogen-specific way, showing that failing to account for possible coinfections can affect the detection of pathogen-microbiota interactions. Last, in the third chapter of my thesis, I show that host-associated microbiota may exhibit large-scale biogeographical patterns and thus I demonstrate that some key principles of the theory of island biogeography, typically applied to macro-organisms or free-living microbes, may apply to the gut microbiota of rodents. Together, the findings of my thesis contribute to the research showing that many aspects of the host’s environment can affect the gut microbiota of wild animals.Tiivistelmä Villieläimet elävät moniulotteisessa ympäristössä, jonka ominaisuuksilla on laaja vaikutus niiden biologiaan, mukaan lukien niiden symbioottiset mikrobit. Eräs parhaiten tutkituista symbioottisten mikrobien yhteisöistä on eläinten suoliston mikrobisto, joka vaikuttaa moniin isäntäeläimen fysiologisiin prosesseihin, kuten aineenvaihduntaan ja immuunivasteeseen. Tästä syystä on tärkeää ymmärtää villieläinten suoliston mikrobiston monimuotoisuuden ja koostumuksen vaihtelua ja niiden taustalla vaikuttavia mekanismeja voidaksemme hahmottaa erilaisten ympäristöolosuhteiden mahdollisia vaikutuksia villieläinten terveyteen ja ekologiaan. Tämä on erityisen tarpeellista tarkasteltaessa ihmisen toiminnasta aiheutuvan ympäristömuutoksen laajuutta, kuten saasteita tai elinympäristöjen pirstoutumista. Väitöskirjassani tutkin, kuinka kolme tärkeää ympäristön ominaisuutta: (1) altistuminen ympäristön metallisaasteille, (2) systeeminen patogeenitaakka ja rinnakkaisinfektio, ja (3) elinympäristön koko ja eristyneisyys (eli saaribiogeografia) vaikuttaa villien metsämyyrien (Myodes syn. Clethrionomys glareolus) suoliston mikrobistoon. Väitöskirjani ensimmäisessä luvussa osoitan, että jopa alhaisen tason altistus monimetallisaasteelle vaikuttaa suoliston mikrobiston monimuotoisuuteen ja koostumukseen. Toisessa luvussa havaitsin, että systeemiset patogeenit voivat vaikuttaa suoliston mikrobistoon, vaikka suoraa vuorovaikutusta patogeenin ja suoliston mikrobiston välillä ei ole; lisäksi havaitsin, että rinnakkaisinfektioiden vaikutukset havaittuihin vuorovaikutuksiin patogeenien ja mikrobiston vaihtelevat riippuen patogeenilajista. Tämä tulos osoittaa, että mahdollisten rinnakkaisinfektioiden huomiotta jättäminen voi vaikuttaa patogeeni-mikrobisto vuorovaikutusten havaitsemiseen. Lopuksi, väitöskirjani kolmannessa luvussa osoitan, että myyrien mikrobistossa on havaittavissa laajamittaisia biogeografisia rakenteita, ja siten esitän, että jotkut saarimaantieteen teorian keskeiset periaatteet, jotka tyypillisesti sovelletaan makro-organismeihin tai vapaasti eläviin mikrobeihin, saattavat päteä jyrsijöiden suoliston mikrobistoon. Yhdessä väitöskirjani löydökset edistävät tutkimusta, joka osoittaa, että monet ympäristöpiirteet voivat vaikuttaa villieläinten suoliston mikrobistoon

    Analysis of patterns of bushmeat consumption reveals extensive exploitation of protected species in eastern Madagascar.

    No full text
    Understanding the patterns of wild meat consumption from tropical forests is important for designing approaches to address this major threat to biodiversity and mitigate potential pathways for transmission of emerging diseases. Bushmeat consumption has been particularly poorly studied in Madagascar, one of the world’s hottest biodiversity hotspots. Studying bushmeat consumption is challenging as many species are protected and researchers must consider the incentives faced by informants. Using interviews with 1154 households in 12 communes in eastern Madagascar, as well as local monitoring data, we investigated the importance of socio-economic variables, taste preference and traditional taboos on consumption of 50 wild and domestic species. The majority of meals contain no animal protein. However, respondents consume a wide range of wild species and 95% of respondents have eaten at least one protected species (and nearly 45% have eaten more than 10). The rural/urban divide and wealth are important predictors of bushmeat consumption, but the magnitude and direction of the effect varies between species. Bushmeat species are not preferred and are considered inferior to fish and domestic animals. Taboos have provided protection to some species, particularly the Endangered Indri, but we present evidence that this taboo is rapidly eroding. By considering a variety of potential influences on consumption in a single study we have improved understanding of who is eating bushmeat and why. Evidence that bushmeat species are not generally preferred meats suggest that projects which increase the availability of domestic meat and fish may have success at reducing demand. We also suggest that enforcement of existing wildlife and firearm laws should be a priority, particularly in areas undergoing rapid social change. The issue of hunting as an important threat to biodiversity in Madagascar is only now being fully recognised. Urgent action is required to ensure that heavily hunted species are adequately protected

