204 research outputs found
Phasehood of Wh-Questions in Modern Standard Arabic
Get PDFabstract: Wh-questions have been widely discussed in different languages such as English, Mandarin Chinese, Italian, and Russian, but little attention has been paid to the structure of wh-questions in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Thus, this dissertation attempts to analyze the structure of wh-questions using the current frameworks: Minimalism and Cartography.
In the late 1990s, Chomsky established the Minimalist Program which aims to describe the clause structure in as simple and economic mechanism as possible, and he advanced his famous research program to include phase theory, which aims to restrict the syntactic operations. On the other side, Rizzi (1997, 2001) proposed the Cartographic approach. In this approach, Rizzi attempted to analyze the left periphery domain in detail, and suggested the split CP hypothesis. Following those two approaches, Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015) unified them into one approach and suggested that ForceP, TopicP, and IntP are phasal domain while FocusP, FinP, and WhP are not. An overview of the Chomskyan model and Rizzi’s approach has been provided in Chapter 2. Also, this dissertation discussed the unified approach by Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015).
In addition to the overview of the general frameworks, this dissertation discussed the clause structure such as the word order, left periphery domain (i.e., CP), and resumption in MSA. Furthermore, Chapter 2 presented the earlier studies on the wh-questions in MSA and highlighted the major gap which this dissertation attempts to fill. In these studies the structure of wh-questions in MSA were mis-analyzed because the surface structure of the nine wh-questions might look the same, but, in fact, they are not. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to (re)study the structure of wh-questions with taking into consideration the resumption and [definiteness].
In Chapter 3, the methodology and corpus analysis, which is used in collecting the wh-questions in MSA, are discussed. Finally, Chapter 4 analyzed the corpus findings based on the unified approach by Ginsburg (2009) and Totsuka (2015) and showed some evidence that man ‘who’ and ayy ‘which’ questions in MSA are in phasal phrase (i.e., IntP) while the rest of wh-questions are not.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation English 201
Roald Dahl: the Author for Two Audiences. A comparison of His Writings for Children and Adults
Get PDFKatedra anglistiky a amerikanistikyDokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobo
Effect of 1-month war in Lebanon on sex ratio
No full textOur study showed no effect of 33-day war in Lebanon on sex ratio. More research is needed to explore other modifying factors for a better understanding of the complex effect of wars on sex ratio changes. © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine.Abu-Musa A, 2008, REPROD BIOMED ONLINE, V17, P21; Abu-Musa AA, 2007, FERTIL STERIL, V88, P1579, DOI 10.1016-j.fertnstert.2007.01.067; Ansari-Lari M, 2002, J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H, V56, P622, DOI 10.1136-jech.56.8.622; Bisioli C, 2004, HUM REPROD, V19, P218, DOI 10.1093-humrep-deh027; *CAP OCHA, 2006, LEB CRIS FLASH APP; Catalano R., 2003, HUM REPROD, V9, P1972; Catalano RA, 2005, SOC SCI MED, V60, P537, DOI 10.1016-j.socscimed.2004.06.008; *CENTR ADM STAT PR, LEB REP; Fukuda M, 1996, HUM REPROD, V11, P1244; Fukuda M, 1998, HUM REPROD, V13, P2321, DOI 10.1093-humrep-13.8.2321; Graffelman J, 2000, HUM BIOL, V72, P433; Grech V, 2000, J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H, V54, P244, DOI 10.1136-jech.54.4.244; Hansen D, 1999, BRIT MED J, V319, P548; Hilsenrath RE, 1997, FERTIL STERIL, V68, P510, DOI 10.1016-S0015-0282(97)00247-1; Jacobsen R, 2000, HUM REPROD, V15, P2369, DOI 10.1093-humrep-15.11.2369; James WH, 2004, HUM REPROD, V19, DOI 10.1093-humrep-deh261; James WH, 2004, HUM REPROD, V19, P1250, DOI 10.1093-humrep-deh245; James