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La fisionomia economica delle città lombarde dalla fine del Duecento alla prima metà del Trecento. Materiali per un confronto
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Compagnie iberiche a Milano nel secondo Quattrocento
Full text linkThe study of temporary settlements of foreign merchants in medieval and Renaissance Europe needs also to consider their relations with political power; in this context if we found data about traders of the Kingdom of Aragon in Lombardy, however few, they would be of importance if they helped us to analyse what political support the merchants could expect and how it worked. We have news of Majorcan merchants in Milan in the middle of the fourteenth century, when the King of Aragon allied with Milan and Venice allied against Genova; nevertheless, more occupied in maritime trade, Catalan merchants didn't extend their business range towards the interior of northern Italy till the second half of the fifteenth century, when the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples by Alfonso el Magnánimo brought many Catalan merchant-bankers to the southern capital. Some of those firms, the bigger ones, had business relations with Milanese firms and also sent representatives to Milan, encouraged by the alliance, consolidated by marriage ties, between Ferdinando I, king of Naples, and the Sforza dukes of Milan. A well documented example is that of the Valencian firm of the heirs of Martin Ruiz, who obtained the privilegium civilitatis of Milan in 1486 through the intervention of Simonot Bellprat, treasurer of the King of Naples and now ambassador et the Sforza Court; after a few years the Ruiz had to flee from Valencia because they were conversos, and chose to settle in Milan.L'étude de la présence des marchands étrangers dans l'Europe du Moyen Age et de la Renaissance doit considérer leurs liens avec le pouvoir politique: ainsi, quand on trouve mention à Milan de marchands du Royame d'Aragon, même si elles sont peu importantes, si on peut analyser l'appui politique dont ils ont joui. Quelques marchands de Majorque étaient à Milan durant le milieu du XIVe siècle, quand le roi d'Aragon était allié avec Milan et Venise contre Gênes, mais les Catalans, engagés dans les trafics maritimes, ne semblent pas s’être intéressés à l'intérieur de l'Italie du Nord jusqu’à la deuxième moitié du XVe siècle, quand la conquête du Royaume de Naples par Alfonso el Magnánimo permit la pénétration de plusieurs marchands-banquiers catalans. Certaines parmi les plus grandes firmes eurent des rapports d'affaires avec des maisons marchandes de Milan et envoyèrent aussi sur place des représentants. Elles étaient favorisées en cela par l'alliance, renforcée par les liens de mariage, entre Ferdinando I et les Sforza ducs de Milan. Un exemple bien documenté est celui de la firme valencienne des héritiers de Martin Ruiz: les Ruiz obtinrent le privilegium civilitatis de Milan en 1486 par l'intervention de Simonot Bell-prat, qui avait été trésorier du roi de Naples et était en ce temps-là ambassadeur à Milan. Ils s'étaient enfuis de Valence parce qu'ils étaient conversos et s’établirent à Milan
Prime osservazioni su finanze e fiscalitá in una signoria cittadina: i bilanci gonzagheschi tra Tre e Quattrocento
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Fiscalidad directa e indirecta en la Italia medieval del Centro y del Norte: Algunas orientaciones historiográficas recientes
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