    Breeding tactics and reproductive success in the bank vole

    No full text
    The aim of this thesis was to study what kinds of breeding tactics bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus females will adopt in relation to the particular ecological environments where they live. We also studied how successful the adopted tactics were and what were the main mechanisms which determined the success. The determinants of optimal litter size were studied by manipulating litter size. Nursing different sized litters affected the success of the present reproduction, only. Increased litter size did not cause survival or fecundity costs for breeding females. Further, home range size seemed to determine the initial litter size of females, but the females did not compensate for the enlarged demand of effort by changing their space use. This may indicate that litter size is regulated by space competition of territorial females in the saturated breeding populations. Territorial behaviour was examined in relation to female reproductive state. Home range overlap decreased and territory size increased from non-pregnancy to nursing, though home range size did not change. Attacks against intruder females increased and amicable behaviour decreased as the time for delivery got closer. The territorial behaviour also seemed to correlate positively with home range and territory size of females. These results indicate that competition for space is most intensive in the late part of breeding, especially during nursing. The effects of kinship on spacing behaviour, breeding success and survival were studied with experimental populations established by related (R) and unrelated females (UR). The R populations grew twice as fast as the UR ones. The breeding success of UR females decreased with distance to the the nearest neighbour. The home ranges of UR females overlapped less and were smaller if they were situated close to each other. Further, juveniles seemed to avoid territories of adult females and their survival declined with dispersal distance from the natal territory in the UR populations. These results indicate that space competition is more intense among UR females decreasing their reproductive success. Infanticide towards UR nestlings and juveniles is one possible mechanism causing lower recruitment of young in this study. In an experiment where predation risk and the density of voles were manipulated, under high predation risk both old and young females suppressed breeding, while density did not affect overall breeding. Both risk factors appeared to increase litter sizes. In risky environments females seemed to choose between two opposite tactics: They suppressed breeding, which may increase their own survival to the next breeding or they continued to breed in spite of expected higher survival costs. Females seemed to compensate for the increased survival costs with a higher effort to the current reproduction.unknown accessibilityei tietoa saavutettavuudest

    Sexual display and mate choice in an energetically costly environment

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    Sexual displays and mate choice often take place under the same set of environmental conditions and, as a consequence, may be exposed to the same set of environmental constraints. Surprisingly, however, very few studies consider the effects of environmental costs on sexual displays and mate choice simultaneously. We conducted an experiment, manipulating water flow in large flume tanks, to examine how an energetically costly environment might affect the sexual display and mate choice behavior of male and female guppies, Poecilia reticulata. We found that male guppies performed fewer sexual displays and became less choosy, with respect to female size, in the presence of a water current compared to those tested in still water. In contrast to males, female responsive to male displays did not differ between the water current treatments and females exhibited no mate preferences with respect to male size or coloration in either treatment. The results of our study underscore the importance of considering the simultaneous effects of environmental costs on the sexual behaviors of both sexes

    Revealing the history of sheep domestication using retrovirus integrations

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    The domestication of livestock represented a crucial step in human history. By using endogenous retroviruses as genetic markers, we found that sheep differentiated on the basis of their "retrotype" and morphological traits dispersed across Eurasia and Africa via separate migratory episodes. Relicts of the first migrations include the Mouflon, as well as breeds previously recognized as "primitive" on the basis of their morphology, such as the Orkney, Soay, and the Nordic short-tailed sheep now confined to the periphery of northwest Europe. A later migratory episode, involving sheep with improved production traits, shaped the great majority of present-day breeds. The ability to differentiate genetically primitive sheep from more modern breeds provides valuable insights into the history of sheep domestication

    Quantitative measure of sexual selection with respect to the operational sex ratio: a comparison of selection indices

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    Despite numerous indices proposed to predict the evolution of mating systems, a unified measure of sexual selection has remained elusive. Three previous studies have compared indices of sexual selection under laboratory conditions. Here, we use a genetic study to compare the most widely used measures of sexual selection in natural populations. We explored the mating and reproductive successes of male and female bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus, across manipulated operational sex ratios ( OSRs) by genotyping all adult and pup bank voles on 13 islands using six microsatellite loci. We used Bateman's principles (I(s) and I and Bateman gradients) and selection coefficients (s' and beta') to evaluate, for the first time, the genetic mating system of bank voles and compared these measures with alternative indices of sexual selection ( index of monopolization and Morisita's index) across the OSRs. We found that all the sexual selection indices show significant positive intercorrelations for both males and females, suggesting that Bateman's principles are an accurate and a valid measure of the mating system. The Bateman gradient, in particular, provides information over and above that of other sexual selection indices. Male bank voles show a greater potential for sexual selection than females, and Bateman gradients indicate a polygynandrous mating system. Selection coefficients reveal strong selection gradients on male bank vole plasma testosterone level rather than body size

    Lisämateriaali artikkeliin &quot;Exposure to environmental radionuclides is associated with altered metabolic and immunity pathways in a wild rodent&quot;.