WH, 2003, HUM REPROD, V18, P1133, DOI 10.1093-humrep-deg220; Mathews T J, 2005, Natl Vital Stat Rep, V53, P1; Mocarelli P, 2000, LANCET, V355, P1858, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(00)02290-X; Moller H, 1996, LANCET, V348, P828, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(05)65253-1; Polasek O, 2005, HUM REPROD, V20, P2489, DOI 10.1093-humrep-dei097; Safarinejad MR, 2001, UROLOGY, V58, P90, DOI 10.1016-S0090-4295(01)01085-8; Shearer D, 2007, DISASTERS, V31, P336, DOI 10.1111-j.0361-3666.2007.01012.x; vandenBroek JM, 1997, LANCET, V349, P805, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(05)60234-6; Zorn B, 2002, HUM REPROD, V17, P3173, DOI 10.1093-humrep-17.12.317311
Effect of the Lebanese civil war on sex ratio
No full textSex ratio is a subject of scientific interest but little is known about the factors that affect the sex ratio of humans. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the Lebanese civil war on sex ratio. Data on all live births delivered at a large university hospital for the years 1977-2005 were used in this study. Study periods were defined as wartime (1977-1992) and post-war (1993-2005). The sex ratio in the study time period was calculated as the male proportion, i.e. males-males + females in live-born infants. Sex ratio during the war was compared with that of the post-war period. The sex ratio was similar in the war and post-war period (0.515 versus 0.513; OR = 1.007; 95percent CI 0.98-1.04). The annual variation in the sex ratio during the study period did not show any significant change in any of the years. In conclusion, the Lebanese civil war did not cause a detectable change in sex ratio at birth. Factors that might have affected the sex ratio include the nature of the study population (civilians), the variable intensity of war in different periods, and the effect of stress and environmental toxins. © 2008 Published by Reproductive Healthcare Ltd.Abu-Musa AA, 2007, FERTIL STERIL, V88, P1579, DOI 10.1016-j.fertnstert.2007.01.067; Ansari-Lari M, 2002, J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H, V56, P622, DOI 10.1136-jech.56.8.622; Bisioli C, 2004, HUM REPROD, V19, P218, DOI 10.1093-humrep-deh027; Catalano R., 2003, HUM REPROD, V9, P1972; Catalano RA, 2005, SOC SCI MED, V60, P537, DOI 10.1016-j.socscimed.2004.06.008; Erickson K, 2001, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V86, P2544, DOI 10.1210-jc.86.6.2544; Fisher RA, 1930, GENETICAL THEORY NAT; Fukuda M, 1996, HUM REPROD, V11, P1244; Graffelman J, 2000, HUM BIOL, V72, P433; Grech V, 2000, J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H, V54, P244, DOI 10.1136-jech.54.4.244; Hamdan F, 2002, LEBANON'S SECOND REPUBLIC: PROSPECTS FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, P175; Hansen D, 1999, BRIT MED J, V319, P548; Hobel CJ, 1999, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V180, pS257, DOI 10.1016-S0002-9378(99)70712-X; Jabbra NW, 2004, J COMP FAM STUD, V35, P259; Jacobsen R, 2000, HUM REPROD, V15, P2369, DOI 10.1093-humrep-15.11.2369; James WH, 2004, HUM REPROD, V19, DOI 10.1093-humrep-deh261; James WH, 2004, HUM REPROD, V19, P1250, DOI 10.1093-humrep-deh245; James WH, 2003, HUM REPROD, V18, P1133, DOI 10.1093-humrep-deg220; JAMES WH, 1987, HUM BIOL, V59, P721; James WH, 1996, J THEOR BIOL, V180, P271, DOI 10.1006-jtbi.1996.0102; JOSEPH S, 1994, SOCIAL POLITICS, V1, P270; LYSTER WR, 1974, J OBSTET GYN BR COMM, V81, P626; MAYNARDSMITH J, 1980, BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL, V7, P247; Mocarelli P, 2000, LANCET, V355, P1858, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(00)02290-X; Moller H, 1996, LANCET, V348, P828, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(05)65253-1; Polasek O, 2005, HUM REPROD, V20, P2489, DOI 10.1093-humrep-dei097; Polasek O, 2006, EUR J EPIDEMIOL, V21, P61, DOI 10.1007-s10654-005-4845-7; ROSE RM, 1969, PSYCHOSOM MED, V31, P418; Saxena PC, 2004, J COMP FAM STUD, V35, P241; SEMPLE CG, 1986, BRIT MED J, V293, P1049; Sureau C, 1999, HUM REPROD, V14, P867, DOI 10.1093-humrep-14.4.867; Trivers R., 1985, SOCIAL EVOLUTION; vandenBroek JM, 1997, LANCET, V349, P805, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(05)60234-6; vanderPaldeBruin KM, 1997, LANCET, V349, P62, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(05)62204-0; Zorn B, 2004, HUM REPROD, V19, P219, DOI 10.1093-humrep-deh026; Zorn B, 2002, HUM REPROD, V17, P3173, DOI 10.1093-humrep-17.12.317323
Integration schemes for dissipative particle dynamics simulations: From softly interacting systems towards hybrid models
No full textWe examine the performance of various commonly used integration schemes in dissipative particle dynamics simulations. We consider this issue using three different model systems, which characterize a variety of different conditions often studied in simulations. Specifically, we clarify the performance of integration schemes in hybrid models, which combine microscopic and mesoscale descriptions of different particles using both soft and hard interactions. We find that in all three model systems many commonly used integrators may give rise to surprisingly pronounced artifacts in physical observables such as the radial distribution function, the compressibility, and the tracer diffusion coefficient. The artifacts are found to be strongest in systems, where interparticle interactions are soft and predominated by random and dissipative forces, while in systems governed by conservative interactions the artifacts are weaker. Our results suggest that the quality of any integration scheme employed is crucial in all cases where the role of random and dissipative forces is important, including hybrid models where the solvent is described in terms of soft potentials. Regarding the integration schemes, the best overall performance is found for integrators in which the velocity dependence of dissipative forces is taken into account, and particularly good performance is found for an approach in which velocities and dissipative forces are determined self-consistently. Remaining temperature deviations from the desired limit can be corrected by carrying out the self-consistent integration in conjunction with an auxiliary thermostat, in a manner that is similar in spirit to the well-known Nose-Hoover thermostat. Further, we show that conservative interactions can play a significant role in describing the transport properties of simple fluids, in contrast to approximations often made in deriving analytical theories. In general, our results illustrate the main problems associated with simulation methods in which dissipative forces are velocity dependent, and point to the need to develop new techniques to resolve these issues. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.PT: J; CR: AHLRICHS P, 1999, J CHEM PHYS, V111, P8225 ALLEN MP, 1993, COMPUTER SIMULATION BESOLD G, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, R7611 BOON JP, 1980, MOL HYDRODYNAMICS DENOTTER WK, 2000, INT J MOD PHYS C, V11, P1179 DENOTTER WK, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V53, P426 DUNWEG B, 1991, INT J MOD PHYS C, V2, P817 DZWINEL W, 2000, INT J MOD PHYS C, V11, P1 DZWINEL W, 2000, J COLLOID INTERF SCI, V225, P179 ESPANOL P, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V30, P191 ESPANOL P, 1999, PHYS REV E, V59, P6340 ESPANOL P, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P4542 FLEKKOY EG, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P1775 FLEKKOY EG, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P2140 FORREST BM, 1995, J CHEM PHYS, V102, P7256 FRENKEL D, 1996, UNDERSTANDING MOL SI GARDINER CW, 1983, HDB STOCHASTIC METHO GIBSON JB, 1999, INT J MOD PHYS C, V10, P241 GROOT RD, 1997, J CHEM PHYS, V107, P4423 GROOT RD, 1999, J CHEM PHYS, V110, P9739 HANSEN JP, 1986, THEORY SIMPLE LIQUID HOOGERBRUGGE PJ, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P155 LADD AJC, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1339 LADD AJC, 1994, J FLUID MECH, V271, P285 LADD AJC, 1994, J FLUID MECH, V271, P311 LECUYER P, 1988, COMMUN ACM, V31, P742 MALEVANETS A, 1999, J CHEM PHYS, V110, P8605 