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    Electronic material for Kesäniemi J, Jernfors T, Lavrinienko A, Kivisaari K, Kiljunen M, Mappes T &amp; Watts PC. 2019. Exposure to environmental radionuclides is associated with altered metabolic and immunity pathways in a wild rodent. Molecular Ecology 28: 4620–4635. Contains transcriptome annotation data and output of differential expression and gene ontology enrichment analyses. Parts of the dataset originally published in DRYAD (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.j3c6r69)

    The effects of exposure to radionuclide contamination on microbiota of wild mammals

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    Abstract All animals host diverse microbial communities (bacteria, fungi, viruses, known as the microbiota) that inhabit external and internal surfaces of the host. Host-associated microbiota provide essential services to their hosts, such as provision of nutrients, protection against pathogens, and toxic compounds. As changes in the microbiota composition can impact delivery of these functions and thus host health, it is important to understand processes that shape host-associated microbiota. In this thesis, I assess the impacts of environmental contamination on the gut and skin microbiota (bacteria) of small mammals inhabiting areas affected by radionuclides derived from the Chernobyl (Ukraine) and Fukushima (Japan) nuclear accidents. I used marker gene sequencing and field studies to test (I) the effects of exposure to radionuclide contamination on the gut and (II) skin microbiota of the bank vole, Myodes glareolus. By conducting a capture-mark-recapture study, I tested (III) the effects of radiation exposure on the temporal dynamics of the bank vole gut microbiota. I also sampled two pairs of mouse species (Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, A. speciosus, A. argenteus) that occur in sympatry in Chernobyl and Fukushima, to quantify (IV) the general influence of radiation exposure on the gut microbiota of rodents. These data indicate that chronic exposure to radionuclide contamination alters bank vole gut microbiota composition, yet has little notable impact on community composition of the skin microbiota: skin and gut microbiota thus respond to different environmental cues. Longitudinal data indicate that radiation exposure can constrain natural, temporal changes in the bank vole gut microbiota, which is potentially a sign of chronic stress. Also, I show that radiation exposure elicits comparable responses in the gut microbiota of different species of rodents, although host lifestyle can modulate the effects of exposure to radiation on gut microbiota composition. As such, exposure to environmental contaminants has clear potential to alter wildlife microbiota community composition. Given that the microbiota are pivotal to host health, it is important to quantify any microbiota changes in response to diverse anthropogenic disturbances if we are to understand the significance of host-environment interactions in a rapidly changing world.Tiivistelmä Eläinten mikrobiomi koostuu sen sisällä ja ulkopinnalla elävistä bakteeri-, sieni- ja virusyhteisöistä. Mikrobiomi tuottaa isäntäeliölle olennaisia ravinteita, sekä suojaa taudinaiheuttajia ja myrkyllisiä yhdisteitä vastaan. Koska muutokset mikrobiyhteisöissä voivat vaikuttaa isännän terveyteen, on tärkeää tutkia mikrobiomia muokkaavia tekijöitä. Väitöskirjassani tutkin saastuneen elinympäristön vaikutuksia suoliston ja ihon mikrobiomeihin (bakteerien yhteisöihin) pikkunisäkkäillä Tšernobylin (Ukraina) ja Fukushiman (Japani) ydinvoimalaonnettomuusalueilla. Laajoissa kenttätutkimuksissa selvitin ionisoivalle säteilylle altistumisen vaikutuksia metsämyyrän (Myodes glareolus) (I) suoliston ja (II) ihon mikrobiomeihin. Tutkin myös (III) säteilyaltistuksen vaikutusta ajallisiin muutoksiin metsämyyrän suolistomikrobiomissa pyynti-takaisinpyyntimenetelmällä. Lisäksi tutkin (IV) säteilyaltistuksen vaikutuksia laajemmin jyrsijöiden suolistomikrobiomiin käyttäen sympatrisia hiirilajeja Tšernobylissä (Apodemus flavicollis ja A. sylvaticus) sekä Fukushimassa (A. speciosus ja A. argenteus). Tulosteni mukaan pitkäaikainen altistuminen ympäristön säteilylle muokkaa metsämyyrien suolistomikrobiomin koostumusta, mutta ei vaikuta merkittävästi ihon mikrobiomiin, osoittaen että ihon ja suoliston mikrobiomeihin vaikuttavat erilaiset ympäristötekijät. Säteilyaltistus voi myös rajoittaa metsämyyräyksilöiden suolistomikrobiomissa tapahtuvia luonnollisia ajallisia muutoksia, mahdollisesti johtuen pitkäaikaisesta stressialtistuksesta. Lisäksi osoitan, että ympäristösäteilylle altistumisen vaikutukset suolistomikrobiomiin ovat samankaltaisia eri jyrsijälajeilla, mutta mikrobiomiin vaikuttavat myös lajien väliset erot elintavoissa. Tutkimukseni siis osoitti, että ympäristön saasteet voivat muokata luonnonvaraisten eläinten mikrobiomien koostumusta. Isäntäeliön ja sen ympäristön vuorovaikutus voi oleellisesti vaikuttaa eläinyksilöiden ja niiden populaatioiden terveyteen ja edelleen niiden kykyyn vastata ihmisen aiheuttamiin ympäristömuutoksiin
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