MALEVANETS A, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P231 MALEVANETS A, 2000, J CHEM PHYS, V112, P7260 MARSH CA, 1997, EUROPHYS LETT, V38, P411 MARSH CA, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1676 MARTYNA GJ, 1995, J CHEM PHYS, V102, P8071 MASTERS AJ, 1999, EUROPHYS LETT, V48, P1 MURAT M, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V108, P4340 NIKUNEN P, UNPUB NOVIK KE, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V109, P7667 PAGONABARRAGA I, 1998, EUROPHYS LETT, V42, P377 PRESS WH, 1972, NUMERICAL RECIPES FO, P271 SERRANO M, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 SHELLEY JC, 2000, CURR OPIN COLLOID IN, V5, P101 SODDEMANN T, 2001, EUR PHYS J E, V6, P409 SPENLEY NA, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V49, P534 THIJSSEN JM, 1999, COMPUTATIONAL PHYSIC TUCKERMAN ME, 2000, J PHYS CHEM B, V104, P159 VATTULAINEN I, UNPUB VENTUROLI M, 1999, PHYS CHEM COMM, V10 VERLET L, 1967, PHYS REV, V159, P98 WARREN PB, 1998, CURR OPIN COLLOID IN, V3, P620; NR: 48; TC: 37; J9: J CHEM PHYS; PG: 13; GA: 525TLSource type: Electronic(1
Simulation study of the coil-globule transition of a polymer in solvent
No full textMolecular dynamics simulations are used to study the coil-globule transition for a system composed of a bead-spring polymer immersed in an explicitly modeled solvent. Two different versions of the model are used, which are differentiated by the nature of monomer-solvent, solvent-solvent, and nonbonded monomer-monomer interactions. For each case, a model parameter lambda determines the degree of hydrophobicity of the monomers by controlling the degree of energy mismatch between the monomers and solvent particles. We consider a lambda-driven coil-globule transition at constant temperature. The simulations are used to calculate average static structure factors, which are then used to determine the scaling exponents of the system in order to determine the theta-point values lambda(theta) separating the coil from the globule states. For each model we construct coil-globule phase diagrams in terms of lambda and the particle density rho. The results are analyzed in terms of a simple Flory-type theory of the collapse transition. The ratio of lambda(theta) for the two models converges in the high density limit exactly to the value predicted by the theory in the random mixing approximation. Generally, the predicted values of lambda(theta) are in reasonable agreement with the measured values at high rho, though the accuracy improves if the average chain size is calculated using the full probability distribution associated with the polymer-solvent free energy, rather than merely using the value obtained from the minimum of the free energy. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.PT: J; CR: ABRAMS CF, 2002, EUROPHYS LETT, V59, P391 ALLEGRA G, 1983, MACROMOLECULES, V16, P1317 ALLEGRA G, 1985, J CHEM PHYS, V83, P397 BAYSAL BM, 2003, MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL, V12, P627 BIRSHTEIN TM, 1991, MACROMOLECULES, V24, P1554 CALVO F, 2002, J CHEM PHYS, V116, P2642 CURRO JG, 1987, J CHEM PHYS, V87, P1842 CURRO JG, 1987, MACROMOLECULES, V20, P1928 CURRO JG, 1991, MACROMOLECULES, V24, P6736 DEGENNES PG, 1975, J PHYS LETT, V36, L55 DESCLOISEAUX J, 1991, POLYM SOLUTION DIJKSTRA M, 1994, J CHEM PHYS, V101, P3179 DIJKSTRA M, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P298 DIMARZIO EA, 1984, MACROMOLECULES, V17, P969 DOYE JPK, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V108, P2134 EIZNER EY, 1969, POLYM SCI USSR, V11, P409 FLORY PJ, 1953, PRINCIPLES POLYM CHE FUJIWARA S, 2001, J CHEM PHYS, V114, P6455 GAN HH, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V109, P2011 GAN HH, 1999, J CHEM PHYS, V110, P3235 GRASSBERGER P, 1995, J CHEM PHYS, V102, P6881 GRASSBERGER P, 1997, PHYS REV E B, V56, P3682 GRAYCE CJ, 1997, J CHEM PHYS, V106, P5171 GROSBERG AY, 1987, SOC SCI REV A, V8, P147 GROSBERG AY, 1992, MACROMOLECULES, V25, P1970 GROSBERG AY, 1992, MACROMOLECULES, V25, P1980 GROSBERG AY, 1992, MACROMOLECULES, V25, P1991 GROSBERG AY, 1992, MACROMOLECULES, V25, P1996 GROSBERG AY, 1994, AIP SERIES POLYM COM HU WB, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V109, P3686 HUANG L, 2003, J CHEM PHYS, V119, P2432 IRBACK A, 1999, J CHEM PHYS, V110, P12256 IVANOV VA, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V109, P5659 IVANOV VA, 2000, MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL, V9, P488 KARASAWA N, 1988, J PHYS CHEM-US, V92, P5828 KAVASSALIS TA, 1993, MACROMOLECULES, V26, P4144 KHALATUR PG, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V5, P881 KHALATUR PG, 1998, MOL PHYS, V93, P555 LAI PY, 1999, MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL, V8, P382 LIANG HJ, 2000, J CHEM PHYS, V113, P4469 LIAO Q, 1999, J CHEM PHYS, V110, P8835 LIFSHITZ IM, 1969, SOV PHYS JETP, V28, P1280 LIFSHITZ IM, 1978, REV MOD PHYS, V50, P683 LUNABARCENAS G, 1997, J CHEM PHYS, V107, P10782 MA JP, 1995, J CHEM PHYS, V103, P2615 MENDEZ S, 2001, J CHEM PHYS, V115, P5669 MILCHEV A, 1993, J CHEM PHYS, V99, P4786 MUTHUKUMAR M, 1984, J CHEM PHYS, V81, P6272 NISHIO I, 1979, NATURE, V281, P208 NOGUCHI H, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V109, P5070 PAUL W, 2001, J CHEM PHYS, V115, P630 POLSON JM, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P3429 POLSON JM, 2000, J CHEM PHYS, V113, P1283 POLSON JM, 2002, J CHEM PHYS, V116, P7244 PTITSYN OB, 1965, BIOFIZIKA, V10, P1 PTITSYN OB, 1968, J POLYMER SCI C, V16, P3509 RUBIO AM, 1995, J CHEM PHYS, V102, P2277 SANCHEZ IC, 1979, MACROMOLECULES, V12, P980 SCHWEIZER KS, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V58, P246 SCHWEIZER KS, 1994, ADV POLYM SCI, V116, P321 SCHWEIZER KS, 1997, ADV CHEM PHYS, V98, P1 SOKAL A, 1995, MONTE CARLO MOL DYNA STOCKMAYER WH, 1960, MAKROMOL CHEM, V35, P54 SUEN JKC, 1997, J CHEM PHYS, V106, P1288 SWISLOW G, 1980, PHYS REV LETT, V44, P796 SZLEIFER I, 1992, J CHEM PHYS, V97, P6802 TANAKA G, 1995, MACROMOLECULES, V28, P1049 TANAKA G, 1996, MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL, V5, P499 TAYLOR MP, 1995, MOL PHYS, V86, P73 TAYLOR MP, 1996, J CHEM PHYS, V104, P4835 TAYLOR MP, 2001, J CHEM PHYS, V114, P6472 TAYLOR MP, 2003, J CHEM PHYS, V118, P883 VANDERSCHOOT P, 1998, MACROMOLECULES, V31, P4635 VASILEVSKAYA VV, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V109, P5108 VASILEVSKAYA VV, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V109, P5119 WITTKOP M, 1996, J CHEM PHYS, V104, P3373 ZHOU YQ, 1997, J CHEM PHYS, V107, P10691; NR: 77; TC: 5; J9: J CHEM PHYS; PG: 11; GA: 893DHSource type: Electronic(1
Simulation of short-chain polymer collapse with an explicit solvent
No full textWe study the equilibrium behavior and dynamics of a polymer collapse transition for a system composed of a short Lennard-Jones (LJ) chain immersed in a LJ solvent for solvent densities in the range of rho=0.6-0.9 (in LJ reduced units). The monomer hydrophobicity is quantified by a parameter lambdais an element of[0,1] which gives a measure of the strength of attraction between the monomers and solvent particles, and which is given by lambda=0 for a purely repulsive interaction and lambda=1 for a standard LJ interaction. A transition from the Flory coil to a molten globule is induced by increasing lambda. Generally, the polymer size decreases with increasing solvent density for all lambda. Polymer collapse is induced by changing the hydrophobicity parameter from lambda=0 to lambdagreater than or equal to0.5, where the polymer is in a molten globule state. The collapse rate increases monotonically with increasing hydrophobicity and decreases monotonically with increasing solvent density. Doubling the length of the chain from N=20 to N=40 monomers increases the collapse time roughly by a factor of 2, more or less independent of the hydrophobicity and solvent density. We also study the effect of conformational restrictions on polymer collapse using a chain model in which the bond angles are held near 109.5degrees using a stiff angular harmonic potential, but where free internal rotation is allowed, and find that the collapse times increase considerably with respect to the fully flexible polymer, roughly by a factor of 1.6-3.5. This increase is most pronounced for high solvent densities. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.PT: J; CR: ALLEN MP, 1987, COMPUTER SIMULATION, P149 BYRNE A, 1995, J CHEM PHYS, V102, P573 CHAN HS, 1993, J CHEM PHYS, V99, P2116 CHANG RW, 2001, J CHEM PHYS, V114, P7688 CHU B, 1995, MACROMOLECULES, V28, P180 CREIGHTON TE, 1994, PROTEIN FOLDING CROOKS GE, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V60, P4559 DEGENNES PG, 1979, SCALING CONCEPTS POL DEGENNES PG, 1985, J PHYS LETT, V46, L639 DIJKSTRA M, 1994, J CHEM PHYS, V101, P3179 DIJKSTRA M, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P298 ESCOBEDO FA, 1996, MOL PHYS, V89, P1733 FRENKEL D, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3363 GANAZZOLI F, 1995, MACROMOLECULES, V28, P5285 GRAYCE CJ, 1997, J CHEM PHYS, V106, P5171 GROSBERG AY, 1988, J PHYS-PARIS, V49, P2095 GROSBERG AY, 1993, MACROMOLECULES, V26, P4249 GROSBERG AY, 1994, STAT MECH MACROMOLEC HALPERIN A, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P565 IVANOV VA, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V109, P5659 IVANOV VA, 2000, MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL, V9, P488 KAYAMAN N, 1999, MACROMOLECULES, V32, P8399 KHALATUR PG, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V881, P5 KLUSHIN LI, 1998, J CHEM PHYS, V108, P7917 KUZNETSOV YA, 1995, J CHEM PHYS, V103, P4807 KUZNETSOV YA, 1996, J CHEM PHYS, V104, P3338 KUZNETSOV YA, 1999, J CHEM PHYS, V111, P3744 LUNABARCENAS G, 1996, J CHEM PHYS, V104, P9971 MA JP, 1995, J CHEM PHYS, V103, P2615 MARTYNA GJ, 1996, MOL PHYS, V87, P1117 NAKATA M, 1999, J CHEM PHYS, V110, P2703 NISHIO I, 1979, NATURE, V281, P208 NOGUCHI H, 2000, J CHEM PHYS, V113, P854 OSTROVSKY B, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V25, P409 OSTROVSKY B, 1995, BIOPHYS J, V68, P1694 PANDE VS, 1998, CURR OPIN STRUC BIOL, V8, P68 PITARD E, 1998, EUROPHYS LETT, V41, P467 PITARD E, 1999, EUR PHYS J B, V7, P665 POLSON JM, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P3429 POLSON JM, 2000, J CHEM PHYS, V113, P1283 SCHWEIZER KS, 1994, ADV POLYM SCI, V116, P1283 SCHWEIZER KS, 1997, ADV CHEM PHYS, V98, P1 SHAKHNOVICH EI, 1997, CURR OPIN STRUC BIOL, V7, P29 STOCKMAYER WH, 1960, MAKROMOL CHEM, V35, P54 SUEN JKC, 1997, J CHEM PHYS, V106, P1288 SWISLOW G, 1980, PHYS REV LETT, V44, P796 TANAKA G, 1995, MACROMOLECULES, V28, P1049 TIMOSHENKO EG, 1995, J CHEM PHYS, V102, P1816 TIMOSHENKO EG, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P492 TIMOSHENKO EG, 1996, PHYS REV E B, V54, P4071 TUCKERMAN M, 1992, J CHEM PHYS, V97, P1990 TUCKERMAN ME, 1990, J CHEM PHYS, V93, P1287 VANDERSCHOOT P, 1998, MACROMOLECULES, V31, P4635 WILLIAMS C, 1981, ANNU REV PHYS CHEM, V32, P433 YU JQ, 1992, MACROMOLECULES, V25, P1618 ZHU PW, 1997, J CHEM PHYS, V106, P6492; NR: 56; TC: 17; J9: J CHEM PHYS; PG: 11; GA: 541FBSource type: Electronic(1
A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms
Get PDFWe describe a genetic variation map for the chicken genome containing 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This map is based on a comparison of the sequences of three domestic chicken breeds (a broiler, a layer and a Chinese silkie) with that of their wild ancestor, red jungle fowl. Subsequent experiments indicate that at least 90% of the variant sites are true SNPs, and at least 70% are common SNPs that segregate in many domestic breeds. Mean nucleotide diversity is about five SNPs per kilobase for almost every possible comparison between red jungle fowl and domestic lines, between two different domestic lines, and within domestic lines--in contrast to the notion that domestic animals are highly inbred relative to their wild ancestors. In fact, most of the SNPs originated before domestication, and there is little evidence of selective sweeps for adaptive alleles on length scales greater than 100 kilobases
Genetic association study of QT interval highlights role for calcium signaling pathways in myocardial repolarization.
Get PDFThe QT interval, an electrocardiographic measure reflecting myocardial repolarization, is a heritable trait. QT prolongation is a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) and could indicate the presence of the potentially lethal mendelian long-QT syndrome (LQTS). Using a genome-wide association and replication study in up to 100,000 individuals, we identified 35 common variant loci associated with QT interval that collectively explain ∼8-10% of QT-interval variation and highlight the importance of calcium regulation in myocardial repolarization. Rare variant analysis of 6 new QT interval-associated loci in 298 unrelated probands with LQTS identified coding variants not found in controls but of uncertain causality and therefore requiring validation. Several newly identified loci encode proteins that physically interact with other recognized repolarization proteins. Our integration of common variant association, expression and orthogonal protein-protein interaction screens provides new insights into cardiac electrophysiology and identifies new candidate genes for ventricular arrhythmias, LQTS and SCD
Dou: distributivity and beyond
No full textThis dissertation investigates the semantic properties of the particle dou in Chinese. The standard view of it is that it is a particle that accompanies plural noun phrases and has a semantics somewhat similar (not identical) to the floated all in English. In this dissertation, I will explore in some depth several phenomena where dou seems to play a role that goes beyond distributivity.
Chapter 1 introduces the standard view of dou as a distributive operator as proposed in Lin (1998) and the topics of the thesis. In so doing, the similarities and differences between dou and English all are highlighted.
Chapters 2 and 3 are devoted to two topics that are not covered in Lin's original work and that seem to pose problems for his analysis. Chapter 2 discusses what I call the dou-(dis)harmony phenomenon: dou's (in)compatibility with quantifier phrases. This challenges the standard semantics of dou in that all of the quantifier noun phrases, dou-compatible or not, are presumably plural and thus should be compatible with dou. In this chapter, I first argue that previous approaches that characterize the (dis)harmony effect in terms of categories of NPs are not correct. Then I claim that this has to do with a presupposition that accompanies dou. In particular, I argue that dou is has a presupposition about expectations and I propose to build this aspect of meaning into the semantics of dou. Chapter 3 investigates dou in a structure where plurality is not needed to license dou. Instead, focus is the crucial licensing factor. This is traditionally assumed to involve the lian...dou/ye 'dou/also' structure where it has a scalar reading similar to the meaning even has in English. Researchers disagree as to whether this dou should be assimilated to distributive dou or should be treated separately. Through careful investigations into some rarely addressed properties of dou in this structure, I conclude in favor of the ambiguity view of dou. In addition, I propose to link this dou to distributive dou through context sensitivity as I developed in chapter 2. Finally, I provide a compositional semantics for lian...dou/ye based on the semantics of each individual particle.
Chapter 4 extends the discussion to dou in free choice structures: dou co-occurring with renhe-NPs 'any' or wh-NPs yields a FC reading, similar to the corresponding English sentences with FC any. In this chapter, I explore the two FC structures from the perspective of English FC any and whatever on the one hand and from that of our prior discussions of dou on the other. We argue that renhe...dou is like universal any but wh...dou is neither like universal any nor definite whatever. It is suggested that dou in the two FC structures, renhe...dou and wh...dou, is related to distributive dou and scalar dou respectively, in support of our claim that there are two related but distinct dou's.
Chapter 5 closes this thesis and provides some initial exploration of the interactions between dou and bare NPs. Chinese bare NPs are, basically, like English bare plurals displaying various readings in various contexts. This chapter examines the behavior of bare NPs in various contexts from the perspective of the two-dou account developed in this dissertation. This investigation, though preliminary, provides further support for our claim that dou has a presupposition about the prior expectations on the part of the speaker and that the two dou's need to be separated.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical references (p. 188-193)
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